黑曲霉突变株葡萄糖淀粉酶的底物特异性

黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)突变株T-21葡萄糖淀粉酶(GAI)仅能水解多种淀粉及麦芽低聚糖生成唯一产物β-葡萄糖,其水解麦芽糖及麦芽三糖的速度分别为200和570mg葡萄糖·h^(-1)·mg^(-1).GAI水解α-1,4键的速度比水解α-1.6键快100多倍.除了马铃薯淀粉外,对其它淀粉及麦芽低聚糖几乎都能100%地水解,但不能水解环状糊精,其水解各麦芽低聚糖的最先产物都比原底物少一个葡萄糖单位,说明GAI为一外切型淀粉酶.GAI对麦芽糖、麦芽三糖、可溶性淀粉、糯米淀粉、糊精及糖原的Km值分别1.92mmol/L、0.38mmol/L、0.053%、0.045%、0.059%、及0.076%,V_(max)分别为590、1370、1270、1520、1120和1220mg葡萄糖·h^(-1)·mg^(-1).D-葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯及麦芽糖醇对此酶分别具有反竞争性抑制和混合性抑制.     

产碱菌麦芽四糖淀粉酶水解淀粉的特性

产碱菌麦芽四糖淀粉酶水解不同来源淀粉的产物组成有差异:G4占81.5％～98.8％,G_3占0％～9.6％,G_2占0％～5.9％。不同淀粉的水解速度在4170～9036mgGlch~-(1)·mg~(-1)之间。对可溶性淀粉的水解产物为6-型。麦芽四糖淀粉酶能被小麦、玉米及马铃薯的生淀粉吸附,其吸附率分别为60.2％、50.0％及52.2％,相对水解率分别为4.5％、2.7％及0％,水解生淀粉的主要产物为G_4。     

α-淀粉酶检测方法及其应用

α-淀粉酶是一种内切糖苷水解酶,可以水解淀粉等多聚糖内部的α-1,4-糖苷键,生成低聚糖、糊精、麦芽三糖、麦芽糖和少量葡萄糖。由于α-淀粉酶在食品、人体健康监测和制药方面的重要作用,其活性检测广泛应用于工业生产菌株的选育、临床疾病的诊断、糖尿病药物的开发和食品质量的控制中。近年来,随着检测技术的发展,许多更加快速、灵敏的α-淀粉酶检测方法被开发出来。本文综述了近年来α-淀粉酶的检测方法和应用研究进展,分类介绍其检测原理和优缺点,并对未来α-淀粉酶检测方法提出展望,以期为α-淀粉酶检测方法的开发和应用提供参考。     

米曲霉5037α-淀粉酶性质的研究

米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)5037产生的α-淀粉酶,酶反应最适温度范围为55—63℃,以60℃为最好。反应pH范围在4.4—6.0之间,最适PH为4.8—5.2。酶的pH稳定性为5.5—8.5。酶的热稳定性在50℃以下较好,加Ca~(++)对酶的稳定性有显著的作用。凝胶电泳分析,此菌株产生的酶系较纯。酶作用产物为糊精和低聚糖,延长反应时间则产生麦芽三糖和多量麦芽糖以及部分葡萄糖。     

芽四糖淀粉酶产生菌的筛选与发酵条件的研究

从290个土样中分离到1380株细菌,加上本所其他课题组提供的细菌共1870株,其中有707株能分解淀粉,经过复筛、纸层析鉴定有3株菌的淀粉酶酶解液中主要产物是麦芽四糖,进一步用β－淀粉酶水解为麦芽糖,用萄葡糖淀粉酶水解为萄葡糖,确证为麦芽四糖。其中最优菌株为537．1,其酶解产物中麦芽四糖占90％,而其他两株菌的酶解产物中除麦芽四糖外,还有较多的麦芽糖及麦芽三糖,因此选择了537．1作为形成麦芽四糖淀粉酶的优良菌株,经鉴定,该菌属于产碱菌(Alcaligenessp．)。菌株537．1产酶的较好条件为t培养基中麦芽糖1．5％,蛋白胨0．5％,起始pH7—7．5,在27—28℃振荡培养48h。株537．1培养液可以酶解谷类、薯类和野生植物淀粉生成麦芽四糖。     

