棉籽中游离棉酚的含量测定

用紫外分光光度法测定棉籽中游离棉酚的含量。脱除棉酚的棉籽乙醚提取物经石油醚和 75 %乙醇分离和纯化后 ,用 0 .5 %对氨基苯磺酸显色来检测棉籽中游离棉酚的含量 ,结果表明 ,该方法具有简便、重现性好、回收率高达 97%以上等优点 ,可作为棉籽中游离棉酚质量控制方法。     

紫叶李树叶中山奈酚的提取工艺研究

该文测定了紫叶李树叶中各黄酮苷元的含量,并对其中山奈酚的提取工艺进行了研究,重点探讨了采用乙醇法提取紫叶李树叶中山奈酚的最佳工艺条件,试验结果表明:紫叶李树叶中各黄酮苷元主要是槲皮素和山奈酚,乙醇提取紫叶李树叶中山奈酚的最佳工艺参数为浸提剂乙醇浓度为70%﹑浸提温度为50℃、料液比为1∶15、浸取时间为1.5 h。紫叶李树叶中山奈酚的浸取率为92.7%,经浸取、浓缩、水解、萃取、结晶工艺后,其紫叶李树叶中山奈酚的总得率为56.6%,山奈酚的纯度为90.6%。     

响应面法优化厚朴中和厚朴酚与厚朴酚的提取工艺研究

为探讨响应面法优化厚朴中和厚朴酚与厚朴酚的提取工艺。以溶媒比、乙醇浓度、提取时间为自变量,和厚朴酚与厚朴酚总提取百分含量作为因变量,通过对自变量各水平的多元线性回归及二项式拟合,用响应面法选取较佳工艺,并进行预测分析。确定最佳提取工艺为溶媒比60 mL·g-1、乙醇浓度为72%、提取时间78 min,和厚朴酚与厚朴酚总提取百分含量达2.29%。说明响应面法优选厚朴中和厚朴酚与厚朴酚成分提取工艺,方法简单,结果可靠。     

无色素腺棉籽蛋白粉与棉子油的制备

低棉酚棉籽为高蛋白含油的植物资源,适宜于水溶法制备油及蛋白粉,出油率一般可达９５％。     

高脱乙酰度壳聚糖制备工艺研究

分别对传统的碱液加热法、超声波预处理法、微波辐射法三种制备壳聚糖的工艺进行了研究和比较。结果表明,以上三种方法均可以制备出脱乙酰度〉95％的壳聚糖,但利用微波辐射法制备壳聚糖所需生产设施少,工序简单,提高了效率,降低生产成本,环保节能,具有显著的技术先进性、经济性和实用性。     

零价铁对2,4-二氯酚生物还原脱氯的影响研究

采用间歇试验, 接种驯化两月的厌氧混合微生物, 考察厌氧体系中添加零价铁(Fe0)对2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)生物还原脱氯效果的影响, 并对影响“Fe0+微生物”体系的一些因素进行了探索。结果显示：与零价铁或微生物的单独作用相比, “Fe0+微生物”体系能够有效促进2,4-DCP的脱氯反应, 最佳Fe0投加量和微生物接种量分别为0.5 g/L和376.2 mgVSS/L; 初始pH = 8.0对2,4-DCP的转化效果最好, 偏酸性环境不利于污染物转化; 微生物接种量与铁用量之间有一适宜比例, 一定范围内增加微生物接种量可催生出更多可降解污染物的酶或酶系, 提高2,4-DCP的降解效果。     

零价铁对2,4-二氯酚生物还原脱氯的影响研究

采用间歇试验,接种驯化两月的厌氧混合微生物,考察厌氧体系中添加零价铁（Fe^0）对2,4-二氯酚（2,4-DCP）生物还原脱氯效果的影响,并对影响“Fe^O＋微生物”体系的一些因素进行了探索。结果显示：与零价铁或微生物的单独作用相比,“Fe^O＋微生物”体系能够有效促进2,4-DCP的脱氯反应,最佳Fe^O投加量和微生物接种量分别为0.5g／L和376.2mgVSS／L;初始pH=8.0对2,4-DCP的转化效果最好,偏酸性环境不利于污染物转化;微生物接种量与铁用量之间有一适宜比例,一定范围内增加微生物接种量可催生出更多可降解污染物的酶或酶系,提高2,4-DCP的降解效果。     

转基因棉籽亚慢性毒性的研究

目的：转基因棉籽对SD大鼠亚慢性毒性的研究。方法：选取出生6-8周的SPF级SD大鼠140只,雌雄各半,按体重随机分成7组,分别连续饲喂含普通棉籽5%、2.5%和1.25%的饲料和含转基因棉籽5%、2.5%和1.25%的饲料以及基础饲料30天。实验过程中监测动物体重、进食量和进水量,结束后分别测定各组动物的血常规、血生化、脏体指数等指标。结果：实验期间各组动物均生长发育良好,无中毒死亡现象发生。实验组实验动物的各项指标与对照组相比,无显著性差异（P≥0.05）。结论：本研究未发现转基因棉籽对实验动物有亚慢性毒性。     

