微生物降解多环芳烃的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是具有严重危害的环境污染物质。介绍PAHs的降解菌,降解机理和PAHs的生物修复方面的研究进展。土壤中PAHs的生物修复被认为是解决污染的有效方法,目前,菲的生物降解途径已经比较清楚,但对结构更为复杂的多环芳烃研究较少。文章还对消除环境中多环芳烃的相关生物技术提出展望。     

不同介质中多环芳烃光降解及与生物耦合降解研究现状

多环芳烃(PAHs)是环境中广泛存在的一类有机污染物。它的降解一直是人们关注的课题。光降解就是多环芳烃降解的一种重要形式。对在气相、液相和固相不同介质中的PAHs光降解研究进行了综合论述,重点对PAHs在液相介质的降解速率及影响因素、中间产物及降解机制和反应动力学进行了深入探讨,并介绍了光-生物耦合降解多环芳烃的研究进展。建立系统而有效的PAHs光降解研究技术与方法,是目前当务之急。进一步完善PAHs光降解研究的技术与方法,可更准确地研究PAHs光降解机制及影响因素。     

多环芳烃厌氧生物降解研究进展

多环芳烃（PAHs）是环境中广泛分布的一类持久性有机污染物,对生态环境和公众健康具有极大危害。微生物降解是环境中去除多环芳烃污染的有效途径,近年来PAHs厌氧生物降解研究逐渐取代好氧降解成为人们关注的重点。本文从PAHs厌氧生物降解的研究背景出发,从不同厌氧还原反应体系、厌氧降解微生物、PAHs厌氧生物转化途径等方面阐述了PAHs厌氧生物降解的研究概况,归纳了对PAHs厌氧生物降解有积极作用的影响因素,提出了PAHs厌氧降解研究目前存在的问题,并对该领域未来研究方向作了简述和展望。希望为多环芳烃厌氧生物降解与环境修复研究与实践提供参考。     

降解多环芳烃(PAHs)微生物研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类有机污染物,来源广,对人体有害,微生物对环境中多环芳烃的降解有一定优越性。本文主要从降解微生物种类、影响因素、降解启动过程方面进行归纳和总结,针对以往研究工作的不足和存在的问题,指出了今后微生物降解多环芳烃研究中的重点,以求为研究者、管理者和决策者在应用时提供参考。     

多环芳烃降解菌的筛选、鉴定及降解特性

【目的】多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类普遍存在于环境中且具有高毒性的持久性有机污染物,高效降解菌的筛选对利用生物修复技术有效去除环境中的多环芳烃具有重要意义。研究拟从供试菌株中筛选多环芳烃高效降解菌,并分析其降解特性,为多环芳烃污染环境的微生物修复提供资源保障和科学依据。【方法】采用平板法从25株供试菌株中筛选出以菲和芘为唯一碳源和能源的高效降解菌,经16S rRNA基因序列进行初步鉴定,通过单因素实验法分析其在液体培养基中的降解特性。【结果】筛选出的3株多环芳烃高效降解菌SL-1、02173和02830经16S rRNA基因序列分析,02173和02830分别与假单胞菌属中的Pseudomonas alcaliphila和Pseudomonas corrugate同源性最近,SL-1为本课题组发表新类群Rhizobium petrolearium的模式菌株;降解实验表明,菌株SL-1 3 d内对单一多环芳烃菲(100 mg/L)和芘(50 mg/L)的降解率分别达到100%和48%,5 d后能够降解74%的芘;而其3 d内对混合PAHs中菲和芘的降解率分别为75.89%和81.98%。菌株02173和02830 3 d内对混合多环芳烃中萘(200 mg/L)、芴(50 mg/L)、菲(100 mg/L)和芘(50 mg/L)的降解率均分别超过97%。【结论】筛选出的3株PAHs降解菌SL-1、02173和02830不仅可以高效降解低分子量PAHs,还对高分子量PAHs具有很好的降解潜力。研究表明,由于共代谢作用低分子量多环芳烃可促进高分子量多环芳烃的降解,而此时低分子量多环芳烃的降解将受到抑制。     

土壤中多环芳烃源解析技术研究进展

多环芳烃是一类广泛存在于各种环境介质中的持久性有机污染物。针对土壤中多环芳烃的污染现状, 为了更加全面明确地识别污染源, 进而能从源头上对多环芳烃的产生与排放加以控制, 综合论述了国内外土壤中多环芳烃定性和定量源解析技术的研究进展; 在介绍各种多环芳烃污染源解析模型的原理和特点的同时, 通过对比国内外相关研究的实例说明各解析方法的使用前提和适用范围, 讨论了源解析技术进步对污染物控制、治理的意义和重要性; 并对土壤中多环芳烃源解析技术研究未来的发展趋势作出展望, 为区域环境治理和能源利用结构调整等相关决策地制定提供参考依据。     

