纳米抗体技术及其在疾病诊断和治疗中的应用

单克隆抗体具有特异性结合抗原的能力,已被广泛应用于疾病诊断及治疗领域.但因单克隆抗体的组织渗透能力较差、体内的保留时间较长以及制备过程繁琐,从而限制了其在临床中的应用.自1993年首次报道在骆驼体内天然存在的单链抗体(HCAb)以来,由于其可变区间VHH(纳米抗体)具有体积小、溶解度高、特异性强以及可在细菌中大量表达等优点,较之传统单克隆抗体,VHH在疾病的诊断治疗及药物开发等医学领域具有更广阔的应用前景.本文综述了:纳米抗体的骨架区及互补决定区与传统抗体重链相应区间的结构比较;纳米抗体库的构建以及运用噬菌体展示技术对VHH库的筛选;纳米抗体技术在疾病诊断中的应用及其用于分子显像的优势,以及纳米抗体作为抗肿瘤免疫偶联物的靶向组分在癌症治疗领域中的最新进展.     

单域抗体的研究和应用进展

传统IgG抗体分子一般由轻链和重链组成,轻链包含1个可变区(VL)和1个恒定区(CL),重链包含1个可变区(VH)和3个恒定区(CH1,CH2,CH3)。单域抗体(Single domain antibody,sdAb),是指缺失抗体轻链而只有重链可变区的一类抗体,因其分子量小,也被称为纳米抗体(Nanobody)。20世纪90年代,单域抗体最早在骆驼科动物中被发现,之后在护士鲨、大星鲨和鳐鱼等软骨鱼纲动物中也发现了类似的抗体。单域抗体虽然结构简单,但仍然可以达到与传统抗体相当甚至更高的与特异抗原结合的亲和力。相比于传统抗体,单域抗体具有分子量小、稳定性强、易于重组表达等优点。近年来在生物学基础研究和医学临床应用方面均备受关注并被广泛应用。文中将从单域抗体的结构特征、理化性质、筛选方法及其在生物医学领域的重要应用进展进行综述。     

细菌小细胞在癌症治疗中的应用

癌症一直是危害人类健康的主要疾病之一。传统的癌症治疗方法包括放疗、化疗和手术,均具有明显的毒副作用或局限性。脂质体和纳米颗粒作为被广泛研究的药物递送载体,在人体临床试验中也出现了药物渗漏和装载功能不全等问题。目前而言,应用具有肿瘤靶向性的载体递送抗肿瘤药物或小分子,是有希望介导安全、有效的肿瘤治疗的策略之一。近年来,细菌来源的非复制型小细胞已受到越来越多的关注。小细胞是细菌异常分裂时期产生的纳米级无核细胞,其直径为200–400 nm,因而具有较大的药物装载能力。对小细胞的表面进行修饰,例如,装配能与肿瘤细胞表面特异性抗原或受体结合的抗体/配体,可显著提高小细胞的肿瘤靶向性。这种具有靶向性的纳米材料能将抗肿瘤的化疗药物、功能性核酸或编码功能性小分子的质粒靶向递送至肿瘤,而减少药物在正常组织器官的集聚。因此,使用小细胞作为靶向递送载体有助于降低药物对机体的毒性,从而最大限度地发挥药物分子在体内的抗肿瘤活性。文中将对小细胞的产生与纯化、药物装载、肿瘤细胞靶向性、内化过程以及其用于递送抗肿瘤药物的研究进展等方面进行综述,为开发基于小细胞的癌症治疗策略提供一定的参考。     

可控释放纳米载体在癌症治疗中的研究进展

癌症治疗的靶向分子药物的设计与构建,是目前生物医学领域的研究前沿热点之一。靶向药物载体的构建,是通过药物直接加载靶向生物分子或者利用载体自身特性,使化疗药物可以到达并富集在特定组织,所以也被称为"分子火车"。纳米药物的研究已经从单靶向发展到多靶向,实现从单一功能到多功能的应用。单纯的被动释放药物的载体颗粒在复杂的细胞微环境中缺乏精确治疗。因此通过构建带有可控释放特性的纳米药物载体,不仅能有效的提高药物在靶向部位的药物浓度,加强药效,而且还能降低对非靶向组织的毒副作用,提高纳米药物的安全性。常用的控制纳米药物释放的方式包括pH响应,酶响应,光响应,磁响应等。本文主要介绍构建可控药物释放纳米载体的研究进展。     

