Effects of exogenous steroids on androgen receptors in fetal guinea pig brain

We treated pregnant guinea pigs on Day 50 of gestation with 10 mg testosterone propionate (TP), obtaining fetuses 2, 4, 8, or 18 h later as well as after 5 days of treatment. In a second group of pregnant guinea pigs, dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP), estradiol benzoate (E2B), progesterone (P), or cortisol was given 2 h before obtaining fetuses. Although TP treatment elevated fetal serum T (p less than 0.05), brain cytosolic androgen receptor (ARc) content was unchanged in fetuses of either sex. In female fetuses, nuclear androgen receptors (ARn) increased 10-fold in medial-basal hypothalamus (MBH) and preoptic area (POA) at 2 and 4 h (respectively) after treatment, while fetal male ARn content was unchanged. Maternal injection of other steroids (E2B, P, or cortisol, but not DHTP) significantly increased these hormones in the fetus 2 h later (p less than 0.05). Only androgens affected fetal androgen receptor (AR) content. While TP increased ARn in female MBH, DHTP decreased ARc in fetal anterior pituitary of both sexes. In this latter case, a metabolite of DHT may mediate the effects. We conclude that T crosses the guinea pig placenta and activates ARn in POA and MBH of female fetuses; male ARn appear to be maximally occupied by endogenous T. Steroids of other classes do not induce AR responses in fetal guinea pig brain. These AR changes may represent an initial cellular mechanism in brain sexual differentiation.     

Regulation of Noncontact Erection in Rats by Gonadal Steroids

Male rats exhibit erections in the presence of inaccessible estrous females, and we investigated which gonadal steroids regulate these noncontact erections (NCEs). Sexually experienced Wistar males (n >/= 8/group) were tested for NCE four times (every 3 days) before castration, after castration, and after receiving subcutaneous implants of 10-mm Silastic capsules that were empty or filled with crystalline testosterone propionate (TP), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol benzoate (EB), or DHT + EB (10 mm each). Before castration, males responded with NCE in approximately 50% of tests. No males had NCEs after castration, beginning 3 days after surgery. Also, no males responded after treatment with EB or empty capsules. After receiving implants of TP, DHT, or DHT + EB, 50% of males had NCEs, beginning with the first test 3 days after treatment. On every measure of NCE, males treated with DHT or DHT + EB were indistinguishable from each other and from TP-treated males. Among the sexual responses of male rats, NCE appears to be more sensitive than other behaviors to changes in gonadal condition. In its profile of response to gonadal steroids (testosterone+, dihydrotestosterone+, estradiol-), NCE is similar to reflexive erection, for which spinal systems are sufficient, and unlike copulation (T+, DHT-, E+), which depends on discrete areas of the brain. We nonetheless conclude that NCE depends on androgen-sensitive systems in the brain, but androgen-sensitive neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord may also play a role.     

Effects of gonadectomy and androgen treatment on aromatase activity in the fetal monkey brain

We studied the ability of neural tissues from fetal rhesus macaques to aromatize androgens to estrogens and assessed whether androgens are involved in the regulation of aromatase activity during development. Fetuses of both sexes, obtained on approximately Day 100 of gestation, were gonadectomized and immediately given intraabdominal Silastic capsules containing dihydrotestosterone. Sham-gonadectomized (intact) and gonadectomized, sham-implanted groups were also studied. Three weeks after the initial operation, the fetuses were delivered by cesarean section. To examine the developmental pattern of aromatase activity in the brain, fetuses were also delivered at two earlier times in gestation (at approximately 50 days and approximately 80 days). Whole-homogenates of preoptic area plus anterior hypothalamus (POA), hypothalamus (HT), amygdala (AMYG), and cerebral cortex (CTX) were incubated for 1 h in a phosphate buffer with saturating concentrations of [1 beta-3H] androstenedione. The amount of 3H2O formed was used as an index to estimate aromatase activity. The aromatase reaction exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an apparent Km of approximately 0.03 microM in all tissues from 120-day-old fetuses. Activity measured with the 3H2O assay closely corresponded with levels determined by product isolation. The highest levels of aromatase activity were found in the POA. Neither gonadectomy nor treatment with androgen affected aromatase in fetal tissue; activities in males were significantly greater than in females for the AMYG and CTX, but not for the POA or HT. The levels of aromatase activity detected in the HT and CTX of both sexes on Days 50 and 80 of gestation were at least ten times greater than the levels measured in adults.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Activation of sexual behavior by implantation of testosterone propionate and estradiol benzoate into the preoptic area of the male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