低聚异麦芽糖的产业化研究

异麦芽低聚糖是以淀粉为原料 ,通过酶的水介、葡萄糖基转移反应而生成的含α- 1.6糖苷健的异麦芽糖、泮糖、异麦芽三糖等分枝低聚糖的淀粉糖 ,是一种适合于廉价大量生产的双歧因子 ,其糖浆性质接近高麦芽糖浆 ,以其无作用量较大可达到 90 g/ kg,故可用于各种食品 ,作为甜味剂来制造具有整肠功能的保健食品。通常异麦芽糖制品中 ,各种分枝低聚糖含量要求达到5 0 %以上 ,其中主要功能性异麦芽糖低聚糖 (异麦芽糖、泮糖与异麦芽三糖 )的含量要求占总平均的 35 %以上 ,为了提高产品中异麦芽低聚糖的含量 ,本公司在日本、无锡轻大、上海市工业微…     

巨大芽孢杆菌淀粉酶基因的克隆及其在枯草杆菌中的表达

以λ噬菌体为载体,采用鸟枪法由B.megaterium基因组克隆得到了1个淀粉酶基因,并已被亚克隆到E.coli和B.subtilis中,其表达水平较B.megaterium高250倍。克隆株产生的淀粉酶对直链淀粉的早期水解产物主要为麦芽三糖和麦芽糖,随着水解时间的延长,又将它们转变为葡萄糖。同时能以麦芽三糖为底物水解为麦芽糖和葡萄糖。受体菌的平行提取物无上述水解活性。因而该酶被确定为糖化型α-淀粉酶。SDS-凝胶电泳法确定酶分子量为58000道尔顿。     

红曲霉葡萄糖淀粉酶的底物特异性

红曲霉（Monascus sp.）As 3.3491的葡萄糖淀粉酶具有多型性,其中的两个主要组分 E3和 E4得到了凝胶电泳均一的样品。比较了它们的底物特异性,同时与粗酶液和未分纯的 E3+4作了比较。从酶对底物的分解限度来看,粗酶液能100%的分解可溶性淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉、糖原、玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、麦芽糖和麦芽三糖,也能分解茁霉多糖（Pullulan）（35.8%）,潘糖（Panose6-α-葡糖基麦芽糖）（27.3%）、异麦芽糖（9.6%）、右旋糖酐（5%）、龙胆二糖（1.9%）。纯北的 E3和 E4仅能100%地分解糖原,麦芽糖和麦芽三糖,对其他底物的分解限度则有不同程度的降低,E3,E4和 E3+4之间没有明显差别,可以看出粗酶液中有能分解α-1,6-糖苷键的酶存在。各种酶样品均不能分解环状糊精（α,β和γ）,纤维二糖、龙胆二糖和（?）糖。比较了各种酶样品对不同底物包括不同平均链长的糊精的反应初速度,在用同样的百分浓度下,对麦芽糖、麦芽三糖、支链淀粉,可溶性淀粉等的反应初速度高,而对直链淀粉的反应初速度要低得多,这与它没有分枝,非还原性末端较少有关。对不同平均链长的小分子糊精的反应初速度随着链长的增加而增加。而对异麦芽糖的水解速度仅相当于麦芽糖的1%左右,E3,E4和 E3+4之间无明显的差别。用麦芽糖和可溶性淀粉为底物,比较了 E3和 E4的 Km 值和 Vmax值。两种酶对麦芽糖的Km 值均为1.38×10-1（%）,对于可溶性淀粉的 Km 值均为1.05（%）,Vmax也基本相同。E3和 E4对可溶性淀粉的水解产物均为β-葡萄糖,两种酶均能催化葡萄糖合成少量寡糖。     

嗜碱性芽孢杆菌碱性α淀粉酶的纯化和性质

淀粉是高等植物体内碳水化合物的主要储藏形式,广泛存在于谷物、豆类的种子和果实中.α1,4葡聚糖4葡聚糖水解酶(α1,4glucan4glucanohydrolase,EC3.2.1.1),又简称为α淀粉酶(αamylase),能水解淀粉分子内部α1,4葡萄糖苷键,水解产物有糊精、麦芽寡糖、麦芽糖和葡萄糖.它和β淀粉酶、α葡萄糖苷酶、去分枝酶(普鲁兰酶)和异淀粉酶等都属于糖苷水解酶13家族,即α淀粉酶家族[1].α淀粉酶是目前世界上最早生产、产量最大的工业酶制剂品种之一,在食品、纺织、医药和饲料等工业中都有非常重要的应用;其中碱性α淀粉酶常用于洗涤剂和纺织品工业中,…     