重组抗体工程及其在肿瘤靶向及癌症治疗中的应用

在过去的十几年中,重组抗体工程在基础研究、医学和药物生产上已经成为最有希望的领域之一。重组抗体及其片段在正在进行诊断和治疗的临床试验中占所有生物蛋白的30％以上。研究集中在抗体作为理想的癌症靶向试剂方面,最近由于FDA批准使用第一个工程化治疗抗体而使热度达到极点。过去的几年中,在设计、筛选及生产新型工程化抗体方面已经取得了重大进展。改革的筛选方法已经能够分离出高亲和力的癌－靶向及抗病毒的抗体,后能够抑制病毒用于基因治疗。癌症诊断和治疗的另一个策略是将重组抗体片段与放射性同位素、药物、毒素、酶以及生物传感器表面进行融合。双特异性抗体及相关融合蛋白也已经生产出来用于癌症的免疫治疗,在抗癌疫苗以及T细胞补充策略上有效地增强了人免疫应答。     

抗体能否有助于癌症治疗？

抗体治疗的发展带给我们治疗癌症的新希望和,新方法。基于抗体的冶疗药物在商业上相当成功,这主要是因为它们对癌症和炎症相关疾病的临床治疗效果良好。单就治疗肿瘤的抗体药物在2012年的计划销售额预计将达到250亿美元以上。     

纳米操作机器人在癌症靶向治疗中的应用研究取得新进展

我国自然科学领域学术期刊《科学通报》以封面专题的形式报道了中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所微纳米课题组利用纳米操作机器人在癌症靶向治疗研究方面的科研成果。     

纳米药物在癌症诊疗中的应用进展

癌症的诊断和治疗在近年取得了重大进步,但癌症目前仍是影响人类生存和健康的主因之一。提高癌症的早期诊断率和治疗效果具有重要意义。近来纳米技术在医学领域发展迅速,突破了传统癌症诊疗手段的固有局限性,并在临床上取得了一定成功。已有多个代表性药物获得新药批准或正处于临床试验阶段。然而,纳米药物仍面临肿瘤生物学的复杂性和异质性、药物安全性、纳米-生物界面的相互作用等挑战。该文阐述了近期纳米药物在肿瘤诊断以及化疗、放疗、光疗、化学动力治疗、免疫治疗和联合疗法等方面的应用进展,讨论了其在临床转化、生产和商业化所面临的问题,并对未来的发展机会和方向进行了展望。     

纳米抗体及其在诊断检测中的研究进展

骆驼血液中存在天然缺失轻链的重链抗体,克隆该重链抗体的可变区得到最小的抗原结合片段,即纳米抗体(Nanobody,Nb)。Nb的单域性质使其较普通抗体具有一些独特性能,比如高度水溶性和构象稳定性,较强的抗原亲合力和优良的组织穿透能力,容易体外表达和人源化改造修饰等,Nb的以上持性使其在诊断检测领域展现出广阔的应用前景。尽管Nb的应用开发已经取得前所未有的成功,技术上仍然有待进一步优化,其中包括噬菌体纳米抗体库构建以及Nb的胶体金标记分析等技术。文中简单介绍Nb的研究进展,并从Nb制备、在疾病的体外检测以及体内肿瘤无创伤影像诊断领域的应用3个方面,讨论进一步提高Nb亲合力和人源化改造等优化Nb分子特征的策略,分析Nb在疾病检测诊断应用中存在的问题,并提出一些积极的应对方案。     

介孔纳米二氧化硅作为药物载体在癌症治疗中的应用

介孔纳米二氧化硅作为抗肿瘤药物载体,在癌症治疗上的应用越来越受到关注。介孔纳米二氧化硅不仅可实现药物的有效递送,而且可显著提高药物的生物利用度。功能化介孔纳米二氧化硅还能提高药物对肿瘤细胞的靶向性,实现药物的特异性按需释放。该新型纳米载体在癌症治疗中具有非常广阔的应用前景。本文对介孔纳米二氧化硅作为药物载体在多种癌症治疗中的应用,以及不同表面修饰物对药物载体递送的影响和优势加以综述,并对功能化介孔纳米二氧化硅载体对提高药物抗癌活性和靶向性的积极作用提出了展望。     