三叶草根系分泌物对多环芳烃微生物降解及加氧酶的影响

为揭示根际效应对多环芳烃降解的影响机制,建立恰当的植物-微生物联合修复模式,本研究向含有微生物及多环芳烃(芘和苯并\[a\]芘)的微宇宙中加入三叶草根系分泌物,分析其对多环芳烃降解的影响,研究降解过程中微生物加氧酶和16S rDNA基因拷贝数的变化,并对具有多环芳烃降解能力的微生物进行鉴定.结果表明： 分枝杆菌M1具有降解多环芳烃的能力;三叶草根系分泌物总有机碳(TOC)浓度为35.5 mg·L^-1时,芘和苯并\[a\]芘降解率明显提高,分枝杆菌加氧酶基因所占比例增加,表明其促进了分枝杆菌对芘和苯并\[a\]芘的降解;在降解过程中,加氧酶基因拷贝数明显增加,而16S rDNA数量增加不明显,表明前者与多环芳烃降解过程有关,而后者和微生物数量有关.三叶草根系分泌物使分枝杆菌加氧酶基因拷贝数明显增加,从而促进了分枝杆菌对多环芳烃的降解.
     

PAHs降解基因及降解酶研究进展

由于环境中的多环芳烃(PAHs)具有高遗传毒性和"三致"性(致癌、致畸和致突变),其生物降解基因和降解功能酶研究备受关注.多环芳烃双加氧酶是近年来研究较多的多环芳烃降解的关键酶系之一,主要由细菌产生,可通过氧化反应使多环芳烃开环生成小分子的中间产物并最终氧化成CO2和水.目前,有关这类酶的理化性质、结构特点、功能等的研究相继开展,本文对PAHs降解基因、降解酶的研究现状与发展趋势进行综述.     

细菌Rieske非血红素铁环羟化酶在多环芳烃降解中的研究进展

多环芳烃是一种常见的持久性有机污染物,因具有致癌、致突变等毒性而被广泛关注。其微生物降解过程通常由羟化起始,随后脱氢、开环、一步步去除支链,最终进入三羧酸循环。Rieske 非血红素铁环羟化酶(Rieske-type non-heme iron aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenases , RHOs , 又称 aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases) 或细胞色素 P450 氧化酶负责将羟基加成到多环芳烃环上,将疏水性的多环芳烃转化为亲水性的衍生物,这一过程是多环芳烃降解转化的起始步骤,也是关键步骤和限速步骤之一。文中主要介绍 RHOs 的分布、底物特异性、底物识别机制以及研究 RHOs 与多环芳烃的一些技术和方法等,并对 RHOs 在环境修复技术中的潜在应用进行了展望。     

红树林湿地多环芳烃的微生物降解

红树林(mangrove)是海陆交汇带重要的湿地生态系统,也是环境污染物蓄积与转化的热区.多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)因其环境蓄积特点在红树林生境中广泛分布,威胁生态系统健康,其降解转化是近年的研究重点.本文聚焦红树林湿地多环芳烃的微生物降解研究现状,从红树林生...     

我国主要河口沉积物中多环芳烃细菌降解及生物修复强化方式的研究进展

河口是海洋及陆地交互作用的集中地带,其生态环境的健康状况对所在地区人类居住及社会经济的可持续发展十分重要。近年来,河口城市的快速发展导致了大量的多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)在河口沉积物中积累,持久地影响水生生态系统的健康,其降解与转化逐渐成为近年来的研究热点。本文总结发现,我国主要河口(珠江口、长江口、辽河口、海河口)沉积物中的PAHs降解菌主要分布于假单胞菌门、放线菌门及芽孢杆菌门,其中克雷伯氏菌属、芽孢杆菌属及假单胞菌属报道较多。在河口沉积物中,PAHs的细菌降解主要是通过低效率的厌氧降解途径。低氧、高盐度是PAHs细菌降解的不利条件,温度与pH值的变化也为实地生物修复的应用效率带来了不确定性。表面活性剂、营养物与外源电子受体的添加以及共代谢作用均可促进沉积物细菌对PAHs的降解。目前多数研究以实验室规模开展,而河口沉积物生境复杂,建议未来针对河口沉积物的环境特点进行PAHs降解功能菌株种质资源的挖掘,并根据实际情况灵活制定强化策略。本综述为进一步从我国主要河口沉积物中筛选PAHs高效降解菌及其利用提供了思路与参考。     