坚强芽孢杆菌β-淀粉酶基因的核苷酸序列分析

淀粉水解酶广泛用于淀粉加工业中,何秉旺等在选育产耐热β-淀粉酶菌株中得到一株坚强芽孢杆菌（Bacillusfirmus）725,该菌株产生的淀粉酶有较好的热稳定性,水解淀粉的主要产物为麦芽糖。自然菌株产生的淀粉酶往往是多种淀粉酶的混合,为进一步研究该菌株产生的淀粉酶的性质和在工业上应用的可能性,分离了三个淀粉酶基因,在大肠杆菌中克隆和表达[1]。其中重组质粒pBA150产生的淀粉酶的淀粉水解产物主要是麦芽糖［1］。Β-淀粉酶（EC.3．2.1．2）水解淀粉的主要产物是麦芽糖,工业上可用于生产高麦芽糖浆,近年来又有β-淀粉酶用于啤酒工业的报道[2]。本文报道重组质粒pBA150的β-淀粉酶基因的序列分析及推导出的氨基酸序列同己知β-淀粉酶的氨基酸序列比较。     

Characterization of a thermostable alpha-amylase from a thermophilic Streptomyces megasporus strain SD12

An extracellular alpha-amylase (1,4-alpha D-glucan glucan hydrolase; EC 3.2.1.1) was isolated from the cell free broth of Streptomyces megasporus SD12 grown in glucose, soluble starch and raw starch. The enzyme was purified 55-fold with a specific activity of 847.33 U mg-1 of protein and with a yield of 36% activity. The apparent molecular mass of the enzyme was 97 kDa, as estimated by SDS-PAGE. The pI of the enzyme was 5.4 and it was stable at a pH range of 5.5 to 8.5 with an optimum pH 6. The enzyme was stable upto 85 degrees C with a half life of 60 min. With soluble starch as substrate the enzyme exhibited a K(m) and kcat value of 4.4 mg ml-1 and 2335 U min-1 mg-1 of protein respectively. The major end products of starch hydrolysis were maltotriose and maltose depending on the incubation period. The production of the enzyme with agricultural wastes as substrates was 643 to 804 U min-1 mg-1 of protein in submerged fermentation whereas solid state fermentation could produce only 206 U min-1 mg-1 of protein.     

New action pattern of a maltose-forming alpha-amylase from Streptomyces sp. and its possible application in bakery

An a-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) was purified that catalyses the production of a high level of maltose from starch without the attendant production of glucose. The enzyme was produced extracellularly by thermophilic Streptomyces sp. that was isolated from Thailand's soil. Purification was achieved by alcohol precipitation, DEAE-Cellulose, and Gel filtration chromatographies. The purified enzyme exhibited maximum activity at pH 6-7 and 60 degrees C. It had a relative molecular mass of 45 kDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE. The hydrolysis products from starch had alpha-anomeric forms, as determined by 1H-NMR. This maltose-forming alpha-Amylase completely hydrolyzed the soluble starch to produce a high level of maltose, representing up to 90%. It hydrolyzed maltotetrose and maltotriose to primarily produce maltose (82% and 62% respectively) without the attendant production of glucose. The high maltose level as a final end-product from starch and maltooligosaccharides, and the unique action pattern of this enzyme, indicate an unusual maltose-forming system. After the addition of the enzyme in the bread-baking process, the bread's volume increased and kept its softness longer than when the bread had no enzyme.     

Purification, biochemical characterization, and gene cloning of a new extracellular thermotolerant and glucose tolerant maltooligosaccharide-forming alpha-amylase from an endophytic ascomycete Fusicoccum sp. BCC4124

An endophytic fungus, Fusicoccum sp. BCC4124, showed strong amylolytic activity when cultivated on multi-enzyme induction enriched medium and agro-industry substrates. alpha-Amylase and alpha-glucosidase activities were highly induced in the presence of maltose and starch. The purified target alpha-amylase, Amy-FC1, showed strong hydrolytic activity on soluble starch (kcat/Km=6.47 x 10(3) min(-1)(ml/mg)) and selective activity on gamma- and beta-cyclodextrins, but not on alpha-cyclodextrin. The enzyme worked optimally at 70 degrees C in a neutral pH range with t(1/2) of 240 min in the presence of Ca(2+) and starch. Maltose, matotriose, and maltotetraose were the major products from starch hydrolysis but prolonged reaction led to the production of glucose, maltose, and maltotriose from starch, cyclodextrins, and maltooligosaccharides (G3-G7). The amylase showed remarkable glucose tolerance up to 1 M, but was more sensitive to inhibition by maltose. The deduced protein primary structure from the putative gene revealed that the enzyme shared moderate homology between alpha-amylases from Aspergilli and Lipomyces sp. This thermotolerant, glucose tolerant maltooligosaccharide-forming alpha-amylase is potent for biotechnological application.     

