Glucocorticoid Receptor Changes Associate with Age in the Paraventricular Nucleus of Type II Diabetic Rat Model

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is associated with the dysregulation of a number of systems within the body. In the present study, we investigated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the paraventricular nuclei of 4-, 12-, 20- and 30-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty (fa/fa, ZDF) and in Zucker lean control (fa/+ or +/+, ZLC) rats, because the progressive induction of diabetes is detectable in this model after 7 weeks of age and chronic diabetic conditions are maintained after 12 weeks of age. GR immunoreactivity was detected in parvocellular paraventricular nuclei and this and GR protein levels were exponentially increased according to the ages. In particular, GR immunoreactivities and protein levels were markedly more increased in 30-week-old ZDF rats than in age-matched ZLC group and in younger ZDF group. The present study suggests that GR immunoreactivity and its protein level is associated with a degenerative phenotype in the hypothalamus of from 12-weeks old in the ZDF rat type II diabetes model.     

Coexpression of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor, Vasopressin, and Oxytocin mRNAs in Neurons of the Rat Hypothalamic Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei

Abstract : This study was designed to gain better insight into the relationship between glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (7-36) amide and vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OX). In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed colocalization of the mRNAs for GLP-1 receptor, AVP, and OX in neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. To determine whether GLP-1(7-36)amide alters AVP and/or OX release, both in vivo and in vitro experimental study designs were used. In vivo, intravenous administration of 1 μg of GLP-1(7-36)amide into the jugular vein significantly decreased plasma AVP and OX concentrations. In vitro incubation of the neurohypophysis with either 0.1 or 1 μg of GLP-1(7-36)amide did not modify the release of AVP. However, addition of 1 μg of GLP-1(7-36)amide to the incubation medium increased slightly the secretion of OX. The coexpression of GLP-1 receptor and AVP mRNAs in hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei gives further support to the already reported central effects of GLP-1(7-36)amide on AVP. Our findings also suggest a dual secretory response of AVP and OX to the effect of GLP-1(7-36)amide, which most likely is related to the amount and/or the route of peptide administration.     

Quantitation of Vasopressin mRNA and Oxytocin mRNA in Hypothalamic Nuclei by Solution Hybridization Assays

Concentrations of vasopressin (VP) precursor and oxytocin (OT) precursor mRNA were measured in magnocellular cell groups of the rat hypothalamus by newly developed solution hybridization assays. The assays employed single-stranded 35S-labeled VP-specific and OT-specific DNA probes that were prepared by primer extension on recombinant M13 DNA templates. Solution hybridization assays were standardized by known amounts of cloned DNA. The detection limit was less than 1 pg DNA equivalent of the respective mRNA. In total RNA preparations of microdissected supraoptic nucleus (SON) mean (+/- SEM) basal levels of 1.37 +/- 0.18 pg VP mRNA and 1.95 +/- 0.14 pg OT mRNA were measured. RNA of the microdissected paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contained 0.35 +/- 0.02 pg VP mRNA and 1.77 +/- 0.15 pg OT mRNA. Elevation of plasma osmolality induced by drinking of 2% saline for 25 days resulted in a 1.85-fold increase in VP mRNA levels of the SON and a 1.6-fold increase in VP mRNA levels of the PVN. The solution hybridization assays are suitable tools to study the regulation of VP and OT mRNAs in magnocellular neurons of the brain.     

Age-Related Alterations in the Biochemical and Functional Properties of the Bladder in Type 2 Diabetic GK Rats

Previous studies have demonstrated that experimental type 1 diabetes induced by streptozotocin causes alterations in the biochemical and functional properties of several receptor systems in the rat bladder. However, the exact mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of voiding dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients is unknown. Because the GK rat is a widely accepted genetically determined rodent model for human type 2 diabetes, we investigated diabetes-induced changes in the bladder smooth muscle of the GK rats at several time points. Male GK rats and age-matched Wistar rats, as controls, were maintained for 4, 8, 16, and 32 weeks. Contractile responses to KCl, carbachol, ATP, and electrical field stimulation (EFS) were measured by using the isolated muscle bath techniques. Acetylcholine (ACh) release induced by EFS from bladder muscle strips was measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a microdialysis procedure. Maximum contractile responses to carbachol and ATP, the release of ACh, and tissue sorbitol levels were similar in bladders from GK and control rats until 8 weeks of age. At 16 weeks of age, however, the contractile responses to carbachol and ATP, and tissue sorbitol levels were increased, and the EFS-induced ACh release was decreased in GK rats compared with controls. Although the maximum contractile responses to EFS were unchanged until 16 weeks of age, they were decreased in 32-week-old GK rats, compared with controls. Our data indicate the presence of age-related alterations in the biochemical and functional properties of the bladder in type 2 diabetic GK rats.     

