男性不育症和Galntl5基因突变位点的相关性

目的:探讨男性不育症患者Galntl55基因的一个突变位点与男性不育症的关系及意义。方法:运用聚合酶链反应(PCR)结合琼脂糖凝胶电泳和基因序列分析等方法,对119例原发性男性不育症患者以及135名已生育的正常男性进行Galntl5基因筛查。结果:与精子形成相关的关键基因GALNTL5中1个突变位点G323A和男性不育症存在一定相关性。因此Galntl5基因蛋白质编码序列区G323A可能是特发性少精症无精症的诱发因素之一。临床上对原发性不孕不育患者进行GALNTL5基因突变筛查是十分必要。     

KATNAL1 基因突变筛查及其与无精症的相关性分析

目的:探讨男性不育症患者Katnal15基因的一个突变位点与男性不育症的关系及意义。方法:运用聚合酶链反应(PCR)结合琼脂糖凝胶电泳和基因序列分析等方法,对77例原发性男性不育患者以及84名已生育的正常男性进行Katnal1基因筛查。结果:与精子形成的关键基因KATNAL1中1个致病突变位点A236G为的男性精子无力症Katnal1基因筛查的主要候选基因。结论:Katnal1基因蛋白质编码序列区A236G可能是特发性少精无精症的诱发因素之一。临床上对原发性不育患者进行A236G基因突变筛查是十分必要的。     

一种新型锌指蛋白基因——人ZNF313的克隆、定位及表达(英文 )

运用正常可育男性和无精症病人睾丸组织的mRNA差异显示和cDNA末端快速扩增 (RACE)等方法 ,从人睾丸组织中分离了一个同时含有指环结构和C2 H2 结构域的新型锌指蛋白基因———人ZNF3 13。运用荧光原位杂交 (FISH)方法 ,将该基因定位到人染色体 2 0q13。该基因含 6个外显子 ,编码 2 2 8个氨基酸。基因组结构分析显示 ,外显子 6含有的 2个加尾信号 ,产生 2种不同的 3′端非翻译区。Northern杂交及多组织RT PCR的结果显示该基因含有 0 .75kb和 2 .4kb两种转录本 ,其中0 .75kb转录本在正常睾丸中高表达 ,而其他组织、无精症患者及胎儿睾丸组织中该基因低表达。结果提示 :人ZNF3 13基因对精子发生和男性可育性可能起重要作用     

一种新型锌指蛋白基因——人ZNF313的克隆、定位及表达

运用正常可育男性和无精症病人睾丸组织的mRNA差异显示和cDNA末端快速扩增（PACE）等方法,从人睾丸组织中分离了一个同时含有指环结构和C2H2结构域的新型锌指蛋白基因——人ZNF313。运用荧光原位杂交（FISH）方法,将该基因定位到人染色体20q13。该基因含6个外显子,编码228个氨基酸。基因组结构分析显示,外显子6含有的2个加尾信号,产生2种不同的3‘端非翻译区。Northern杂交及多组织RT-PCR的结果显示该基因含有0.75kb和2.4kb两种转录本,其中0.75kb转录本在正常睾丸中高表达,而其他组织、无精症患者及胎儿睾丸组织中该基因代表达。结果提示：人ZNF313基因对精子发生和男性可育性可能起重要作用。     

GCK基因和HNF-1α基因突变的研究

目的:研究一典型的青少年发病的成人型糖尿病家系并研究其基因突变位点。方法:以1个典型MODY家系的7名成员为研究对象,同时以10名无糖尿病家族史的普通2型糖尿病患者和10名健康人员为2个对照组。抽取外周血,分离白细胞,用快速盐析法提取基因组DNA,以基因组DNA为模板对HNF-1α基因的4号、2号和6号外显子和GCK基因的1号外显子进行PCR扩增,扩增产物经纯化后直接进行序列测定,并分别和各自的正常序列进行比较。结果:7名MODY家系成员HNF-1α2号外显子上游的内含子均存在一碱基G→A置换,即IVS2nt-42 G-A;4例存在HNF-1α6号外显子P380fsinsG移码突变,其中1例合并P379S点突变和IVS6nt-4G-A突变;1例存在P379S点突变;2例未发现突变和多态性。GCK基因的1号外显子及其内含子均未发现有突变或多态性。20名对照组成员均未发现有GCK1号外显子和HNF-1α2、4、6号外显子及其内含子的突变。结论:本家系是HNF-1α基因的6号外显子及其上游内含子突变(移码突变和/或点突变)和2号外显子上游内含子的一个碱基突变,该家系MODY属于MODY3。     

