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1.
单克隆抗体具有特异性结合抗原的能力,已被广泛应用于疾病诊断及治疗领域.但因单克隆抗体的组织渗透能力较差、体内的保留时间较长以及制备过程繁琐,从而限制了其在临床中的应用.自1993年首次报道在骆驼体内天然存在的单链抗体(HCAb)以来,由于其可变区间VHH(纳米抗体)具有体积小、溶解度高、特异性强以及可在细菌中大量表达等优点,较之传统单克隆抗体,VHH在疾病的诊断治疗及药物开发等医学领域具有更广阔的应用前景.本文综述了:纳米抗体的骨架区及互补决定区与传统抗体重链相应区间的结构比较;纳米抗体库的构建以及运用噬菌体展示技术对VHH库的筛选;纳米抗体技术在疾病诊断中的应用及其用于分子显像的优势,以及纳米抗体作为抗肿瘤免疫偶联物的靶向组分在癌症治疗领域中的最新进展. 相似文献
2.
癌症一直是危害人类健康的主要疾病之一。传统的癌症治疗方法包括放疗、化疗和手术,均具有明显的毒副作用或局限性。脂质体和纳米颗粒作为被广泛研究的药物递送载体,在人体临床试验中也出现了药物渗漏和装载功能不全等问题。目前而言,应用具有肿瘤靶向性的载体递送抗肿瘤药物或小分子,是有希望介导安全、有效的肿瘤治疗的策略之一。近年来,细菌来源的非复制型小细胞已受到越来越多的关注。小细胞是细菌异常分裂时期产生的纳米级无核细胞,其直径为200–400 nm,因而具有较大的药物装载能力。对小细胞的表面进行修饰,例如,装配能与肿瘤细胞表面特异性抗原或受体结合的抗体/配体,可显著提高小细胞的肿瘤靶向性。这种具有靶向性的纳米材料能将抗肿瘤的化疗药物、功能性核酸或编码功能性小分子的质粒靶向递送至肿瘤,而减少药物在正常组织器官的集聚。因此,使用小细胞作为靶向递送载体有助于降低药物对机体的毒性,从而最大限度地发挥药物分子在体内的抗肿瘤活性。文中将对小细胞的产生与纯化、药物装载、肿瘤细胞靶向性、内化过程以及其用于递送抗肿瘤药物的研究进展等方面进行综述,为开发基于小细胞的癌症治疗策略提供一定的参考。 相似文献
3.
传统IgG抗体分子一般由轻链和重链组成,轻链包含1个可变区(VL)和1个恒定区(CL),重链包含1个可变区(VH)和3个恒定区(CH1,CH2,CH3)。单域抗体(Single domain antibody,sdAb),是指缺失抗体轻链而只有重链可变区的一类抗体,因其分子量小,也被称为纳米抗体(Nanobody)。20世纪90年代,单域抗体最早在骆驼科动物中被发现,之后在护士鲨、大星鲨和鳐鱼等软骨鱼纲动物中也发现了类似的抗体。单域抗体虽然结构简单,但仍然可以达到与传统抗体相当甚至更高的与特异抗原结合的亲和力。相比于传统抗体,单域抗体具有分子量小、稳定性强、易于重组表达等优点。近年来在生物学基础研究和医学临床应用方面均备受关注并被广泛应用。文中将从单域抗体的结构特征、理化性质、筛选方法及其在生物医学领域的重要应用进展进行综述。 相似文献
4.
在过去的十几年中,重组抗体工程在基础研究、医学和药物生产上已经成为最有希望的领域之一。重组抗体及其片段在正在进行诊断和治疗的临床试验中占所有生物蛋白的30%以上。研究集中在抗体作为理想的癌症靶向试剂方面,最近由于FDA批准使用第一个工程化治疗抗体而使热度达到极点。过去的几年中,在设计、筛选及生产新型工程化抗体方面已经取得了重大进展。改革的筛选方法已经能够分离出高亲和力的癌-靶向及抗病毒的抗体,后能够抑制病毒用于基因治疗。癌症诊断和治疗的另一个策略是将重组抗体片段与放射性同位素、药物、毒素、酶以及生物传感器表面进行融合。双特异性抗体及相关融合蛋白也已经生产出来用于癌症的免疫治疗,在抗癌疫苗以及T细胞补充策略上有效地增强了人免疫应答。 相似文献
5.
