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恒温脊椎动物最大持续能量代谢率及其研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究最大持续代谢率具有重要的理论和实践意义,本文概述了近年来国外对脊椎动物最大持续代谢率研究的成果,概括介绍了限制最大持续代谢率的四个假说：（1）食物限制假说（food limit hypothesis) ,(2)外周限制假说（peripheral limit hypotheisis),(3)中心限制假说（central limit hypothesis)和（4）对称性形态构成假说（symmorphosis hypothesis),分析了静止代谢率随持续代谢率的增加而增加的机理,讨论了最大持续代谢率对动物的生态进化意义,最后指出了最大持续代谢率研究中可能的发展前景。 相似文献
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综述了小型哺乳动物持续能量收支限制的研究概况和进展。最大持续能量收支在决定物种的地理分布、生存适应、繁殖成功等方面都具有重要意义,但在许多条件下受到限制。食物的丰富度,或者动物自身的摄食、消化和吸收能力似乎不是主要限制因素。持续能量收支可能被外周组织和器官消耗能量的能力限制,即\"外周限制\"假说;或者机体的散热能力所限制,即\"热耗散限制\"假说。动物也可能通过衡量季节性繁殖投资的价值,实现最大繁殖输出,即\"季节性投资\"假说。尽管这些假说得到了一些研究的证实,但仍未阐明持续能量收支限制的机理。本文对相关研究的发展方向进行了展望。 相似文献
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在25℃下用人工饲料和自然食物饲养棉铃虫,分析通过虫体的能流。取食紫云英-麦胚人工饲料时,整个幼虫期摄入能量(Ⅰ)11,852焦耳,其中51.3%随排泄物排出体外(FU),22.2%被利用并转移到虫体组织内(Pg),0.5%被利用、但在蜕皮时又随头壳、表皮等脱离虫体(Pe),其余26%的能量被用于维持幼虫的生命活动并通过呼吸消失?。幼虫转化能量的毛生态效率(P/I)和净生态效率(P/A)分别是22.7%和46.6%。取食嫩棉叶/棉桃时,幼虫期摄入能量(Ⅰ)19,356焦耳,其中FU,Pg,Pe,R分别占35.3%,11.3%,0.5%和53.0%,P/I,P/A分别为11.7%和18.0%。 两组棉铃虫蛹和成虫期能量收支的差别不大,蛹—成虫期的能量转化效率在69—75%(雌)和64—69%(雄)左右。雌性成虫体内的能量约有40%(人工饲料组)—50%(自然饲料组)被用于繁衍后代。 同其它鳞翅目昆虫相比,人工饲料组棉铃虫幼虫对能量的转化效率属中等水平;棉花虽然是棉铃虫的自然寄主植物,但幼虫取食这种食物时对能量的转化效率相当低。 相似文献
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根据日本刺沙蚕作为动物性活饵在虾池食物链中的作用,对虾池生态系中的有机质收支,生物能量流动及其转化效率进行了分析。结果表明,虾池在养殖期间输入和合成的有机质能量为１３７２５．１４ｋＪ／ｍ＾２,其中,初级产量为７５２３．８２ｋＪ／ｍ＾２,约占总输入的５５％。有机质在养殖期间的支出量平均１０３５９．３８ｋＪ／ｍ＾２,其中,生物呼吸７９８８．４９ｋＪ／ｍ＾２,占总支出的７７％;对虾产量平均８７４．４８ｋ 相似文献
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长春南湖生态系统能量收支的研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
湖泊是人类重要的自然资源 ,其用途包括防洪、灌溉、航运、给水和养殖等。城市湖泊的价值更多地则体现于旅游、娱乐和美学方面 ,以及改善城市生态环境。由于人类活动的强烈影响 ,这类湖泊大多已处于富营养化状态。应用能量生态学的原理和方法来研究湖泊生态系统的结构和功能 ,可为人们在湖泊中的实践活动 (如养殖、富营养化治理等 )提供理论指导。自从Ｊｕｄａｙ[1]于 1 94 0年首次对一个内陆湖泊Ｍｅｎｄｏｔａ湖进行能量收支的研究以来 ,已有一些学者在这方面取得了研究成果[2 ]。我国的湖泊能量生态学研究尚很薄弱 ,多与鱼类养殖有关[3,4… 相似文献
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温度对台湾红罗非鱼能量收支的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
于１９９６年７－８月在盐度为１４的条件下,测定了台湾红罗非鱼（体重２５．３３４－２６．２２５ｇ）在水温为２２、２８和３４℃时的能量收支,结果表明,温度对台湾红罗非鱼的特定生长率,转化效率和最大摄食率均有显著影响,２８℃时上述各值均达到最大,分别为１．７９,６０．０１％和２．５９％Ｂ．Ｗ．ｄ＾－１;对吸收率无显著影响,对于物质的吸收率的平均值为６４．５８％、温度对食物能分配于能量支出各部分的比例有显 相似文献
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红腹锦鸡秋季繁殖期能量收支及采食量研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用全收粪法对红腹锦鸡秋季繁殖期能量收支、采食量进行了定量分析,建立了红腹锦鸡秋季繁殖期代谢能摄入量（MEI, KJ）、采食量（FI）与代谢体重（W^0.75,kg）、体增重（△W,g/day）、产蛋量（EE,g/day）之间关系的回归方程（模式方程：Y=a＋b1△W＋b2EE）.依据回归方程推算,基于实验饲料的红腹锦鸡秋季繁殖期雌鸡、雄鸡代谢能需要量分别是489.6 KJ/day和431.5 KJ/day、采食量分别是44.46 g/day和33.61 g/day. 相似文献
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Metabolic scope and its utilization in relation to feeding and activity were measured in individual and grouped zebrafish (weight range, 430–551 mg) at 24° C by respirometry. Mean maximum metabolic rate, induced by swimming to exhaustion, Rmax(i), was 1223 (s.d. , 157) mg O2, kg?1 h?1 for individuals. Standard metabolic rate, Rs. was 364 mg O2 kg?1 h?1, as estimated by extrapolating to zero activity from measurements of unfed, spontaneously active individuals. Mean routine metabolic rate, Rrout, of individuals was 421 (s.d. , 58) mg O2, kg-1 h-1. The mean voluntary maximum metabolic rate, Rmax(v), following transfer of minimally exercised