Intracranial implantation of minute pellets of gonadal steroids was performed to determine neuroanatomical loci at which steroids activate sexual behavior in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). In this species, systemic treatment of castrated males with either testosterone propionate (TP) or estradiol benzoate (EB) restores male-typical copulatory behavior (head grabbing, mounting, and cloacal contact movements). In addition, EB activates female-typical receptive behavior (crouching). Adult male castrated quail were implanted intracranially with 300-micrograms pellets containing TP, EB, or cholesterol (CHOL) and behavior was tested with intact males and females. Either TP or EB pellets in the preoptic area (POA) activated male-typical copulatory behavior. Mounting was specifically activated without concomitant activation of other steroid-sensitive sexual and courtship behaviors. TP and EB implants in adjacent nuclei containing receptors for these steroids and CHOL implants in POA had no effect on male-typical copulatory behavior. Eighteen percent of all males tested for female-typical receptivity crouched, but no specific effect of EB was seen at any site. The similarity of the POA sites for activation of mounting by TP and EB is consistent with the hypothesis that cells within the POA aromatize testosterone to estrogens, which directly stimulate the cellular processes leading to behavioral activation.     

Time-courses of the appearance/disappearance of nuclear androgen + receptor complexes in the brain and adenohypophysis following testosterone administration/withdrawal to castrated male rats: relationships with gonadotropin secretion

We characterized the temporal dynamics of brain and pituitary cell nuclear androgen receptor binding and serum androgen and gonadotropin levels associated with the implantation and removal of testosterone (T)-filled Silastic capsules into performed s.c. flank pouches of castrated, awake male rats. These capsules produced serum T levels in the physiologic range. The number of cell nuclear androgen + receptor complexes, as measured in an exchange assay using [3H]R1881, increased 15-fold at 0.5 h after capsule insertion in the HPAS (combined hypothalamus, preoptic area, amygdala and septum) and anterior pituitary gland, but then showed a second progressive rise within the next 8 h. This pattern suggests that T exerts an initial action in the tissues to alter the affinity and/or number of available androgen receptors. There was a lag time of 2-4 h to the first indication of negative feedback suppression of LH secretion. Serum LH levels declined only slightly at 4 h after capsule insertion but continued to fall thereafter, reaching undetectable values by 24 h. In contrast, serum FSH levels declined only slightly after 24 h of T exposure. After removal of the T capsules, serum T levels declined to castrate values within 2 h at which time the level of androgen + receptor complexes had fallen to 60% in the brain and pituitary. Serum LH and FSH concentrations were unchanged at 2 h after capsule removal, but rose significantly within the next 2 h. The data indicate that the occupation of androgen receptors rapidly changes in response to variations in circulating T in a fashion that implicates their involvement in the expression of this steroid's negative feedback actions on gonadotropin secretion.     

Testosterone implanted in the preoptic area of male Japanese quail must be aromatized to activate copulation

Intracranial implantation of minute pellets of gonadal steroids was combined with aromatase inhibitor treatment to determine if aromatization within the preoptic area (POA) is necessary for androgens to activate sexual behavior in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). In this species, implantation of pellets of testosterone propionate (TP) or estradiol benzoate (EB) in the POA of castrated males restores male-typical copulatory behavior. In Experiment 1, adult male castrated quail were implanted intracranially with 200-micrograms pellets of equimolar mixtures of crystalline TP + cholesterol (CHOL), TP + 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD, an aromatase inhibitor), EB + ATD, or CHOL and behavior-tested with intact males and females. Copulation was stimulated by POA implants containing TP or EB (three of six CHOL + TP males and two of seven ATD + EB males copulated vs zero of four CHOL males), but copulation was not inhibited by combining ATD with TP (three of four ATD + TP males copulated). In Experiment 2, adult male castrated quail were injected systemically with ATD or oil for 6 days prior to and 14 days after intracranial implantation of 200-micrograms pellets containing the same amounts of TP or EB as in Experiment 1. The ATD injections completely blocked copulatory behavior in males with TP implants in the POA such that ATD/TP and Oil/TP mount frequencies differed significantly, but failed to block copulation in males with EB implants in the POA (proportions of males copulating were ATD/EB, 6/8; ATD/TP, 0/6; Oil/TP, 4/7). The cloacal foam gland, an androgen-sensitive secondary sex character, was unaffected by the dose of ATD used. We conclude that activation of copulatory behavior by TP implants in the POA is not due to nonspecific effects of high local testosterone concentrations but rather to aromatization. These results support the hypothesis that cells within the POA aromatize testosterone to estrogens, which directly stimulate the cellular processes leading to activation of male-typical copulatory behavior.     