严重寡精症ICSI精子供体的DAZ基因拷贝缺失研究

DAZ基因拷贝缺失与人类的生精障碍有关。为了解中国正常生精男性和ICSI中严重寡精症精子供体DAZ基因拷贝缺失的分布, 探讨DAZ基因拷贝数检测在严重生精障碍精子供体遗传缺陷筛查中的意义, 本研究运用多重PCR和PCR-RFLP技术, 对128例严重寡精症ICSI精子供体和287个正常生精男性的DAZ基因缺失进行了研究。发现DAZ1/DAZ2、DAZ3/DAZ4和全部4个拷贝缺失等3种拷贝缺失类型, 其中全部4个拷贝缺失仅见于严重寡精症患者, 频率为11.7%; DAZ1/DAZ2缺失的频率在严重寡精症患者中显著高于正常男性(9.4% vs 2.8%, P = 0.004); 在严重寡精症患者中DAZ基因拷贝完全缺失与DAZ1/DAZ2缺失的总发生率为21.1%。DAZ3/DAZ4缺失的频率在两组人群中无显著差异(7.0% vs 3.8%, P > 0.05)。这些结果提示, DAZ基因全部拷贝缺失是严重寡精症患者生精障碍的常见遗传病因, 而DAZ1/DAZ2缺失则可能是一种高风险因素。鉴于上述DAZ基因缺失在严重生精障碍精子供体中较高的发生率, 在应用ICSI进行辅助生育前, 建议对严重寡精症的精子供体进行DAZ基因全缺失与DAZ1/DAZ2共缺失筛查, 以评估其男性后代患病的风险。     

畸精子症病人的睾丸特异性表达基因SPEM1筛查分析

目的:探讨睾丸特异性表达基因SPEM1突变与畸精子症患者之间的关系.方法:收集从2005年4月至2007年3月临床上不明原因的畸精症患者113份外周血标本以及100份正常生育能力男子的外周血标本,抽提其DNA.然后采用PCR技术、变性高效液相色谱技术(DHPLC)以及测序等手段对全部DNA样本进行该基因的突变筛查.结果:在畸精症患者中发现1个新的未见报道的多态性位点;尚未发现有基因突变或微缺失.结论:SPEM1基因突变或缺失不是引起本组畸精子症病人的主要致病基因.该基因在对畸精子症所致不育的诊断价值尚需进一步研究.     

中国无精症、严重寡精症患者的染色体异常和Y染色体微缺失

染色体异常和Y染色体微缺失被认为是两个白种人群中常见的生精障碍相关遗传因素。为了解中国无精症、严重寡精症患者中的染色体异常和Y染色体微缺失,运用染色体G显带技术,在358个原发无精症（256人）和严重寡精症（102人）不育患者中进行染色体核型分析;同时运用多重PCR技术,在核型正常的患者和100个正常生育男性中,对Y染色体AZF区微缺失进行筛查。在358个患者中,39人（10．9％）发现有染色体异常,Klinefelter（47,XYY）最为常见。无精症患者性染色体异常频率明显高于严重寡精症患者（12．1％VS1％）。在319个核型正常的患者中,46（14．4％）发现有AZF区微缺失,无精症和寡精症患者中Y染色体微缺失频率分别为15％和13．1％,AZFc区的微缺失最为常见,AZFa区的微缺失只见于无精症患者,正常生育男性中未发现AZF区的微缺失。结果显示,在中国无精症、严重寡精症患者中,大约25％的患者有染色体异常或Y染色体AZF区微缺失,提示这两种遗传异常是中国人群生精障碍的重要相关遗传病因,有必要在男性不育的诊断以及利用细胞浆内精子注射技术进行辅助生育时,对患者的这些遗传异常进行筛查。     