fish to the respirometer, was 1110 (s.d. , 83) mg O2 kg ?1 h?1 for groups of six fish, and was not significantly different from the value measured for individuals, 1066 (s.d. , 122) mg O2, kg?1 h?1. Grouped fish acclimated to the respirometer more slowly than individual fish and exhibited significantly higher Rrout, apparently a result of greater social interaction and activity in groups. Mean Rrout for groups was 560 (s.d. , 78) mg O2, kg?1 h?1. While groups of zebrafish fed a ration of 5% wet body weight day?1 exhibited consistently higher metabolic rates than fish fed rations of 2.5% wet body weight day?1 the high ration group still used only a maximum of 77% of the metabolic scope. Zebrafish of the size studied do not appear to demonstrate a high degree of conflict in utilization of metabolic scope by different respiratory components. The metabolic rates measured for zebrafish are among the highest yet measured for fish of similar size and at similar temperatures. 相似文献
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The present study determined the blood plasma osmolality and oxygen consumption of the perch Perca fluviatilis at different salinities (0, 10 and 15) and temperatures (5, 10 and 20° C). Blood plasma osmolality increased with salinity at all temperatures. Standard metabolic rate (SMR) increased with salinity at 10 and 20° C. Maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and aerobic scope was lowest at salinity of 15 at 5° C, yet at 20° C, they were lowest at a salinity of 0. A cost of osmoregulation (SMR at a salinity of 0 and 15 compared with SMR at a salinity of 10) could only be detected at a salinity of 15 at 20° C, where it was 28%. The results show that P. fluviatilis have capacity to osmoregulate in hyper‐osmotic environments. This contradicts previous studies and indicates intraspecific variability in osmoregulatory capabilities among P. fluviatilis populations or habitat origins. An apparent cost of osmoregulation (28%) at a salinity of 15 at 20° C indicates that the cost of osmoregulation in P. fluviatilis increases with temperature under hyperosmotic conditions and a power analysis showed that the cost of osmoregulation could be lower than 12·5% under other environmental conditions. The effect of salinity on MMR is possibly due to a reduction in gill permeability, initiated to reduce osmotic stress. An interaction between salinity and temperature on aerobic scope shows that high salinity habitats are energetically beneficial during warm periods (summer), whereas low salinity habitats are energetically beneficial during cold periods (winter). It is suggested, therefore, that the seasonal migrations of P. fluviatilis between brackish and fresh water is to select an environment that is optimal for metabolism and aerobic scope. 相似文献
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为了揭示不同温度条件下运动和摄食对细鳞鲑幼鱼代谢模式的影响,在饱和溶氧(>8.0 mg·L-1)条件下,分别测定了空腹组和摄食组在5个处理温度(4、8、12、16和20 ℃)下的运动前代谢率(MO2p)、活跃代谢率(MO2a)、代谢范围(MS)、临界游泳速度(UC)以及10个流速水平下的实时游泳代谢率(MR).结果表明: 在各个温度条件下,摄食组的MO2p和MO2a均显著高于空腹组(P<0.05),且分别提高了15%和12%(4 ℃)、47%和23%(8 ℃)、30%和21%(12 ℃)、43%和36%(16 ℃)及8%和7%(20 ℃);摄食组与空腹组的UC和MS均无显著性差异(P>0.05),但随着温度升高,两组的MS均呈现下降趋势;随流速的增加,各组的游泳代谢率呈先升高后降低的变化规律,且摄食组显著大于空腹组(P<0.05),各组的最大代谢率峰值均出现在低于UC的流速条件下;在细鳞鲑幼鱼的游泳速度接近70%UC的运动过程中,其代谢率不断增大至峰值,随后在游泳速度达到UC的过程中,代谢率呈下降趋势.表明在一定温度范围条件下,细鳞鲑幼鱼的最大代谢率是由运动与摄食共同诱导产生的,在达到最大代谢率峰值的过程中代谢表现为添加模式;之后随游泳代谢率的下降,摄食诱导的代谢率被削减,该过程表现为运动优先代谢模式. 相似文献