室旁核注射胰高血糖素样肽-1对不同病程糖尿病大鼠胃排空的影响

目的:研究下丘脑室旁核(paraventricular nucleus,PVN)注射胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)对糖尿病早期大鼠胃排空的影响,并探讨其相关作用机制.方法:60只清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NC组),糖尿病组(DM组),GLP-1干预组(GLP-1组),每组各20只,后两组腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)制备糖尿病模型,分别于注射STZ2周、6周后每组随机取半数进行实验,实验前于无菌条件下大鼠一侧下丘脑PVN区埋置套管,GLP-1组经套管注入GLP-1,NC组及DM组注入等体积生理盐水.酚红灌胃法检测胃排空率,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血浆GLP-1浓度,半定量RT-PCR法测定胃窦、胃底GLP-1RmRNA表达.结果:注射STZ2周后,DM组较NC组胃排空率显著升高(P＜0.01).GLP-1组胃排空率低于DM组(P＜0.01),血浆GLP-1浓度高于DM组及NC组(P均＜0.05),胃窦GLP-1RmRNA表达明显高于DM组、NC组(P均＜0.01).注射STZ 6周后,DM组胃排空率高于NC组(P＜0.01).GLP-1组较DM组胃排空率显著降低(P＜0.01),血浆GLP-1浓度、胃窦GLP-1RmRNA表达显著高于DM组、NC组(P均＜0.01).结论:下丘脑PVN区注射GLP-1后,可减慢糖尿病大鼠初期加速的胃排空,原因可能与血浆GLP-1浓度及胃窦GLP-1RmRNA表达增加有关.     

2型糖尿病模型GK大鼠骨形态学和生物力学特点观察

目的观察2型糖尿病模型GK大鼠的骨代谢特点以及骨密度和骨生物力学特性的变化。方法采用雄性6月龄GK大鼠10只,以月龄、性别匹配的健康Wistar大鼠作为正常对照。颈静脉取血检测与骨代谢有关的生化指标。DXA法测定股骨和腰椎骨密度,并行股骨三点弯曲实验和腰椎压缩实验。甲基丙烯酸甲酯包埋胫骨干骺端以制备不脱钙骨切片。应用多媒体病理图像分析软件进行骨组织形态计量学分析。结果GK大鼠体重明显低于健康对照Wistar大鼠（P〈0.01）。与对照组相比,GK大鼠血清骨钙素水平明显降低[（4.97±0.49,6.75±0.71）μg/mL,P〈0.01],而抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶活性明显升高[（17.92±5.23,8.31±2.69）U/L,P〈0.01],但血钙和血磷无明显变化（P〉0.05）;股骨和腰椎骨密度显著降低[（0.16±0.01,0.22±0.02;0.12±0.01,0.16±0.02）g/cm2,P〈0.01];骨强度和腰椎的弹性模量明显降低（P〈0.01）。骨形态学分析显示GK大鼠股骨长度和第五腰椎高度分别降低10.3%和9.5%（P〈0.01）,股骨和腰椎横截面积无明显变化（P〉0.05）。骨组织形态计量学分析显示,GK大鼠骨小梁体积、骨小梁厚度、类骨质表面和厚度明显降低[（15.72±1.18,19.13±1.13）%,（61.91±4.54,74.43±3.63）μm,（18.18±1.25,19.63±1.07）%,（3.68±0.48,4.34±0.35）μm,P〈0.01或0.05],动态参数如矿化表面、矿化沉积率和骨形成率也明显降低[（17.77±1.54,19.56±2.07）%,（1.07±0.22,1.35±0.16;0.20±0.03,0.26±0.04）μm/day,P〈0.05或0.01],而矿化延迟时间显著延长（2.66±0.56,2.12±0.35,P〈0.05）。结论非肥胖的GK大鼠表现有骨量减少和骨折危险性增加;2型糖尿病本身可干扰成骨细胞功能和活性而导致骨重建失衡。     