癌症治疗的靶向分子药物的设计与构建,是目前生物医学领域的研究前沿热点之一。靶向药物载体的构建,是通过药物直接加载靶向生物分子或者利用载体自身特性,使化疗药物可以到达并富集在特定组织,所以也被称为"分子火车"。纳米药物的研究已经从单靶向发展到多靶向,实现从单一功能到多功能的应用。单纯的被动释放药物的载体颗粒在复杂的细胞微环境中缺乏精确治疗。因此通过构建带有可控释放特性的纳米药物载体,不仅能有效的提高药物在靶向部位的药物浓度,加强药效,而且还能降低对非靶向组织的毒副作用,提高纳米药物的安全性。常用的控制纳米药物释放的方式包括pH响应,酶响应,光响应,磁响应等。本文主要介绍构建可控药物释放纳米载体的研究进展。 相似文献
6.
传染病是一种由致病性微生物引起,能够影响人类身体健康甚至引发严重社会危机的传播性疾病.近年来,新冠、埃博拉等传染病的恶性暴发促使人们寻找更为高效便捷的防治手段以遏制疾病的进程.抗体在传染病防治中的应用引起了广泛关注,palivizumab是目前唯一被批准应用于呼吸道合胞病毒在免疫力低下人群的预防的单克隆抗体.纳米抗体(... 相似文献
7.
抗体治疗的发展带给我们治疗癌症的新希望和,新方法。基于抗体的冶疗药物在商业上相当成功,这主要是因为它们对癌症和炎症相关疾病的临床治疗效果良好。单就治疗肿瘤的抗体药物在2012年的计划销售额预计将达到250亿美元以上。 相似文献
8.
我国自然科学领域学术期刊《科学通报》以封面专题的形式报道了中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所微纳米课题组利用纳米操作机器人在癌症靶向治疗研究方面的科研成果。 相似文献
9.
癌症的诊断和治疗在近年取得了重大进步,但癌症目前仍是影响人类生存和健康的主因之一。提高癌症的早期诊断率和治疗效果具有重要意义。近来纳米技术在医学领域发展迅速,突破了传统癌症诊疗手段的固有局限性,并在临床上取得了一定成功。已有多个代表性药物获得新药批准或正处于临床试验阶段。然而,纳米药物仍面临肿瘤生物学的复杂性和异质性、药物安全性、纳米-生物界面的相互作用等挑战。该文阐述了近期纳米药物在肿瘤诊断以及化疗、放疗、光疗、化学动力治疗、免疫治疗和联合疗法等方面的应用进展,讨论了其在临床转化、生产和商业化所面临的问题,并对未来的发展机会和方向进行了展望。 相似文献
10.
骆驼血液中存在天然缺失轻链的重链抗体,克隆该重链抗体的可变区得到最小的抗原结合片段,即纳米抗体(Nanobody,Nb)。Nb的单域性质使其较普通抗体具有一些独特性能,比如高度水溶性和构象稳定性,较强的抗原亲合力和优良的组织穿透能力,容易体外表达和人源化改造修饰等,Nb的以上持性使其在诊断检测领域展现出广阔的应用前景。尽管Nb的应用开发已经取得前所未有的成功,技术上仍然有待进一步优化,其中包括噬菌体纳米抗体库构建以及Nb的胶体金标记分析等技术。文中简单介绍Nb的研究进展,并从Nb制备、在疾病的体外检测以及体内肿瘤无创伤影像诊断领域的应用3个方面,讨论进一步提高Nb亲合力和人源化改造等优化Nb分子特征的策略,分析Nb在疾病检测诊断应用中存在的问题,并提出一些积极的应对方案。 相似文献
11.
《Critical reviews in biotechnology》2013,33(1):40-48
The availability of binders to different functional domains of the same protein or to physiologically co-operating proteins allows for the simultaneous inhibition of independent downstream signaling pathways. This multi-target approach represents a promising therapeutic strategy, as demonstrated in the case of the synergistic effect of anti-Her2 treatment based on the combined use of the trastuzumab and pertuzumab monoclonal antibodies that induce cellular cytotoxicity and impair the receptor dimerization, respectively. Therefore, a reliable selection method for the recovery of epitope-specific antibodies is highly needed. Animal immunization with short peptides resembling the epitope sequence for raising conventional antibodies represents an alternative. Panning phage displayed libraries of recombinant antibodies such as scFvs and nanobodies or of other peptide collections is another option. Although recombinant antibodies can provide the same specificity as conventional antibodies, they offer at least two further advantages: i) the protocols for the selection of epitope-specific antibodies can be rationally designed, and ii) their expression as multivalent, bispecific and biparatopic molecules is feasible. This review will analyze the recent literature concerning technical aspects related to the isolation, the expression as multivalent molecules, and the therapeutic applications of binders able to interfere with antigen functional domains. The term binder will be preferred when possible to include those molecules, such as peptides or affibodies, with at least some proven practical uses. 相似文献
12.