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Arnott SA Chiba S Conover DO 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2006,60(6):1269-1278
There is strong evidence that genetic capacity for growth evolves toward an optimum rather than an absolute maximum. This implies that fast growth has a cost and that trade-offs occur between growth and other life-history traits, but the fundamental mechanisms are poorly understood. Previous work on the Atlantic silverside fish Menidia menidia has demonstrated a trade-off between growth and swimming performance. We hypothesize that the trade-off derives from the competing metabolic demands associated with growth and swimming activity. We tested this by measuring standard metabolic rate (M(STD)), maximum sustainable metabolic rate (M(ACT)) and metabolic scope of laboratory-reared silversides originating from two geographically distinct populations with well-documented differences in genetic capacity for growth. The fast-growth genotype had a significantly greater M(STD) than the slow-growth genotype, but a similar MACT when swum to near exhaustion. The scope for activity of the fast-growth genotype was lower than that of the slow-growth genotype. Furthermore, the fast-growth genotype eats larger meals, thereby incurring a greater postprandial oxygen demand. We conclude that a metabolic trade-off occurs between growth and other metabolic demands and that this trade-off provides a general mechanism underlying the evolution of growth rate. 相似文献
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Urtzi Enriquez-Urzelai;Alfredo G. Nicieza;Albert Montori;Gustavo A. Llorente;Miren Bego Urrutia; 《Oikos》2022,2022(3):e08566
Due to the speed of climate changes, rapid buffering mechanisms such as phenotypic plasticity – which may depend on breeding phenology – could be key to avoid extinction. The links between phenology and plasticity, however, remain understudied. Here we explored the matching between phenology and the thermal sensitivity of standard (SMR) and routine metabolic rates (RMR), metabolic scope (i.e. the difference between RMR and SMR), survival and growth-development trajectories in larvae of a prolonged breeder amphibian Alytes almogavarii acclimated to 10 and 20°C, belonging to three cohorts: autumn pre-overwintering, autumn overwintering and spring tadpoles. At 20°C, survival of autumn pre-overwintering larvae was lower than for the rest. Although all cohorts showed acclimation potential, patterns for SMR and RMR differed, leading to differences in metabolic scope. Regardless of temperature, overwintering tadpoles arrested growth and development, while pre-overwintering and spring tadpoles showed higher growth and development at 20°C. At 10°C pre-overwintering tadpoles allocated more energy to development compared to spring tadpoles to advance development before winter. Overall, we demonstrate that the effects of temperature depend on phenology, consistent with future, expected thermal regimes. This suggests that extreme events can yield different vulnerability to climate change within populations (e.g. associated to discrete within-year cohorts), and not only between species or populations. 相似文献