不同电子供体对2,4-二氯酚还原脱氯的影响

以葡萄糖、乙酸钠、Fe0、Fe0 葡萄糖、Fe0 乙酸钠作为电子供体,接种未驯化厌氧混合菌,考察2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)的还原脱氯特性及Fe0作为电子供体的最佳作用条件与持续性特征.结果表明:与葡萄糖的作用相比,Fe0 葡萄糖可有效提高目标物脱氯效果;乙酸钠、Fe0及Fe0 乙酸钠均为有效电子供体,其中Fe0作为电子供体时目标物脱氯效果最佳,最佳作用条件为初始pH8.0,Fe0投加量2.0 g/L,4-CP为其主要脱氯中间产物;Fe0可持续供给2,4-DCP还原脱氯所需电子,而乙酸钠不断消耗后其脱氯效果与Fe0作为电子供体有明显差距.     

从脱毒棉籽粕和食用菌中提取食用核酸的工艺探讨

目的：利用核酸含量高的植物原料,探索食用核酸提取新工艺。方法：以脱毒棉籽粕粉和平菇子实体为原料,采用去离子水一次抽提-等电点与乙醇分次沉析法和NaCl溶液分次抽提-等电点与乙醇一次沉析法从中提取核酸。结果：两种原料采用两种不同工艺,提取核酸制品的A260／A280值均大于1．6,其中水提法大于1．6,盐提法大于1．8。核酸提取率在1．0％以上,其中水提法为1．07％和2．05％,盐提法为1．74％和2．48％。结论：脱毒棉籽粕粉和平菇子实体均是提取核酸的良好原料,后者优于前者。水提法和盐提法均适合于对脱毒棉籽粕粉和平菇子实体中食用核酸的提取,盐提法更为合理。     

Cottonseed feeding delivers sufficient quantities of gossypol as a male deer contraceptive

To define the quantitative and qualitative effects of gossypol (GP) on deer (Cervus elaphus) semen, the animals were fed cottonseed (CS). Adult stags each received 350 g of CS for 109 days. Animals received 15 mg of gossypol per kilogram body weight per day. Quantitative and qualitative parameters of experimental ejaculates (n = 182) were compared to ejaculates (n = 571) of control animals (n = 5) collected during three previous natural reproductive seasons. Ejaculate fractions were evaluated by classical methods used in domestic animals. In this paper, we show that mature male deer fed CS exhibited morphological changes and decreased motility of spermatozoa and abnormalities in spermatogenesis. Radioimmunoassay measured concentrations of various steroid hormones (T-testosterone, A₄-androstenedione, and E₂-estradiol 17β) in separated ejaculate fractions of the CS group were compared to a control group of stags. Generally, mean steroid concentrations in CS-treated deer decreased during the entire sampling period in examined ejaculate fractions. These changes resulted in decreased semen quality with no detectable side effects in the animals. It seems that gossypol fed to the deer in the form of CS serves as an efficient male contraceptive.     

可改良棉粕蛋白的菌株选育及其发酵

棉粕蛋白质含量高达38％~50％,然而作为饲料其蛋白质品质较差,饲料利用率较低。为提高其蛋白质利用率,从自然界筛选出了能够高效降解棉粕大分子蛋白质的优良菌株4株,经生化与分子生物学试验鉴定为Bacillus subtilis(2株,编号为H1和H7),Bacillus cereus (1株,编号为H9)和Aspergillus niger (1株,编号为P1)。通过单菌及组合发酵实验比较发现:最适宜菌种组合为B. subtilis(H1)和A. niger (P1)。两菌株组合发酵后,棉粕TCA-NSI(三氯乙酸氮溶指数)提高了25.34%,小分子多肽含量提高了11%,游离必需氨基酸提高了24%,蛋白质的体外消化率由44.56%提高到了78.61%,明显高于其他菌种组合,研究结果表明其组合发酵可有效改良棉粕蛋白品质,显著提高棉粕蛋白的饲用价值。     

复合微生物菌剂发酵在棉籽饼脱毒中的应用

以棉籽饼为原料,采用黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)、短小芽胞杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)、保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)4种微生物的复合菌剂作为棉籽饼固体发酵的主要菌种。通过测定发酵液中糖含量的变化,考察4种菌株两两之间的关系,测定棉籽饼脱毒率和发酵前后蛋白含量。结果显示:4种菌株可以互惠共生;当黑曲霉、热带假丝酵母、短小芽胞杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌的接种比例为2:2:1:1,固体发酵后蛋白含量为37.71%,比发酵前提高了2.74%,是良好的蛋白饲料。棉籽饼脱毒率为84.63%,棉酚含量为116.20mg/kg,达到饲用标准。     