Molecular biology approaches for understanding microbial polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation

The known or suspected hazards of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have provoked enormous concentration and endeavours to relieve or eliminate these precarious compounds from miscellaneous environments including soil, water and air. Among various interventions, biodegradation is an appealing approach for its comparative high efficiency and preferable safety. Microorganisms played crucial role in biodegradation of PAHs. Traditional access mainly including culture-dependent procedures has discovered and isolated PAHs-degrading microorganisms which could be subsequently applied to specific contaminated locus. Although certain progress has been achieved owing to traditional methods, much details in PAHs bioremedation leave pending because of the complexity nature of this process. As the rapid development of biology, molecular techniques such as PCR, fingerprinting technique (mainly DGGE), DNA hybridization technique and gene reporters technique have been intensively applied to gain further insight into the mechanism of PAHs degradation. These techniques not only proved the existence and role of uncultivable microorganisms in the whole population of PAHs degrading related microbials, but also made it possible to revealed the otherwise undetectable complex relationships between multi-microorganism concerned in PAHs biodegradation. Application of such techniques in the field of PAHs biodegradation were reviewed in this article.     

Molecular biology approaches for understanding microbial polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation

The known or suspected hazards of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have provoked enormous concentration and endeavours to relieve or eliminate these precarious compounds from miscellaneous environments including soil, water and air. Among various interventions, biodegradation is an appealing approach for its comparative high efficiency and preferable safety. Microorganisms played crucial role in biodegradation of PAHs. Traditional access mainly including culture-dependent procedures has discovered and isolated PAHs-degrading microorganisms which could be subsequently applied to specific contaminated locus. Although certain progress has been achieved owing to traditional methods, much details in PAHs bioremedation leave pending because of the complexity nature of this process. As the rapid development of biology, molecular techniques such as PCR, fingerprinting technique (mainly DGGE), DNA hybridization technique and gene reporters technique have been intensively applied to gain further insight into the mechanism of PAHs degradation. These techniques not only proved the existence and role of uncultivable microorganisms in the whole population of PAHs degrading related microbials, but also made it possible to revealed the otherwise undetectable complex relationships between multi-microorganism concerned in PAHs biodegradation. Application of such techniques in the field of PAHs biodegradation were reviewed in this article.     

Influence of Celery on the Remediation of PAHs-contaminated Farm Soil

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination has been considered as one of the major environmental concerns for farmland soil all over the world including China. Due to small per capita land area, to find crops or vegetable, which could not only degrade the PAHs contaminants but also would not concentrate PAHs, was particularly important. Celery was selected as the phytoremediator in this experiment, and the soil enzyme activity, PAHs-degrading microorganisms, and the speciation of PAHs in soil were studied. The results showed that celery could significantly enhance the remediation of PAHs compared with the controlled experiment after 90 days (p< 0.01), and the removal efficiency were 31.29%, 30.79%, and 50.21% in the soil, non-rhizosphere soil, and rhizosphere soil, respectively. The soil enzyme activity and PAHs-degrading microorganisms significantly increased in rhizosphere soil compared with non-rhizosphere soil (p< 0.05), and the bioaccessibility of PAHs in soil could have been enhanced in the presence of celery root exudates. Those would help the bioremediation of PAHs by soil microorganisms. Meanwhile, the concentration of PAHs in the edible portion of celery was only 17.13 ± 1.24 μg/kg, and the bioconcentration factors in the aboveground part of celery were only 0.025. This study provides a potential in-site farmland soil phytoremediation technology that could have practical utility.     

Diversity and PAH growth abilities of bacterial strains isolated from a contaminated soil in Slovakia

Different abandoned industrial areas contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present in Slovakia. These environmental burdens are very dangerous to the health of human and environment. The bioremediation, based on the use of hydrocarbons degrading microorganisms, is a promising strategy to sanitize these polluted sites. The aim of this investigation was to assess the bacterial diversity of a PAHs-contaminated soil and to select the potential hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria which can be used for different bioremediation approaches. The bacterial strains were isolated on minimal medium agar supplemented with a mixture of PAHs. Seventy-three isolated strains were grouped by ribosomal interspacer analysis in 15 different clusters and representatives of each cluster were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. The PAHs degradation abilities of all bacterial isolates were estimated by the 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol assay and by their growth on minimal broth amended with a mixture of PAHs. Different kinds of strains, members of the genus Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Acinetobacter and Sphingomonas, were isolated from the contaminated soil. Four isolates (Pseudomonas putida, Arthrobacter oxydans, Sphingomonas sp. and S. paucimobilis) showed promising PAHs-degrading abilities and therefore their possible employing in bioremediation strategies.     