Diabetes Increases the Expression of Hypothalamic Neuropeptides in a Spontaneous Model of Type I Diabetes, the Nonobese Diabetic (NOD) Mouse

1. Synthesis of oxytocin (OT) and arginine-vasopressin(AVP) is increased in induced models of Type I diabetes, such as thestreptozotocin model. However, these parameters have not yet been evaluated inspontaneous models, such as the nonobese diabetic mouse (NOD). Therefore, we studied in the magnocellular cells of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN)of nondiabetic and diabetic 16-week-old female NOD mice and control C57Bl/6mice, the immunocytochemistry of OT and AVP peptides and their mRNA expression, using nonisotopic in situ hybridization (ISH).2. In nondiabetic and diabetic NOD female mice, the number of OT- and AVP-immunoreactive cells were similar to those of the controls, whereas immunoreaction intensity was significantly higher for both peptides in diabetic NOD as compared with nondiabetic NOD and control C57Bl/6 mice.3. ISH analysis showed that the number of OT mRNA-containing cells was in the same range in the three groups, whereas higher number of AVP mRNA expressing cells was found in diabetic NOD mice. However, the intensity of hybridization signal was also higher for both OT and AVP mRNA in the diabetic group as compared with nondiabetic NOD and control mice.4. Blood chemistry demonstrated that haematrocrit, total plasma proteins, urea, sodium, and potassium were within normal limits in diabetic mice. Thus, NODmice were neither hypernatremic nor dehydrated.5. We suggest that upregulation of OT and AVP reflects a high-stress condition in the NOD mice. Diabetes may affect neuropeptide-producing cells of the PVN, with the increased AVP and OT playing a deleterious role on the outcome of the disease.     

Age-related changes in oxytocin-, arginine vasopressin- and nitric oxide synthase-expressing neurons in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat

Many histochemical investigations indicated that the oxytocin (OXY), the arginine vasopressin (AVP) and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) have been synthesized in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurons. The objective of this study was to examine the age-related expression of the OXY, the AVP and the NOS in the SON of the young adult (2-month-old) and the aged (24-month-old) rats. The histochemistry for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d; marker for the NOS) and the double labeling histochemistry for the OXY/NADPH-d or the AVP/NADPH-d were employed, and the quantitative analysis was performed with a computer-assisted image processing system. In comparison of the young adult and the aged group, the cell number, the cell size and the reactive density of the NOS-expressing neurons showed a significant increase along with age, and these evidences suggested the age-related increase of the nitric oxide (NO) production. The age-related significant increase was not detected in the number of the OXY/NOS-expressing neurons in the dorsal part, but was detected in the number of the AVP/NOS-expressing neurons in the ventral part. Based on our histochemical findings and reports demonstrated by other authors, we attempted to discuss the physiological role of NOS for the secretion of posterior pituitary hormones along with age.     

下丘脑室旁核注射GLP-1 对糖尿病大鼠中枢GLP-1 受体表达

目的:探讨下丘脑室旁核(hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus,PVN)注射GLP-1(胰高血糖素样肽-1)对糖尿病大鼠胃排空的影响及机制。方法:30只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NC组)、糖尿病组(DM组)和GLP-1干预组(GLP-1组),每组各10只。DM组和GLP-1组腹腔注射链脲佐菌素,三组大鼠均PVN区埋置套管,恢复7d,GLP-1组微量注射0.5μg/0.5μl的GLP-1,NC组和DM组大鼠PVN区微量注射等体积生理盐水。甲基纤维素-酚红灌胃法检测胃排空;半定量RT-PCR检测大鼠下丘脑GLP-1RmRNA的表达。结果:DM组胃排空率较NC组明显升高(P<0.05),GLP-1组胃排空明显低于DM组(P<0.05),GLP-1组和NC组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。GLP-1组下丘脑GLP-1RmRNA的表达明显高于DM组和NC组(P<0.05),并与胃排空率成负相关(P<0.05)。DM组和NC组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:PVN区注射GLP-1可以抑制糖尿病大鼠早期胃排空加速,作用机制可能和促进下丘脑GLP-1受体表达有关。     