Production and Characteristics of Raw-Potato-Starch-Digesting α-Amylase from Bacillus subtilis 65

A newly isolated bacterium, identified as Bacillus subtilis 65, was found to produce raw-starch-digesting α-amylase. The electrophoretically homogeneous preparation of enzyme (molecular weight, 68,000) digested and solubilized raw corn starch to glucose and maltose with small amounts of maltooligosaccharides ranging from maltotriose to maltoheptaose. This enzyme was different from other amylases and could digest raw potato starch almost as fast as it could corn starch, but it showed no adsorbability onto any kind of raw starch at any pH. The mixed preparation with Endomycopsis glucoamylase synergistically digested raw potato starch to glucose at 30°C. The raw-potato-starch-digesting α-amylase showed strong digestibility to small substrates, which hydrolyzed maltotriose to maltose and glucose, and hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl maltoside to p-nitrophenol and maltose, which is different from the capability of bacterial liquefying α-amylase.     

Production and Characteristics of Raw-Potato-Starch-Digesting alpha-Amylase from Bacillus subtilis 65

A newly isolated bacterium, identified as Bacillus subtilis 65, was found to produce raw-starch-digesting alpha-amylase. The electrophoretically homogeneous preparation of enzyme (molecular weight, 68,000) digested and solubilized raw corn starch to glucose and maltose with small amounts of maltooligosaccharides ranging from maltotriose to maltoheptaose. This enzyme was different from other amylases and could digest raw potato starch almost as fast as it could corn starch, but it showed no adsorbability onto any kind of raw starch at any pH. The mixed preparation with Endomycopsis glucoamylase synergistically digested raw potato starch to glucose at 30 degrees C. The raw-potato-starch-digesting alpha-amylase showed strong digestibility to small substrates, which hydrolyzed maltotriose to maltose and glucose, and hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl maltoside to p-nitrophenol and maltose, which is different from the capability of bacterial liquefying alpha-amylase.     

Effects of calcium ion concentration on starch hydrolysis of barley alpha-amylase isozymes

Barley alpha-amylase genes, amy1 and amy2, were separately cloned into the expression vector of pPICZalphaA and recombinant Pichia strains were established by homologous recombination. Both AMYs from Pichia shared almost identical hydrolysis patterns on short maltooligosaccharides to result in glucose, maltose, or maltotriose. Against insoluble blue starch, AMY1 showed the highest activity at 0.1-5 mM calcium concentration, whereas 15-20 mM was optimal for AMY2. On the hydrolysis of soluble starch, unexpectedly, there was no significant difference between AMYs with increase of calcium. However, the relative activity on various starch substrates was significantly different between AMYs, which supports that the isozymes are clearly distinguished from each other on the basis of their unique preferences for substrates.     

The high maltose-producing α-amylase of the thermophilic actinomycete,Thermomonospora curvata

The -amylase of Thermomonospora curvata catalyses the formation of very high levels of maltose from starch (73%, w/w) without the attendant production of glucose. The enzyme was produced extracellularly in high yield during batch fermentation in a 5-1 fermentor. Purification was achieved by ammonium sulphate fractionation, Superose-12 gel filtration and DEAE-Sephacel ionexchange chromatography. The enzyme exhibited maxima for activity at pH 6.0 and 65°C, had a relative molecular mass of 60900–62000 and an isoelecric point at 6.2. The exceptionally high levels of maltose produced and the unique action pattern exhibited on starch and related substrates indicate a very unusual maltogenic system. The predominance of maltose as the final end-product may be explained by the participation of reactions other than simple hydrolysis and the preferential cleavage of maltotriose from higher maltooligosaccharides. The enzyme exhibits very low affinity for maltotriose (K _m=7.7 × 10^–3 m) and its conversion to maltose is achieved by synthetic followed by hydrolytic events, which result in the very high levels of maltose observed and preclude glucose formation. This system is distinguished from other very high maltose-producing amylases by virtue of its high temperature maximum, very low affinity for maltotriose and the absence of glucose in the final saccharide mixture. Correspondence to: C. T. Kelly     

Starch biosynthesis: the primer nonreducing-end mechanism versus the nonprimer reducing-end two-site insertion mechanism

