花蓟马Frankliniella bispinosa的生长繁殖特性及种群动态研究(英文)

本文提出一种用香蒲 (Typhadomingensis)花粉饲养花蓟马 (F .bispinosa)的方法 ,恒温饲养表明 ,在1 5℃时 ,该蓟马的世代历期长达 3 7 5d ,雌成虫平均寿命为 3 0d ;在 2 0℃和 2 5℃恒温下 ,世代历期分别为1 8 9和 1 3 8d ,雌成虫寿命分别为 2 9 0和 2 3 3d。平均产卵量在 2 5℃时达到最高 (1 2 3 2头 雌 ) ,而在其他几种恒温下产卵量显著减少。在佛罗里达南部 ,终年可见该蓟马在鬼针三叶草 (BidenspilosaL .)花上发生 ,而种群高峰期在三月中旬到四月初 ,平均每朵花中蓟马成虫数最高时可达 48 7头。     

蚤状蚤的生长和生殖

在３５、３０、２５℃３种温度下观察了蚤状（Ｄａｐｈｎｉａｐｕｌｅｘ）的生长和生殖。其生长随年龄的增加而逐渐减慢,寿命因温度升高而缩短。在２５℃条件下,蚤状寿命、产仔数和产仔率明显高于其他组,其平均寿命为６５．５天,累计产仔总数为４０１．６个,产仔率为２１．２２。     

圈养大熊猫的繁殖特性和生命表

通过对最大的大熊猫(Ailuropodamelanoleuca)圈养种群——中国保护大熊猫研究中心的圈养种群的研究,总结了圈养大熊猫的繁殖生物学特性,编制了大熊猫的生命表。大熊猫是季节性繁殖的动物,每年春季3～4月发情交配,8月(30.49%)和9月(48.88%)产仔,每胎平均产仔1.5只,圈养繁殖大熊猫的雌雄比为1.11。大熊猫的妊娠期和幼兽的初生体重变化很大,分别平均为139.8天和142.6g。性成熟的年龄,雌性是5.7±1.1岁,雄性是5.8±0.58岁。根据圈养大熊猫的生命表计算出圈养种群的净增长率R0为0.209,世代周期T为9.187年,内禀增长率r为-0.170,周期增长率λ为0.844。     

EFFECTS OF HOST PLANTS ON POPULATION DYNAMICS OF LIPAPHIS ERYSIMI (KALT.) IN THE FIELD

Abstract The population dynamics of alates and apterous of turnip aphid (TA) Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) together with the incidence of parasitism by Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) on five host vegetable varieties in the field were evaluated. The results showed that the average populations of TA apterous on host vegetable varieties turnip, Chinese kale, leaf mustard, flowering cabbage and Chinese cabbage were 63. 425, 10. 041, 24. 928, 23. 323 and 114. 308 aphids/plant, respectively. The 'critical day' was used to estimate the date when TA population density on host vegetable varieties reaches its economic threshold. The relationship between TA apterous population ( x ) and mummy aphids parasitized by parasitoid D. rapae was significant, and the regression formula is y = 0. 1211 + 0. 01431 (r=0. 9739**).     

中国巢针蓟马属分类记述(缨翅目,蓟马科)

对中国巢针蓟马属Caliothrips Daniel进行了分类记述,描述了1个中国新纪录种——海岛巢针蓟马Caliothrips insularis(Hood)。文中提供了该属属征及种检索表、地理分布及生物学;新纪录种的形态描述、寄主植物、分布、形态特征图和形态照片。研究标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所国家动物博物馆。     

SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF A HIMANTHALIA ELONGATA (FUCALES, PHAEOPHYTA) POPULATION

In dense monospecific stands of plants intraspecific competition usually results in self-thinning, the concurrent increase in biomass and decrease in density over time. Self-thinning may also result in a change in the spatial pattern of individuals, but so far the spatial dynamics of marine plants has not been investigated. The brown alga Himanthalia elongata ( L.) S. F. Gray forms dense monospecific stands on many northern temperate rocky shores, and various attributes (including its simple form) facilitated the study of the spatial dynamics of this species .
The spatial pattern of settling zygotes was examined in the laboratory. In the absence of water movement, substratum heterogeneity, and a point source, zygotes usually settled in clumps rather than randomly. Within the clumps zygotes appeared to be regularly distributed at a scale similar to the size of the zygotes themselves. Furthermore, the clumps themselves seemed to be regularly distributed. On the shore, well-established stands of "button-stage" Himanthalia populations were examined during a period of extensive growth and self-thinning. Individual plants were initially highly regular in spatial pattern but became less so over time. The pattern of plants dying during self-thinning was also highly regular and probably reflected existing spatial regularity. However, using a hypothesis of mortality as a random event, I found that smaller plants had a less than average survival potential, while larger plants had a greater than average chance. A consideration of the spatial pattern of plants alive at the end of the study revealed regularity at a scale of 2–7 mm but a random spatial pattern at larger scales, which might indicate a small sphere of influence of competing individuals. The best predictor of mean nearest neighbor distances in the populations was mean plant diameter .     

稻田蜘蛛混合种群空间分布模式动态分析(英文)

结果表明,在东方红农场稻田中总共有11科29属43种蜘蛛,其中早稻田中有8科19属43种,晚稻田中有10科27属36种。在水稻的不同发育阶段蜘蛛混合种群的空间分布模式存在差异。在早稻发育的前期、中期和后期,稻田蜘蛛混合种群的空间分布模式分别是聚集的、随机的和聚集的;在晚稻发育的前期、中期和后期,其空间分布模式依次是均匀的、聚集的和均匀的。同时,对其空间分布模式动态进行了初步分析。     

菜田七星瓢虫种群动态及药剂对其杀伤力

七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata Linaeus)在山东泰安眷甘蓝上发生1个世代．成虫和幼虫发生高峰期在5月中旬;在秋甘蓝上仅发生越冬代成虫,10月中、下旬为其高峰期。该虫发生盛期较菜蚜早,捕食能力强,有较大的保护利用价值。除虫脲、抑太保、卡死克、灭幼脲3号、B4和避蚜雾对七星瓢虫蛹和成虫均有较好的选择性;辛硫磷、灭多威、敌杀死和灭扫利对成虫杀伤力强,但对蛹亦有一定的选择性。七星瓢虫蛹的耐药性明显高于成虫。     

COMPARATIVE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF FUR SEALS

The population sizes, trends, exploitation, and life history parameters for the ten fur seal species and subspecies are summarized. The largest population is that of Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus with approximately two million seals, and the smallest is A. townsendi with approximately 7,000 individuals. Most populations are legally protected, although controlled harvesting may occur. None of the fur seal populations is currently known to be decreasing. Data are presented for parameters related to the survival of pups, juveniles, adults, and territorial males, and to reproduction, including the age of attainment of territorial status, aggregation sizes, age of first parturition, pregnancy rates, sex ratios of young animals, and information on the birth seasons of the different species. Since pinnipeds are often of concern in fisheries management, their daily consumption rates are of importance, and consequently data on body masses are summarized and the paucity of data on consumption rates as a function of body mass noted. A simplified age-structured model is developed, and the results of this model are compared with results from more detailed models based on two published life tables for Callorhinus ursinus. This comparison shows that the use of the simplified age-structured model is justified to explore changes in population growth rate. However, the simplified model does show exaggerated age structure effects compared to the more detailed models. This model is used to compare the population dynamics of those species for which sufficient data are available. Areas in which limited, or no, data are available for the different fur seal species are highlighted.     

小叶章种群高度的季节动态

探讨了三江平原以小叶章为优势种的典型草旬、沼泽化草甸、沼泽３个植被类型中小叶章种群高度的变化规律。结果表明,在３个类型中,种群高度的季节动态均呈单峰型,极大值均出现在７月末,分别为１１２．６７ｃｍ、１０１．６１ｃｍ、８３．８８ｃｍ。ＨＡＧＲ的季节动态在７月末之前〉０,之后〈０;典型草甸和沼泽化草甸的极大值出现在６月末至７月中旬,沼泽则出现在６月中旬至６月末;极小值典型草甸出现在８月末至９月中旬,而     