Hypothalamic activity during altered salt and water balance in the snake <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bothrops jararaca</Emphasis>

The effects of water and salt overload on the activities of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and the adjacent periventricular zone of the hypothalamus of the snake Bothrops jararaca were investigated by measurements of Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-ir). Both water and salt overload resulted in changes in body mass, plasma osmolality, and plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride. Hyper-osmolality increased Fos immunoreactivity in the rostral supraoptic nucleus (SON), the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and adjacent periventricular areas. Both hyper- and hypo-osmolality increased Fos immunoreactivity in the intermediate SON, but not in other areas of the hypothalamus. Immunostaining was abundant in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting tanycyte-like cells in the ependymal layer of the third ventricle. These data highlight some features of regional distribution of Fos immunoreactivity that are consistent with vasotocin functioning as a hormone, and support the role of hypothalamic structures in the response to disruption of salt and water balance in this snake.     

胰岛素对2型糖尿病骨质疏松大鼠血清与骨OPG、RANKL表达的影响

目的:探讨胰岛素对2型糖尿病骨质疏松大鼠血清及骨OPG(osteoprotegerin)、RANKL(OPG receptor activator nuclear factork B)表达水平的影响。方法:以高脂高糖饲料喂养4周同时饮用3%果糖水导致胰岛素抵抗小鼠,再以小剂量链脲佐菌素(30mg/kg)腹腔注射1次,2周后诱导建立2型糖尿病小鼠模型。对照组动物则给予正常饲料及饮用水进行喂养。模型建立成功后,对模型2组大鼠进行胰岛素治疗,分别采用OPG和RANKLelisa试剂盒对正常动物模型和糖尿病动物模型血清和骨组织中OPG,RANKL含量进行比较分析,采用血糖分析仪对不同组动物的血糖进行比较分析,采用骨密度分析仪对动物的骨密度进行分析,了解高血糖对于骨密度及血清,骨组织中OPG,RANKL含量的影响以及胰岛素对高血糖骨质疏松造成的结果的影响。结果:相较于正常组大鼠,模型组大鼠血清及髂骨中OPG、血糖、糖化血红蛋白、髂骨密度表达显著下调(P0.05),而RANKL表达显著上调(P0.05),胰岛素处理的模型大鼠血清及骨中OPG含量较模型组大鼠显著升高,血清及骨组织中RANKL表达显著下调(P0.05)。结论:胰岛素能够显著降低2型糖尿病骨质疏松大鼠血清及骨组织中RANKL的表达,显著上调OPG的表达。     

微量白蛋白尿与2型糖尿病合并代谢综合征的相关性

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者微量白蛋白尿与代谢综合征(MS)的相关性。方法:282例T2DM患者根据是否合并MS分为MS组(163例)和非MS组(119例),测定24h尿白蛋白(UAlb)及相关生化指标,比较两组UAlb水平及糖尿病肾病(DN)患病率,采用多元Logistic回归方法分析T2DM患者微量白蛋白尿的危险因素。结果:MS组的UAlb及DN患病率明显高于非MS组,且随着MS组分增加,UAlb水平显著升高。多元Logistic回归分析表明甘油三酯、糖化血红蛋白、收缩压为影响UAlb的独立危险因素。结论:T2DM患者微量白蛋白尿与MS密切相关,需采取综合干预措施避免或延缓DN的发生发展。     

Reduced Hippocampal Cell Differentiation in the Subgranular Zone of the Dentate Gyrus in a Rat Model of Type II Diabetes