Two mechanisms are recognized for polysaccharide chain elongation: (a) the nonreducing-end, primer-dependent mechanism and (b) the reducing-end, two-site insertion mechanism. We recently demonstrated the latter mechanism for starch biosynthesis by pulsing starch granules with ADP-[14C]Glc and chasing with ADPGlc for eight varieties of starch granules. Others have reported the addition of glucose from ADPGlc to the nonreducing ends of maltose, maltotriose, and maltopentaose and a branched maltopentasaccharide. It was concluded that starch chains are biosynthesized by the addition of glucose to the nonreducing ends of maltodextrin primers. In this study, we reinvestigated the maltodextrin reactions by reacting three kinds of starch granules from maize, wheat, and rice with ADP-[14C]Glc in the absence and presence of maltose (G2), maltotriose (G3), and maltodextrin (d.p.12) and found that they inhibited starch biosynthesis rather than stimulating it, as would be expected for primers. The major product in the presence of G2 was G3 with decreasing amounts of G4-G9 and the major products in the presence of G3 was G4 and G5, with decreasing amounts of G6-G9. It was concluded that maltodextrins are acceptors rather than primers. This was confirmed by pulsing the starch granules with ADP-[14C]Glc and chasing with G2, G3, and G6, which gave release of 14C-label from the pulsed granules in the absence of ADPGlc, further demonstrating that maltodextrins are acceptors that inhibit starch biosynthesis by releasing glucose from starch synthase, rather than acting as primers and stimulating biosynthesis.     

Interaction of ruminal bacteria in the production and utilization of maltooligosaccharides from starch.

The degradation and utilization of starch by three amylolytic and one nonamylolytic species of ruminal bacteria were studied. Pure cultures of Streptococcus bovis JB1, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens 49, and Bacteroides ruminicola D31d rapidly hydrolyzed starch and maltooligosaccharides accumulated. The major starch hydrolytic products detected in S. bovis cultures were glucose, maltose, maltotriose, and maltotetraose. In addition to these oligosaccharides, B. fibrisolvens cultures produced maltopentaose. The products of starch hydrolysis by B. ruminicola were even more complex, yielding glucose through maltotetraose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose but little maltopentaose. Selenomonas ruminantium HD4 grew poorly on starch, digested only a small portion of the available substrate, and generated no detectable oligosaccharides as a result of cultivation in starch containing medium. S. ruminantium was able to grow on a mixture of maltooligosaccharides and utilize those of lower degree (less than 10) of polymerization. A coculture system containing S. ruminantium as a dextrin-utilizing species and each of the three amylolytic bacteria was developed to test whether the products of starch hydrolysis were available for crossfeeding to another ruminal bacterium. Cocultures of S. ruminantium and S. bovis contained large numbers of S. bovis but relatively few S. ruminantium and exhibited little change in the pattern of maltooligosaccharides observed for pure cultures of S. bovis. In contrast, S. ruminantium was able to compete with B. fibrisolvens and B. ruminicola for these growth substrates. When grown with B. fibrisolvens, S. ruminantium grew to high numbers and maltooligosaccharides accumulated to a much lesser degree than in cultures of B. fibrisolvens alone. S. ruminantium-B. ruminicola cultures contained large numbers of both species, and maltooligosaccharides never accumulated in these cocultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Interaction of ruminal bacteria in the production and utilization of maltooligosaccharides from starch.

The degradation and utilization of starch by three amylolytic and one nonamylolytic species of ruminal bacteria were studied. Pure cultures of Streptococcus bovis JB1, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens 49, and Bacteroides ruminicola D31d rapidly hydrolyzed starch and maltooligosaccharides accumulated. The major starch hydrolytic products detected in S. bovis cultures were glucose, maltose, maltotriose, and maltotetraose. In addition to these oligosaccharides, B. fibrisolvens cultures produced maltopentaose. The products of starch hydrolysis by B. ruminicola were even more complex, yielding glucose through maltotetraose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose but little maltopentaose. Selenomonas ruminantium HD4 grew poorly on starch, digested only a small portion of the available substrate, and generated no detectable oligosaccharides as a result of cultivation in starch containing medium. S. ruminantium was able to grow on a mixture of maltooligosaccharides and utilize those of lower degree (less than 10) of polymerization. A coculture system containing S. ruminantium as a dextrin-utilizing species and each of the three amylolytic bacteria was developed to test whether the products of starch hydrolysis were available for crossfeeding to another ruminal bacterium. Cocultures of S. ruminantium and S. bovis contained large numbers of S. bovis but relatively few S. ruminantium and exhibited little change in the pattern of maltooligosaccharides observed for pure cultures of S. bovis. In contrast, S. ruminantium was able to compete with B. fibrisolvens and B. ruminicola for these growth substrates. When grown with B. fibrisolvens, S. ruminantium grew to high numbers and maltooligosaccharides accumulated to a much lesser degree than in cultures of B. fibrisolvens alone. S. ruminantium-B. ruminicola cultures contained large numbers of both species, and maltooligosaccharides never accumulated in these cocultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)