特发性少精子症和无精子症与Pygo2基因蛋白编码区SNPs的相关性

男性不育常伴随精子数量减少。Pygo2基因在染色质重塑的伸长精细胞中表达, 其功能受损会导致精子形成阻滞和精子生成减少而引发不育。文章旨在检测引起人特发性少精子症和无精子症的Pygo2基因突变。从77例正常生育力男性和195例特发性少精子症和无精子症患者静脉血提取DNA, 采用聚合酶链式反应-测序方法对Pygo2基因3个蛋白质编码区进行测序对比, 非同义单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs)位点分别用SIFT、Polyphen-2和 Mutation Taster软件进行诱发蛋白质结构和表型改变的检测和分析。结果表明, 195例患者中, 178例(30例轻度或中度少精子症, 57例重度少精子症和91例无精子症)基因序列分析报告完好, 无精子症中3例患者分别在2个位点(rs61758740, rs141722381)发生了非同义突变SNPs, 重度少精子症中1例患者在位点rs61758741发生了非同义突变, 3个突变位点在SNPs基因数据库都已有报道, 轻度或中度少精子症患者以及正常生育力男性中不存在SNPs。rs61758740可使PYGO2蛋白第141位蛋氨酸(M)变为异亮氨酸(I), rs61758741使PYGO2蛋白第261位碱性赖氨酸(K)变为酸性谷氨酸(E), rs141722381使PYGO2蛋白第240位亲水侧链天冬酰胺(N)变为疏水侧链异亮氨酸(I)。软件分析表明, 在所发现的3个SNP非同义突变位点中, rs141722381引起的单个氨基酸改变会导致PYGO2蛋白空间结构破坏和诱发相关疾病。因此, Pygo2基因蛋白质编码序列区SNPs可能是特发性少精子症和无精子症的诱发因素之一, 导致男性不育。     

粘多糖贮积症Ⅱ型患者IDS基因的2个新突变

为了研究粘多糖贮积症II型(MPS Ⅱ)患者发病的分子遗传学机制, 采用PCR扩增艾杜糖-2-硫酸酯酶(IDS)基因突变热点区(外显子2、3、5、7、8和9)、DNA测序分析和限制性内切酶图谱分析的方法, 对2个粘多糖贮积症Ⅱ型家系进行了遗传突变分析。结果表明, 2个家系患者的IDS 基因分别出现IVS 6-1g→a和c.1587~1588 ins T 2个新突变。前者属于单碱基替换, 位于内含子6的3′端剪接位点, 导致跨外显子剪接; 后者属于插入突变, 插入点位于外显子9的cDNA 1,587和1,588碱基之间, 是迄今为止报道的人类IDS基因插入突变中最接近肽链末端的突变, 导致移码突变和转录提前终止。经限制性酶切分析, 证实2个家系中的患者母亲是突变基因的携带者, 符合该病X染色体隐性遗传的规律。另外,在对随机抽取的50名正常人及另外6名不相关的粘多糖病人的测序分析中, 未检测到这2个突变, 说明不是多态性。对于筛查所得的2个新突变是否是患者的致病原因, 尚需进一步证实。     

Is a genetic defect in Fkbp6 a common cause of azoospermia in humans?

FK506-binding protein 6 (Fkbp6) is a member of a gene family containing a prolyl isomerase/FK506-binding domain and tetratricopeptide protein-protein interaction domains. Recently, the targeted inactivation of Fkbp6 in mice has been observed to result in aspermic males and the absence of normal pachytene spermatocytes. The loss of Fkbp6 results in abnormal pairing and a misalignment of the homologous chromosomes, and in non-homologous partner switches and autosynapsis of the X chromosome cores in meiotic spermatocytes. In this study, we analyzed whether human FKBP6 gene defects might be associated with human azoospermia. We performed a mutation analysis in all the coding regions of the human FKBP6 gene in 19 patients with azoospermia resulting from meiotic arrest. The expression of the human FKBP6 gene was specific to the testis, and a novel polymorphism site, 245C → G (Y60X) could be found in exon 3. Our findings suggest that the human FKBP6 gene might be imprinted in the testis based on an analysis using two polymorphism sites. These authors equally contributed to this paper     