It has recently been reported that diabetes mellitus is strongly associated with neurodegenerative and functional disorders of the central nervous system. In the present study, we investigated the changes in proliferating neurons in the dentate gyrus of type II diabetic rats using doublecortin (DCX), a marker of progenitors differentiating into neurons. At 4 weeks after birth, there were no differences in the blood glucose levels of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats or Zucker lean control (ZLC) rats. DCX-immunoreactive neurons were detectable in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in both the ZDF and ZLC rats; however, DCX immunoreactivity was higher in the ZLC rats than in the ZDF rats. At 12 weeks after birth, the blood glucose level was significantly increased by 400 mg/dl in the ZDF rats, but the blood glucose level in the ZLC rats was only slightly increased by 152.3 mg/dl. DCX immunoreactivity was significantly decreased in 12-week-old rats in comparison to 4-week-old rats. Some DCX-immunoreactive neurons were detectable in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the ZLC rats. However, only a few DCX-immunoreactive neurons were observed in the ZDF rats, and the DCX-immunoreactive neurons in the ZDF rats did not show fully developed processes. These results suggest that DCX-immunoreactive neurons were significantly decreased in an age-dependent manner and that DCX-immunoreactive neurons were also reduced in diabetic rats. In addition, the reduction in DCX-immunoreactive neurons in age matched rats may be associated with type II diabetes.     

Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Cell Proliferation and Differentiation in the Subgranular Zone of the Dentate Gyrus in a Rat Model of Type II Diabetes

In the present study, we investigated the effects of a treadmill exercise on serum glucose levels and Ki67 and doublecortin (DCX) immunoreactivity, which is a marker of cell proliferation expressed during cell cycles except G0 and early G1 and a marker of progenitors differentiating into neurons, respectively, in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (SZDG) using a type II diabetic model. At 6 weeks of age, Zucker lean control (ZLC) and Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were put on a treadmill with or without running for 1 h/day/5 consecutive days at 22 m/min for 5 weeks. Body weight was significantly increased in the control (without running)-ZDF rats compared to that in the other groups. In the control groups blood glucose levels were increased by 392.7 mg/dl in the control-ZDF rats and by 143.3 mg/dl in the control-ZLC rats. However, in the exercise groups, blood glucose levels were similar between the exercise-ZLC and ZDF rats: The blood glucose levels were 110.0 and 118.2 mg/dl, respectively. Ki67 positive nuclei were detected in the SZDG in control and exercise groups. The number of Ki67 positive nuclei was significantly high in exercise groups compared to that in the control groups. In addition, Ki67 positive cells were abundant in ZLC groups compared to those in ZDF groups. DCX-immunoreactive structures in the control-ZDF rats were lower than that in the control-ZLC rats. In the exercise groups, DCX-immunoreactive structures (somata and processes with tertiary dendrites) and DCX protein levels were markedly increased in both the exercise-ZLC and ZDF rats compared to that in the control groups. These results suggest that a treadmill exercise reduces blood glucose levels in ZDF rats and increases cell proliferation and differentiation in the SZDG in ZLC and ZDF rats compared to those in control groups.     

血清铁蛋白（SF）及sod水平与2型糖尿病患者小纤维神经病变关系的研究

摘要 目的：探血清铁蛋白（SF）及超氧化物歧化酶（sod）水平与2型糖尿病患者小纤维神经病变的关系。方法：选择2017年6月至2019年12月我院接诊的120例2型糖尿病患者,根据病变发生情况分为病变组67例,未发生病变53例作为对照组,分析血清铁蛋白（SF）及sod在其中的表达及其预测小纤维神经病变的价值。结果：病变组铁蛋白（SF）水平显著高于对照组,sod水平显著低于对照组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;ROC结果显示,铁蛋白（SF）预测2型糖尿病患者小纤维神经病变的AUC为0.924,95%CI为0.892~0.957,截断值为223.407 ng/mL ;sod预测2型糖尿病患者小纤维神经病变的AUC为0.96,95%CI为0.944~0.987,截断值为126.862 U/mL;联合预测2型糖尿病患者小纤维神经病变的AUC为0.993,95%CI为0.986~1.000,单独检测分别和联合检测曲线下面积比较均具有显著差异,联合检测的特异度、准确度分别为94.26%、95.16%。结论：在2型糖尿病小纤维神经病变患者中血清铁蛋白（SF）及sod的表达异常,对于疾病的进展有诊断意义,临床应给与关注。     

Biorhythm of arginine-vasopressin in the paraventricular, supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei of rats

The diurnal variations in content of arginine-vasopressin in the supraoptic nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus and the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rats were determined using radioimmunoassay. In the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus the arginine-vasopressin level was relatively constant during the light phase (the inactive phase). When it became dark, the level of arginine-vasopressin lowered during the early and middle dark phase and then increased to the highest level during the late dark phase. In the suprachiasmatic nucleus the level was stable during the light phase, while in the early and the late dark phase it was significantly higher than that in the middle dark phase.     