Ian Huh Robert Gene Jyothi Kumaran C. Roger MacKenzie Cory L. Brooks 《Acta Crystallographica. Section F, Structural Biology Communications》2014,70(11):1532-1535
The variable region of camelid heavy‐chain antibodies produces the smallest known antibody fragment with antigen‐binding capability (a VHH). The VHH R303 binds internalin B (InlB), a virulence factor expressed by the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. InlB is critical for initiation of Listeria infection, as it binds a receptor (c‐Met) on epithelial cells, triggering the entry of bacteria into host cells. InlB is surface‐exposed and is required for virulence, hence a VHH targeting InlB has potential applications for pathogen detection or therapeutic intervention. Here, the expression, purification, crystallization and X‐ray diffraction of R303 are reported. Crystals of R303 were obtained following in situ proteolysis with trypsin. Gel filtration and SDS–PAGE revealed that trypsin removed the C‐terminal tag region of R303, facilitating crystal formation. Crystals of R303 diffracted to 1.3 Å resolution and belonged to the monoclinic space group P21, with unit‐cell parameters a = 46.4, b = 31.2, c = 74.8 Å, β = 93.8°. The crystals exhibited a Matthews coefficient of 1.95 Å3 Da−1 with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. 相似文献
13.
《Structure (London, England : 1993)》2022,30(3):418-429.e3
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14.
Teresa R Wagner Elena Ostertag Philipp D Kaiser Marius Gramlich Natalia Ruetalo Daniel Junker Julia Haering Bjoern Traenkle Matthias Becker Alex Dulovic Helen Schweizer Stefan Nueske Armin Scholz Anne Zeck Katja SchenkeLayland Annika Nelde Monika Strengert Juliane S Walz Georg Zocher Thilo Stehle Michael Schindler Nicole SchneiderhanMarra Ulrich Rothbauer 《EMBO reports》2021,22(5)
In light of the COVID‐19 pandemic, there is an ongoing need for diagnostic tools to monitor the immune status of large patient cohorts and the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns. Here, we present 11 unique nanobodies (Nbs) specific for the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike receptor‐binding domain (RBD), of which 8 Nbs potently inhibit the interaction of RBD with angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the major viral docking site. Following detailed epitope mapping and structural analysis, we select two inhibitory Nbs, one of which binds an epitope inside and one of which binds an epitope outside the RBD:ACE2 interface. Based on these, we generate a biparatopic nanobody (bipNb) with viral neutralization efficacy in the picomolar range. Using bipNb as a surrogate, we establish a competitive multiplex binding assay (“NeutrobodyPlex”) for detailed analysis of the presence and performance of neutralizing RBD‐binding antibodies in serum of convalescent or vaccinated patients. We demonstrate that NeutrobodyPlex enables high‐throughput screening and detailed analysis of neutralizing immune responses in infected or vaccinated individuals, to monitor immune status or to guide vaccine design. 相似文献
15.
目的:构建原核表达系统,制备靶向前列腺特异性膜抗原(prostate-specific membrane antigen,PSMA)多价纳米抗体并初步评价其生物学活性。方法:Bglbrick法构建多价纳米抗体表达载体,转化至大肠杆菌表达并利用亲和层析法纯化。联合蛋白质电泳和Western blot验证纯化产物,BCA法检测表达量。通过免疫荧光和流式细胞术定性评估PSMA特异性亲和能力,细胞ELISA法定量检测PSMA亲和水平,流式细胞术检测内吞效率。结果:成功构建靶向PSMA单价、二价、三价和四价纳米抗体大肠杆菌表达菌株。发酵结果表明四种纳米抗体均能在摇瓶水平实现高效可溶表达,其中二价纳米抗体表达量最高[(259.14±23.56) mg/L],单价纳米抗体表达量最低[(100.58±6.27) mg/L]。亲和实验结果证实四种纳米抗体均能特异性识别并结合PSMA阳性肿瘤细胞,与单价纳米抗体相比,二价、三价和四价纳米抗体对PSMA亲和能力分别提高了3.32倍、2.29倍和2.03倍。最后的内吞实验显示四种纳米抗体均能被PSMA阳性肿瘤细胞高效摄取,30 min内的摄取率均在80%以上。结论:靶向PSMA的多价纳米抗体,尤其是二价纳米抗体,具有比单价纳米抗体更高的产量和亲和水平,且具备不亚于单价纳米抗体的内吞效率,是未来基于PSMA肿瘤诊疗试剂开发的重要候选。 相似文献
16.