Fkbp8: novel isoforms, genomic organization, and characterization of a forebrain promoter in transgenic mice

The immunophilin homolog FKBP8 has been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis. Here we show that the 38-kDa form of FKBP8 (FKBP38) derives from a truncated ORF. The extended FKBP8 ORFs are 46 and 44 kDa in mouse and 45 kDa in human. Although the genomic organization of mouse and human FKBP8 is evolutionarily conserved, additional first exons are encoded by the murine locus. A 4.4-kb murine Fkbp8 gene fragment, containing a GC-rich potential promoter, directed expression of a LacZ reporter gene to forebrain neurons in transgenic mice. Expression of the transgene was observed in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus in transgenic mice from three lines. One transgenic founder mouse exhibited widespread forebrain expression of the LacZ transgene that resembles the pattern for the endogenous Fkbp8 gene. Thus promoter/enhancer elements for forebrain expression are located around the first exons of the mouse Fkbp8 gene.     

Genomic organization of mouse and human 65 kDa FK506-binding protein genes and evolution of the FKBP multigene family

FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) are peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases PPIases) that bind the immunosuppressive drug FK506. Of the many eukaryotic FKBPs that have been identified, FKBP65 is an endoplasmic reticulum-localized protein that associates with tropoelastin in the secretory pathway. Unlike any other FKBP characterized so far, FKBP65 is developmentally regulated and may be intimately involved in organogenesis. Here, we report the isolation, sequencing, and genomic organization of the mouse FKBP65 gene (Fkbp10) and provide a comparison with the human ortholog. Mouse Fkbp10 contains 10 exons and 9 introns encompassing 8.5 kb. The exon-intron organization of Fkbp10 displays a pattern of repetition that reflects the coding sequence of the four PPIase, or FK506-binding, domains present in the mature protein. The exon organization of the PPIase domains differs from that of the other FKBP family members. The evolution of the FKBP65 gene and other members of the FKBP multigene family were therefore investigated from a taxonomically diverse array of prokaryotic and eukaryotic taxa. These analyses suggest that the FKBP multigene family emerged early in the evolutionary history of eukaryotes, and during that time some members, including the FKBP65 gene, have experienced gene elongation by means of PPIase domain duplication.     

Male infertility is not liked with HSF1, HSF2 and UBE2I gene polymorphisms among Indian subjects

We analysed the polymorphisms at rs78202224 (C/A) for HSF1 gene, rs139496713 (C/T) and rs45504694 (C/A) for HSF2 gene and rs116868327 (G/A) for UBE2I gene in 547 infertile cases (non-obstructive azoospermia = 464, asthenozoospermia = 83) and 419 proven fertile controls of similar age group and ethnicity. SNP genotyping was done using AgenaMassARRY platform (Agena Bioscience, CA). Common, heterozygous, rare genotypes and allelic frequencies were analysed using dominant, recessive and co-dominant models. Data shows no significant association between HSF1, HSF2 polymorphisms and male infertility. However, under dominant (GG vs GA+AA) and co-dominanat (GG vs GA) model, polymorphism at the rs116868327 (G/A) locus in UBE2I gene was found to be linked with asthenozoospermia in males with a significant odd-ratio of 6.91 (confidence interval at 95% was 1.52-31.46; p=0.017). Moreover, frequency of rare allele was higher (2.4%) compared to controls (0.4%). Thus, this data showed a significant risk of developing asthenozoospermic condition in males (Odds ratio= 6.75; Confidence interval at 95%= 1.50-30.49; P= 0.018]. Hence, more number of genotyping studies along with the functional assay in multiple cohorts is needed to validate potential variants associated with male infertility.     

Identification and genetic mapping of the mouse Fkbp9 gene encoding a new member of FK506-binding protein family.

We have isolated a gene from a cDNA library generated from the thymus of a mouse with severe combined immune deficiency, termed FKBP9, that encodes a protein related to FK506-binding protein 6 (65 kDa, FKBP65). FKBP9 contains four peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) signature and two EF-hand domains which is identical to FKBP6/65 in overall structural organization. However, the two proteins share only 66% amino acid identity. FKBP9 is expressed at high levels in mouse heart, muscle, lung, and kidney. While FKBP6 was previously mapped to chromosome 11, the Fkbp9 gene was mapped to mouse chromosome 6 by analysis of a multilocus cross. These results identify a new member of the mouse FKBP protein family located on a separate chromosome.     