明日叶查尔酮对2型糖尿病大鼠骨骼肌细胞胰岛素抵抗的干预作用

目的:研究明日叶查尔酮对2型糖尿病大鼠骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗的干预作用.方法:将2型糖尿病大鼠随机分成四组,高、中、低剂量组分别每日经口灌胃给予明日叶查尔酮30、10和5mg/(kg·bw),糖尿病对照组给予等量生理盐水.各组均以高脂饲料喂养.四周后采用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测空腹血糖;放射免疫法检测血清胰岛素含量;免疫组化法检测葡萄糖转运体1和葡萄糖转运体4蛋白表达水平.结果:经图像分析,高剂量组骨骼肌细胞中葡萄糖转运体1和葡萄糖转运体4蛋白表达平均光密度值分别为0.054± 0.0064和0.063±0.0139,均较糖尿病对照组显著性升高(P＜0.05).高剂量组空腹血糖和胰岛素水平分别为(12.3± 1.64)mmol/L和(25.65±3.34) (μIU/mL),均较糖尿病对照病显著性降低(P＜0.05).结论:明日叶查尔酮可增加2型糖尿病大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运体l和葡萄糖转运体4蛋白表达水平,降低空腹血糖和胰岛素水平,改善胰岛素抵抗状况.     

不同性别大鼠在2型糖尿病造模过程中的稳定性

目的研究不同性别大鼠在2型糖尿病造模过程中的成功率及模型的稳定性。方法高糖高脂饮食联合腹腔注射小剂量链脲佐菌素诱导建立雄、雌性大鼠2型糖尿病模型。成模后所有大鼠每周固定时间测血糖和体重。观察24周后,心脏穿刺取血,测定空腹血糖（FPG）、血清胰岛素（FINS）、HbA1c、甘油三脂（TG）、胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（LDL-C）。结果单纯高糖高脂饮食喂养,雄、雌性大鼠血糖与正常组无显著差异;STZ注射后,雄性大鼠血糖升高并逐渐平稳,而雌性需两次STZ注射,模型才比较稳定。实验结束时,雄、雌性糖尿病大鼠FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR以及TG、TC、LDL-C均显著升高,说明模型存在胰岛素抵抗和脂代谢紊乱。结论高糖高脂饲料加一次性小剂量链脲佐菌素腹腔注射,可成功建立雄性大鼠2型糖尿病模型,而同等剂量,雌性模型需两次STZ。雄、雌性糖尿病大鼠模型具有高血糖、脂质代谢紊乱和胰岛素抵抗特点。造模成功率及稳定性与性别有关,雄性大鼠较雌性大鼠成模率高,稳定性好,且耗时更短。     

P2X receptors are differentially expressed on vasopressin- and oxytocin-containing neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of rat hypothalamus

In the present study, the distribution of P2X receptor protein and colocalization of P2X receptors with vasopressin and oxytocin in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of rat hypothalamus was studied using double-labeling fluorescence immunohistochemistry. The results showed that vasopressin-containing neurons expressed P2X₂, P2X₄, P2X₅ and P2X₆ receptor and oxytocin-containing neurons expressed P2X₂, P2X₄ and P2X₅ receptors in the supraoptic nucleus. In the paraventricular nucleus, vasopressin-containing neurons expressed P2X₄, P2X₅ and P2X₆ receptors, while oxytocin-containing neurons expressed P2X₄ receptors. This study provides the first evidence that P2X receptor subunits are differentially expressed on vasopressin- and oxytocin-containing neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, and hence, provides a substantial neuroanatomical basis for possible functional interactions between the purinergic and vasopressinergic systems, and the purinergic and oxytocinergic systems in the rat hypothalamus. Wei Guo and Jihu Sun contributed equally to this work.