Cd2+、Hg2+对菱幼苗生长及其超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性的影响

利用不同浓度Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋处理菱幼苗,研究重金属离子对菱生长、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性的影响,比较Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋对同一植物的毒性差异。Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋各处理浓度均抑制菱幼苗生长,使叶绿素含量下降,但Ｃｄ２＋的抑制作用比Ｈｇ２＋的作用明显。Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋对ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性有不同的影响效果：Ｃｄ２＋处理最初诱导ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性升高,但随浓度加大时间延长酶活性急剧下降;Ｈｇ２＋处理的酶活性变化相对平缓,其中５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１０μｍｏｌ／ＬＨｇ２＋处理的ＰＯＤ活性持续上升。实验结果表明,在相同处理时间和浓度条件下,Ｃｄ２＋比Ｈｇ２＋对菱的毒性要大。依据实验结果,作者探讨了重金属对植物的毒害机制     

黑颈鹤种群动态模型

本研究据已收集到的数据,用非参数统计方法确定了黑颈鹤种群的性比为1:1,避免了大量取样。根据黑颈鹤的特点,我们将其种群分成4个年龄组,并求出了各年龄组的存活率和繁殖率,据此建立了描述黑颈鹤种群动态的数学模型。用模型计算得出在乌蒙山区越冬的黑颈鹤种群的自然增长率为1.85‰;理想的种群结构为幼鹤、亚成鹤、成鹤、老鹤分别占总数的15.5％、21.5％、60.2％、2.8％,最后预测了乌蒙山黑颈鹤种群在1988～2000年越冬期的数量。1989年1月经实地调查该种群总数为310只,而预测值为303只,误差约2％。     

中国领针蓟马属的分类研究(缨翅目,蓟马科)

研究了中国领针蓟马属13种,其中包括1新种-神农架领针蓟马Helionothrips shenongjiaensis sp.nov.和2中国新纪录种,微领针蓟马Helionothrips parvus Bhatti,1968和朴领针蓟马Helionothrips ponkikiri Kudo,1992,编制了中国领针蓟马属分种检索表.模式标本保存于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆(NWSUAF).     

棉田捕食性天敌种群动态及其对害虫的控制功能

棉田中捕食性天敌群落以蜘蛛类为主,天敌优势种因季节和害虫的不同而异,捕食性天敌混合种群的数量在棉花生长季节主要有两个高峰,分别在六月中,下旬和九月上旬后,一个低谷在七、八月间,它和棉田害虫的消长情况相对应。从天敌和害虫功能虫态的数量关系上分析。Y（百株害虫）=324041X（百株天敌）^-2.165%（r=0.928^**）;天敌和棉花蕾铃受害关系,其相关式为：Y′(百株蕾铃受害数）=4.8028e^(179.9619/x)(r=0.8467^**)。     

ROLE OF SETTLEMENT DENSITY ON GAMETOPHYTE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN THE KELPS PTERYGOPHORA CALIFORNICA AND MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYCEAE)1

Laboratory studies were used to examine how variation in the density of spore settlement influences gametophyte growth, reproduction, and subsequent sporophyte production in the kelps Pterygophora californica Ruprecht and Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag. In still (non-aerated) cultures, egg maturation in both species was delayed when spores were seeded at densities 300 · mm^?2. Although the density at which this inhibition was first observed was similar for both species, the age at which their eggs matured was not. P. californica females reached sexual maturity an average of 4 days (or ～ 30%) sooner than did M, pyrifera. As observed previously in field experiments, per capita sporophyte production was negatively density dependent for both species when seeded at spore densities of 10 · mm^?2. Total sporophyte production (i.e. number · cm^?2) for both species, however, was greatest at intermediate densities of spore settlement (～ 50 spores · mm^?2). In contrast, total sporophyte production by P. californica steadily increased with increasing spore density in aerated cultures; highest sporophyte density was observed on slides seeded at a density of 1000 spores · mm^?2. Preliminary experiments with P. californica involving manipulation of aeration and nutrients indicate that inhibition of gametophyte growth and reproduction at higher densities of spore settlement in non-aerated cultures was probably caused by nutrient limitation.