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- Warming and predation risk are ubiquitous environmental factors that can modify life histories and population dynamics of aquatic ectotherms. While separate responses to each of these factors are well understood, their joint effects on individual life histories and population dynamics remain largely unexplored. Current theory predicts that the magnitude of prey behavioural, physiological, and life history responses to predation risk should diminish with warming due to the reduced metabolic scope. However, empirical support for this prediction remains equivocal, and experiments covering a substantial proportion of individual prey ontogeny until maturation are lacking.
- To fill these gaps, we ran a laboratory experiment to investigate how warming and non-consumptive predation risk influence life history responses in the larvae of the mayfly Cloeon dipterum, an aquatic insect with highly plastic development. We reared larvae of varying initial sizes at three temperatures (21, 24, and 27°C) in a risk-free environment and under predation risk signalled by chemical cues from dragonfly larvae (Aeshna cyanea), and followed their individual survival, growth, and development until emergence.
- Some C. dipterum larvae substantially prolonged their development and the proportion of these slow individuals declined rapidly with temperature and increased with predation risk. We attribute this response to cohort splitting, a common life history strategy of aquatic insects and other taxa in unpredictable environment.
- Growth, development, and maturation varied predictably with temperature in the fast larvae that did not prolong their development. They grew and developed faster but matured at smaller sizes with increasing temperature. Predation risk tended to slow down individual growth and development in line with the reduced metabolic scope hypothesis, but the differences were relatively minor and observable only at 21°C.
- Survival to subimago increased with predation risk, possibly due to indirect effects mediated by dissolved micronutrients, but did not vary significantly with temperature. Survival also tended to be higher in the slow individuals. This partly compensated for a smaller final size relative to the fast individuals and made both strategies comparable in overall fitness.
- Our results show that warming may erode individual-level variability in life history responses to predation risk. This implies that warming can synchronise population dynamics and consequently make such populations more vulnerable to unpredictable disturbances.
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Station holding in Pterygoplichthys spp. was associated with a lower energy cost relative to similarly sized fishes that swam against the free stream current. Pterygoplichthys spp. was characterized by a low, stable mass-specific metabolic rate ( c. 50 mg O2 kg−1 h−1 ) relative to subcarangiform swimmers that held position in the free stream, until it slipped backwards and burst swam against the current. Furthermore, the maximum range of the rate of oxygen consumption (aerobic scope) of Pterygoplichthys spp. was small relative to many non-benthic fishes. 相似文献
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