Marion Gransagne Gabriel Aym Sbastien Brier Gaëlle Chauveau-Le Friec Vronique Meriaux Mireille Nowakowski Franois Dejardin Sylvain Levallois Guilherme Dias de Melo Flora Donati Matthieu Prot Sbastien Brûl Bertrand Raynal Jacques Bellalou Pedro Goncalves Xavier Montagutelli James P. Di Santo Franoise Lazarini Patrick England Stphane Petres Nicolas Escriou Pierre Lafaye 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2022,298(1)
The current COVID-19 pandemic illustrates the importance of obtaining reliable methods for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2. A highly specific and sensitive diagnostic test able to differentiate the SARS-CoV-2 virus from common human coronaviruses is therefore needed. Coronavirus nucleoprotein (N) localizes to the cytoplasm and the nucleolus and is required for viral RNA synthesis. N is the most abundant coronavirus protein, so it is of utmost importance to develop specific antibodies for its detection. In this study, we developed a sandwich immunoassay to recognize the SARS-CoV-2 N protein. We immunized one alpaca with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 N and constructed a large single variable domain on heavy chain (VHH) antibody library. After phage display selection, seven VHHs recognizing the full N protein were identified by ELISA. These VHHs did not recognize the nucleoproteins of the four common human coronaviruses. Hydrogen Deuterium eXchange–Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS) analysis also showed that these VHHs mainly targeted conformational epitopes in either the C-terminal or the N-terminal domains. All VHHs were able to recognize SARS-CoV-2 in infected cells or on infected hamster tissues. Moreover, the VHHs could detect the SARS variants B.1.17/alpha, B.1.351/beta, and P1/gamma. We propose that this sandwich immunoassay could be applied to specifically detect the SARS-CoV-2 N in human nasal swabs. 相似文献
17.
Romany N. N. Abskharon Sameh H. Soror Els Pardon Hassan El Hassan Giuseppe Legname Jan Steyaert Alexandre Wohlkonig 《Acta Crystallographica. Section F, Structural Biology Communications》2010,66(12):1644-1646
Prion disorders are infectious diseases that are characterized by the conversion of the cellular prion protein PrPC into the pathogenic isoform PrPSc. Specific antibodies that interact with the cellular prion protein have been shown to inhibit this transition. Recombinant VHHs (variable domain of dromedary heavy‐chain antibodies) or nanobodies are single‐domain antibodies, making them the smallest antigen‐binding fragments. A specific nanobody (Nb_PrP_01) was raised against mouse PrPC. A crystallization condition for this recombinant nanobody was identified using high‐throughput screening. The crystals were optimized using streak‐seeding and the hanging‐drop method. The crystals belonged to the orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit‐cell parameters a = 30.04, b = 37.15, c = 83.00 Å, and diffracted to 1.23 Å resolution using synchrotron radiation. The crystal structure of this specific nanobody against PrPC together with the known PrPC structure may help in understanding the PrPC/PrPSc transition mechanism. 相似文献
18.