Llamanade: An open-source computational pipeline for robust nanobody humanization

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纳米抗体技术应用的最新进展北大核心CSCD

纳米抗体作为一种可塑性强、较为新颖的抗原识别和调控的工具,具备小尺寸、易表达和筛选及改造、高亲性和稳定性等优势,能够识别传统抗体难以识别的较为隐匿的抗原表位,在诊断治疗各种疾病及检测方面的应用不断深入,且在基础研究中也发挥着不可替代的作用。文中主要介绍了纳米抗体及其衍生结构在小分子化合物及病原微生物检测和疾病的诊断,以及在疾病靶向治疗,细胞、分子成像领域的相关进展,此外还综述了在蛋白质构象研究领域展现的广阔前景。     

Methodologies for the isolation of alternative binders with improved clinical potentiality over conventional antibodies

The availability of binders to different functional domains of the same protein or to physiologically co-operating proteins allows for the simultaneous inhibition of independent downstream signaling pathways. This multi-target approach represents a promising therapeutic strategy, as demonstrated in the case of the synergistic effect of anti-Her2 treatment based on the combined use of the trastuzumab and pertuzumab monoclonal antibodies that induce cellular cytotoxicity and impair the receptor dimerization, respectively. Therefore, a reliable selection method for the recovery of epitope-specific antibodies is highly needed. Animal immunization with short peptides resembling the epitope sequence for raising conventional antibodies represents an alternative. Panning phage displayed libraries of recombinant antibodies such as scFvs and nanobodies or of other peptide collections is another option. Although recombinant antibodies can provide the same specificity as conventional antibodies, they offer at least two further advantages: i) the protocols for the selection of epitope-specific antibodies can be rationally designed, and ii) their expression as multivalent, bispecific and biparatopic molecules is feasible. This review will analyze the recent literature concerning technical aspects related to the isolation, the expression as multivalent molecules, and the therapeutic applications of binders able to interfere with antigen functional domains. The term binder will be preferred when possible to include those molecules, such as peptides or affibodies, with at least some proven practical uses.     

A nanobody directed to a functional epitope on VEGF,as a novel strategy for cancer treatment

Compelling evidence suggests that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), due to its essential role in angiogenesis, is a critical target for cancer treatment. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against VEGF are important class of drugs used in cancer therapy. However, the cost of production, large size, and immunogenicity are main drawbacks of conventional monoclonal therapy. Nanobodies are the smallest antigen-binding antibody fragments, which occur naturally in camelidae. Because of their remarkable features, we decided to use an immune library of nanobody to direct phage display to recognition of novel functional epitopes on VEGF. Four rounds of selection were performed and six phage-displayed nanobodies were obtained from an immune phage library. The most reactive clone in whole-cell ELISA experiments, was purified and assessed in proliferation inhibition assay. Purified ZFR-5 not only blocked interaction of VEGF with its receptor in cell ELISA experiments, but also was able to significantly inhibit proliferation response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to VEGF in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, our study demonstrates that by using whole-cell ELISA experiments, nanobodies against antigenic regions included in interaction of VEGF with its receptors can be directed. Because of unique and intrinsic properties of a nanobody and the ability of selected nanobody for blocking the epitope that is important for biological function of VEGF, it represents novel potential drug candidate.     