土壤中多环芳烃的微生物降解及土壤细菌种群多样性

利用室内模拟方法,研究中、低浓度多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的微生物修复效果,阐明土壤微生物（接种和土著）与PAHs降解的关系.结果表明:投加PAHs高效降解菌可以促进土壤中PAHs的降解,2周内效果显著;典型PAHs降解的难易程度依据为：菲<蒽<芘<苯并(a)芘和屈;细菌种群丰度和多样性均与PAHs降解呈负相关关系,同一处理细菌种群结构随时间变化不大.对于中、低浓度PAHs原位污染土壤,增强土著菌的活性是提高土壤PAHs降解率的有效途径之一.     

Evaluation of bacterial strategies to promote the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs)-degrading bacteria may enhance the bioavailability of PAHs by excreting biosurfactants, by production of extracellular polymeric substances, or by forming biofilms. We tested these hypotheses in pure cultures of PAHs-degrading bacterial strains. Most of the strains did not substantially reduce the surface tension when grown on PAHs in liquid shaken cultures. Thus, pseudo-solubilization of PAHs in biosurfactant micelles seems not to be a general strategy for these isolates to enhance PAHs-bioavailability. Three semi-colloid Sphingomonas polysaccharides all increased the solubility of PAHs (Gellan 1.3- to 5.4-fold, Welan 1.8- to 6.0-fold and Rhamsan 2.4- to 9.0-fold). The increases were most pronounced for the more hydrophobic PAHs. The polysaccharide-sorbed PAHs were bioavailable. Mineralization rates of 9-[14C]-phenanthrene and 3-[14C]-fluoranthene by Sphingobium EPA505, were similar with and without sphingans, indicating that mass-transfer rates from PAHs crystals to the bulk liquid were unaffected by the polysaccharides. Biofilm formation on PAHs crystals may favor the diffusive mass transfer of PAHs from crystals to the bacterial cells. A majority of the PAHs-degraders tested formed biofilms in microtiter wells coated with PAHs crystals. For strains capable of growing on different PAHs; the more soluble the PAHs, the lower the percentage of cells attached. Biofilm formation on PAHs-sources was the predominant mechanism among the tested bacteria to overcome mass transfer limitations when growing on poorly soluble PAHs.     

一株产漆酶土壤真菌F-5的分离及土壤修复潜力

漆酶因可氧化许多种有机污染物,在土壤污染修复方面的应用潜力受到广泛重视。筛选具有较高漆酶活性的土壤真菌,可以为污染土壤修复提供生物资源。通过培养基中愈创木酚颜色反应,从土壤中筛选获得1株真菌菌株F-5。18S rRNA基因序列显示该菌株属于巨座壳科(Family Magnaporthaceae)。单因素试验和正交试验结果显示,蔗糖和蛋白胨分别是最有利于该菌产漆酶的碳源和氮源。在适当培养条件下,真菌F-5培养液酶活性可达4033U/L,表现出该菌具有较强的产漆酶能力。在多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的生物修复中,真菌F-5可使土壤中苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽等高环、高毒性多环芳烃降解,并使土壤多环芳烃毒性当量大幅降低。因此,真菌F-5适合修复PAHs污染土壤。     

细菌降解萘、菲的代谢途径及相关基因的研究进展

多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是一类在环境中广泛存在的具有毒性的污染物,微生物降解是其在自然界中降解的主要途径,因而尤为重要。随着研究的深入,关于微生物降解PAHs的分子降解机制、途径等的认识逐渐积累。以下对细菌降解萘、菲的研究进展进行了概述,介绍了萘的水杨酸降解途径,菲的水杨酸、邻苯二甲酸及其他降解途径,同时也包括降解过程中涉及的降解基因簇,如nah-like、phn、phd、nid和nag等以及细菌在PAHs胁迫条件下其他相关基因的表达与调节等方面的最新进展。这些进展可为降解菌株的分子及遗传机制研究提供理论依据,将促进通过基因工程优化降解菌、更有效地检测PAHs环境污染及实现PAHs污染的生物修复。