血红蛋白是红细胞内的主要蛋白质,负责在血液中运输氧气。从贫血的诊断到血液疾病的筛查,血红蛋白浓度的测定在医疗诊断和健康管理中发挥着不可替代的作用。基于抗原-抗体相互作用的免疫学检测方法具有高灵敏度和准确性。为了开发具有高特异性和高亲和力的抗体,提高血红蛋白检测的准确性,本研究将人血红蛋白免疫双峰驼并构建噬菌体展示纳米抗体文库,应用固相筛选法进行抗体筛选,并探明筛选得到的纳米抗体与血红蛋白的结合活性。首先,将人血红蛋白免疫双峰驼,并构建了库容量为2.85×108菌落形成单位(colony forming unit, CFU)的纳米抗体文库。其次,经过3轮“吸附-洗脱-富集”实验淘选,得到10条血红蛋白特异性纳米抗体序列,并对其进行真核表达。最后,使用酶联免疫吸附实验和生物膜干涉技术表征纳米抗体的理化稳定性、结合活性和特异性。结果表明,纳米抗体在20–40℃温度范围内具有较好的稳定性;当pH值为7.0时,纳米抗体结合活性最高;纳米抗体可耐受10%的甲醇溶液。其中,纳米抗体VHH-12与血红蛋白结合活性最高,其半数最大效应浓度值(halfmaximaleffectiveconcentration,EC50)为10.63nmol/L,平衡解离常数(equilibrium dissociation constant, KD)为2.94×10–7 mol/L。VHH-12与卵清蛋白、牛血清蛋白等8种蛋白质均无交叉反应性,与猪、羊、兔、牛血红蛋白表现出一定的交叉反应性。本研究成功淘选出1条血红蛋白特异性高亲和力纳米抗体,有望应用于疾病诊断和健康监测。 相似文献
19.
Valencio Salema Carmen Mañas Lidia Cerdán Carlos Piñero-Lambea Elvira Marín Rob C. Roovers 《MABS-AUSTIN》2016,8(7):1286-1301
Most therapeutic antibodies (Abs) target cell surface proteins on tumor and immune cells. Cloning of Ab gene libraries in E. coli and their display on bacteriophages is commonly used to select novel therapeutic Abs binding target antigens, either purified or expressed on cells. However, the sticky nature of bacteriophages renders phage display selections on cells challenging. We previously reported an E. coli display system for expression of VHHs (i.e., nanobodies, Nbs) on the surface of bacteria and selection of high-affinity clones by magnetic cell sorting (MACS). Here, we demonstrate that E. coli display is also an attractive method for isolation of Nbs against cell surface antigens, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), upon direct selection and screening of Ab libraries on live cells. We employ a whole cell-based strategy using a VHH library obtained by immunization with human tumor cells over-expressing EGFR (i.e., A431), and selection of bacterial clones bound to murine fibroblast NIH-3T3 cells transfected with human EGFR, after depletion of non-specific clones on untransfected cells. This strategy resulted in the isolation of high-affinity Nbs binding distinct epitopes of EGFR, including Nbs competing with the ligand, EGF, as characterized by flow cytometry of bacteria displaying the Nbs and binding assays with purified Nbs using surface plasmon resonance. Hence, our study demonstrates that E. coli display of VHH libraries and selection on cells enables efficient isolation and characterization of high-affinity Nbs against cell surface antigens. 相似文献
20.
Caroline Hemmer Samia Djennane Léa Ackerer Kamal Hleibieh Aurélie Marmonier Sophie Gersch Shahinez Garcia Emmanuelle Vigne Véronique Komar Mireille Perrin Claude Gertz Lorène Belval François Berthold Baptiste Monsion Corinne Schmitt‐Keichinger Olivier Lemaire Bernard Lorber Carlos Gutiérrez Serge Muyldermans Gérard Demangeat Christophe Ritzenthaler 《Plant biotechnology journal》2018,16(2):660-671
Since their discovery, single‐domain antigen‐binding fragments of camelid‐derived heavy‐chain‐only antibodies, also known as nanobodies (Nbs), have proven to be of outstanding interest as therapeutics against human diseases and pathogens including viruses, but their use against phytopathogens remains limited. Many plant viruses including Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), a nematode‐transmitted icosahedral virus and causal agent of fanleaf degenerative disease, have worldwide distribution and huge burden on crop yields representing billions of US dollars of losses annually, yet solutions to combat these viruses are often limited or inefficient. Here, we identified a Nb specific to GFLV that confers strong resistance to GFLV upon stable expression in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana and also in grapevine rootstock, the natural host of the virus. We showed that resistance was effective against a broad range of GFLV isolates independently of the inoculation method including upon nematode transmission but not against its close relative, Arabis mosaic virus. We also demonstrated that virus neutralization occurs at an early step of the virus life cycle, prior to cell‐to‐cell movement. Our findings will not only be instrumental to confer resistance to GFLV in grapevine, but more generally they pave the way for the generation of novel antiviral strategies in plants based on Nbs. 相似文献