混菌发酵改良棉粕蛋白工艺及协同作用研究

利用筛选到的Aspergillus niger P1和Bacillus subtilis H1混菌发酵改良棉粕蛋白,以提高其利用率。结果表明,混菌发酵的最佳发酵条件为:棉粕 40 g,硫酸铵0.2%,麸皮15%,含水量50%,接种量 15%,同时接菌且两菌接菌比例(A.niger P1 ∶ B.subtilis H1)为2 ∶ 1,发酵温度30 ℃,pH约为6.0,发酵时间 60 h。在此条件下发酵后棉粕小肽含量可提高至18.36%,平均肽链长度可降至4.23,体外消化率可提高至88.59%,显著提高了改良棉粕蛋白的效果。在相同发酵条件下比较单、混菌发酵过程的各营养指标发现:A.niger P1可分泌丰富的酸性蛋白酶,B.subtilis H1可分泌丰富的中、碱性蛋白酶,混菌发酵各种蛋白酶的活性显著提高。混菌发酵将大多数大于10个氨基酸组成的多肽降解为1~3个氨基酸组成的小肽,降解效果明显优于单菌发酵。两菌株具有很好的"协同性",可充分利用棉粕基质,协同改良棉粕蛋白。     

转基因棉籽亚慢性毒性的研究

目的:转基因棉籽对SD大鼠亚慢性毒性的研究。方法:选取出生6-8周的SPF级SD大鼠140只,雌雄各半,按体重随机分成7组,分别连续饲喂含普通棉籽5%、2.5%和1.25%的饲料和含转基因棉籽5%、2.5%和1.25%的饲料以及基础饲料30天。实验过程中监测动物体重、进食量和进水量,结束后分别测定各组动物的血常规、血生化、脏体指数等指标。结果:实验期间各组动物均生长发育良好,无中毒死亡现象发生。实验组实验动物的各项指标与对照组相比,无显著性差异(P≥0.05)。结论:本研究未发现转基因棉籽对实验动物有亚慢性毒性。     

Apoptotic effect of gossypol on human lymphocytes

The overall objective of this study was to determine the effect of gossypol on human lymphocytes. Blood samples were taken from healthy donors and lymphocytes were cultured with various concentrations of gossypol (25-150 microM). The percentage of apoptotic cells was determined by assessing DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electrophoresis; morphological features of apoptosis were assessed by light microscopy. The concentrations of gossypol required to induce apoptosis in human lymphocytes without causing necrosis through cytotoxic effects were between 25-50 microM.     

用双相电泳技术分析棉酚对大鼠成熟精子蛋白质组成的影响

本文首次将双相电泳(等电聚焦和SDS电泳)技术应用于对棉酚作用机理的研究。实验结果表明,棉酚能够改变大鼠成熟精子的蛋白质组成;同时也证明,双相电泳这一技术对棉酚的研究是有效的。     

Development of a GFP-Expressing Aspergillus flavus Strain to Study Fungal Invasion, Colonization, and Resistance in Cottonseed

Cotton bolls were inoculated with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing Aspergillus flavus (strain 70) to monitor fungal growth, mode of entry, colonization of cottonseeds, and production of aflatoxins. The GFP strain and the wild-type did not differ significantly in pathogen aggressiveness as indicated by similar reductions in inoculated locule weight. GFP fluorescence was at least 10 times higher than the blue green yellow fluorescence (BGYF) produced in response to infection by A. flavus. The GFP produced by the strain made it possible to identify and monitor specific plant tissues colonized by the fungus. For example, the inner seed coat and cotyledon were colonized by the fungus within 72 h of inoculation and the mode of entry was invariably through the porous chalazal cap in intact seeds. The amount of GFP fluorescence was shown to be an indicator of fungal growth, colonization and, to some extent, aflatoxin production. The A. flavus strain expressing GFP should be very useful for rapidly identifying cotton lines with enhanced resistance to A. flavus colonization developed through genetic engineering or traditional plant breeding. In addition, development of GFP expressing A. flavus strain provides an easy and rapid assay procedure for studying the ecology, etiology, and epidemiology of cotton boll rot caused by A. flavus resulting in aflatoxin contamination. The U.S. Government’s right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

陆地棉突变体材料湘X9628利用价值探讨

陆地棉突变体湘X9628具有植株有腺体、种子少腺体、低棉酚的特性.以苏棉12作为对照进行研究,结果表明,该突变体的产量、纤维品质、棉子仁油分、蛋白质、氨基酸含量等综合性状无明显缺陷,是培育低酚棉的良好材料.