Interleukin-1β, cyclooxygenase-2, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in asthenozoospermia

Impaired male fertility may have a variety of causes, among which asthenozoospermia. In its etiology, several bioactive substances, such as cytokines may be involved. In this context, our aim was to evaluate the expression of interleukin-1β, cyclooxygenase-2, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, in spermatozoa isolated from normospermic fertile donors and asthenozoospermic infertile patients. We evaluated twenty-eight infertile patients affected by idiopathic asthenozoospermia and twenty-three normospermic fertile donors, age-matched. Sperm parameters were evaluated; immunohistochemical analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were then performed in isolated spermatozoa. Spermatozoa from the asthenozoospermic group presented an increased expression of IL-1β, COX-2, and HIF-1α compared with the normospermic fertile subjects. Our results can lead us to speculate that the increased expression of these substances may influence sperm motility. Nevertheless, further studies are needed in order to assess whether these bioactive mediators have a potential relevance as targets in future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of male infertility.     

Expression and regulation of the Fkbp5 gene in the adult mouse brain

Background

Chronic stress has been found to be a major risk factor for various human pathologies. Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is tightly regulated via, among others, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The activity of the GR is modulated by a variety of proteins, including the co-chaperone FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5). Although FKBP5 has been associated with risk for affective disorders and has been implicated in GR sensitivity, previous studies focused mainly on peripheral blood, while information about basal distribution and induction in the central nervous system are sparse.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In the present study, we describe the basal expression pattern of Fkbp5 mRNA in the brain of adult male mice and show the induction of Fkbp5 mRNA via dexamethasone treatment or different stress paradigms. We could show that Fkbp5 is often, but not exclusively, expressed in regions also known for GR expression, for example the hippocampus. Furthermore, we were able to induce Fkbp5 expression via dexamethasone in the CA1 and DG subregions of the hippocampus, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the central amygdala (CeA). Increase of Fkbp5 mRNA was also found after restrained stress and 24 hours of food deprivation in the PVN and the CeA, while in the hippocampus only food deprivation caused an increase in Fkbp5 mRNA.

Conclusions/Significance

Interestingly, regions with a low basal expression showed higher increase in Fkbp5 mRNA following induction than regions with high basal expression, supporting the hypothesis that GR sensitivity is, at least partly, mediated via Fkbp5. In addition, this also supports the use of Fkbp5 gene expression as a marker for GR sensitivity. In summary, we were able to give an overview of the basal expression of fkbp5 mRNA as well as to extend the findings of induction of Fkbp5 and its regulatory influence on GR sensitivity from peripheral blood to the brain.     

两例抗凝血蛋白缺乏患者的基因诊断

目的:探讨导致蛋白C、蛋白S、抗凝血酶缺乏症的分子发病机制。方法:检测蛋白C活性(PC:C)、蛋白S活性(PS:C)以及抗凝血酶活性(AT:C);PCR法分别扩增患者PC、PS、AT基因序列,寻找突变点。结果:蛋白C合并蛋白S合并抗凝血酶AT缺乏患者PC基因启动子区域存在C4867T杂合突变(NG_016323.1),为蛋白C基因的多态性位点;在蛋白S基因第四号外显子区域有G68395T杂合突变(NG_009813.1),导致Arg90Leu(NP_000304.2),为国际首次报道。遗传性PS缺陷在家系:四名家系成员均检测到PS基因第四号外显子区域一个杂合(错义)突变,G68395T(NG_009813.1)。结论:PC基因启动子的多态性位点C4867T杂合突变(NG_016323.1),PS基因第四号外显子区域的G68395T杂合突变(NG_009813.1),可能是导致患者PC、PS联合缺乏的原因。PS基因第四号外显子区域G68395T(NG_009813.1)杂合突变,可能是导致PS缺陷症家系成员PS缺乏的原因。