纳米抗体筛选技术研究进展

纳米抗体(nanobody, Nb)是在骆驼科血清中发现的一种新型抗体,具有体积小、特异性强、稳定性高、易于表达和能识别隐藏的抗原表位等优势,在各个领域具有广泛的应用价值。本文介绍了纳米抗体筛选与优化过程,包括纳米抗体文库构建、体外展示和亲和力成熟3个重要技术阶段的分类与特点。其中,简要描述了天然、免疫及半合成/合成文库的制备方法与重要参数,并系统介绍了应用噬菌体、酵母、细菌、核糖体/mRNA和真核细胞等表面展示系统,以及酵母双杂交、高通量测序和质谱鉴定方法,共8种不同体外展示技术进行快速筛选的方法及其优缺点,汇总用于提升纳米抗体功能可靠性的体外及计算机辅助亲和力成熟技术平台,为综合运用各种技术手段快速获得稳定、可靠、特异的纳米抗体类药物或诊断制剂提供了参考。     

Melatonin and cancer: From the promotion of genomic stability to use in cancer treatment

Cancer remains among the most challenging human diseases. Several lines of evidence suggest that carcinogenesis is a complex process that is initiated by DNA damage. Exposure to clastogenic agents such as heavy metals, ionizing radiation (IR), and chemotherapy drugs may cause chronic mutations in the genomic material, leading to a phenomenon named genomic instability. Evidence suggests that genomic instability is responsible for cancer incidence after exposure to carcinogenic agents, and increases the risk of secondary cancers following treatment with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Melatonin as the main product of the pineal gland is a promising hormone for preventing cancer and improving cancer treatment. Melatonin can directly neutralize toxic free radicals more efficiently compared with other classical antioxidants. In addition, melatonin is able to regulate the reduction/oxidation (redox) system in stress conditions. Through regulation of mitochondrial nction and inhibition of pro-oxidant enzymes, melatonin suppresses chronic oxidative stress. Moreover, melatonin potently stimulates DNA damage responses that increase the tolerance of normal tissues to toxic effect of IR and may reduce the risk of genomic instability in patients who undergo radiotherapy. Through these mechanisms, melatonin attenuates several side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Interestingly, melatonin has shown some synergistic properties with IR and chemotherapy, which is distinct from classical antioxidants that are mainly used for the alleviation of adverse events of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this review, we describe the anticarcinogenic effects of melatonin and also its possible application in clinical oncology.     

Recombinant antibodies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer

The advent of recombinant antibody technology led to an enormous revival in the use of antibodies as diagnostic and therapeutic tools for fighting cancer. This review provides a brief historical sketch of the development of recombinant antibodies for the diagnosis and immunotherapy of cancer and summarizes the most significant clinical data for the best established reagents to date. It also discusses clinically relevant aspects of the use of recombinant antibodies in cancer patients.     

The role of radiotherapy in the management of nodal disease in breast cancer

The management of nodal disease in breast cancer has evolved over the last two decades. With minimalist surgical approaches for early breast cancers becoming commonplace, the question of whether radiation can replace surgery to reduce morbidity is an important question in this population, as decision making has become more complex. In more advanced disease, and in patients with significant high-risk clinical and/or pathological features, the dilemma of who should receive regional nodal irradiation has been addressed in large studies but remains controversial. In this article, we summarise and discuss the recent trials which guide modern clinical practice, as well as some of the ongoing studies which aim to address outstanding questions within the field.     

Development of a highly specific and sensitive VHH-based sandwich immunoassay for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein

The current COVID-19 pandemic illustrates the importance of obtaining reliable methods for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2. A highly specific and sensitive diagnostic test able to differentiate the SARS-CoV-2 virus from common human coronaviruses is therefore needed. Coronavirus nucleoprotein (N) localizes to the cytoplasm and the nucleolus and is required for viral RNA synthesis. N is the most abundant coronavirus protein, so it is of utmost importance to develop specific antibodies for its detection. In this study, we developed a sandwich immunoassay to recognize the SARS-CoV-2 N protein. We immunized one alpaca with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 N and constructed a large single variable domain on heavy chain (VHH) antibody library. After phage display selection, seven VHHs recognizing the full N protein were identified by ELISA. These VHHs did not recognize the nucleoproteins of the four common human coronaviruses. Hydrogen Deuterium eXchange–Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS) analysis also showed that these VHHs mainly targeted conformational epitopes in either the C-terminal or the N-terminal domains. All VHHs were able to recognize SARS-CoV-2 in infected cells or on infected hamster tissues. Moreover, the VHHs could detect the SARS variants B.1.17/alpha, B.1.351/beta, and P1/gamma. We propose that this sandwich immunoassay could be applied to specifically detect the SARS-CoV-2 N in human nasal swabs.