Facilitation of Male Sexual Behavior in Syrian Hamsters by the Combined Action of Dihydrotestosterone and Testosterone

Background

Testosterone (T) controls male Syrian hamster sexual behavior, however, neither of T''s primary metabolites, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol (E₂), even in highly supraphysiological doses, fully restores sexual behavior in castrated hamsters. DHT and T apparently interact with androgen receptors differentially to control male sexual behavior (MSB), but whether these two hormones act synergistically or antagonistically to control MSB has received scant experimental attention and is addressed in the present study.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Sexually experienced male Syrian hamsters were gonadectomized and monitored 5 weeks later to confirm elimination of the ejaculatory reflex (week 0), at which time they received subcutaneous DHT-filled or empty capsules that remained in situ for the duration of the experiment. Daily injections of a physiological dose of 25 µg T or vehicle commenced two weeks after capsule implantation. MSB was tested 2, 4 and 5 weeks after T treatment began. DHT capsules were no more effective than control treatment for long-term restoration of ejaculation. Combined DHT + T treatment, however, restored the ejaculatory reflex more effectively than T alone, as evidenced by more rapid recovery of ejaculatory behavior, shorter ejaculation latencies, and a greater number of ejaculations in 30 minute tests.

Conclusions/Significance

DHT and T administered together restored sexual behavior to pre-castration levels more rapidly than did T alone, whereas DHT and vehicle were largely ineffective. The additive actions of DHT and T on MSB are discussed in relation to different effects of these androgens on androgen receptors in the male hamster brain mating circuit.     

Kainic acid lesioning of the preoptic area alters positive feedback of estrogen in prepubertal female rats

Stereotaxic infusion of kainic acid (KA) was performed to induce intrinsic neural lesions of the preoptic area (POA) in 25-day-old female rats. After KA infusion, rats in Experiment 1 received 10 micrograms of estradiol benzoate (EB) administered subcutaneously to assess positive feedback of EB on release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. Rats were perfused for light microscopic (LM) or electron microscopic (EM) evaluation of the lesion site. Rats of Experiment 2 were allowed to develop until the appearance of vaginal opening (VO) after which time vaginal lavages were taken to monitor the cyclicity of the vaginal epithelium. At 50 days of age, the right ovary from each rat was removed, trimmed of fat, and weighed. At 60 days of age, the remaining ovary was removed to assess compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH). In Experiment 3, we investigated the effects of POA/KA-infusion on sexual behavior. Sex behavior tests were conducted at 48 h after EB during the dark phase of the light cycle. In Experiment 1, all the control and saline-infused rats exhibited the expected rise of plasma LH two days after estrogen injection while the POA/KA-infusion abolished the positive feedback effect of EB on LH release. Ultrastructural examination of the lesion site revealed that neurons were undergoing acute degeneration while axons and afferent terminals seen in the same fields of analysis were morphologically intact. Preoptic area/KA lesions caused a marked delay in the appearance of VO. Duration of this temporal delay in POA/KA-lesioned rats was approximately 4 days, or one vaginal cycle. The lesioned animals showed normal compensatory hypertrophy after unilateral ovariectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Steroid control of sexual behavior and brain aromatase in the dove: effects of nonaromatizable androgens, methyltrienolone (R1881), and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone

This study examines the effects of nonaromatizable androgens, methyltrienolone (R1881) and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on aggressive courtship and vocal behavior in the male ring dove. Since androgens may influence behavior by increasing the formation of estrogen in the brain, the effects of R1881 and DHT on brain aromatase activity were also studied using an in vitro microassay. Under conditions in which testosterone induced aggressive courtship patterns, the nonaromatizable androgens were ineffective. But DHT and R1881 induced vocal behavior with equal efficiency, indicating that androgens can influence mechanisms of vocal behavior without conversion to estrogens. The behavioral effectiveness of both hormones was reduced (approximately 50%) when the period between castration and treatment was doubled. Testosterone propionate increased formation of E2 from 3H-testosterone in both the preoptic (POA) and anterior hypothalamic areas. Neither of the nonaromatizable androgens affected POA aromatase activity. The results suggest that only the aromatizable androgen, testosterone, which is also required specifically for male courtship, increases preoptic formation of estrogen.     

The reversible inhibition of steroid-induced sexual behavior by intracranial cycloheximide

Cycloheximide(Cyclo), an inhibitor of protein synthesis by a direct action on protein synthesis at the ribosomal level, was used to reversibly inhibit estrogen-induced sexual receptivity. Cyclo (100 μg per rat) was infused into the preoptic area(POA) of ovariectomized rats at varying times before, simultaneously with, and after 3 μg of subcutaneous estradiol benzoate (EB). All animals received 0.5 mg progesterone (P) 36 hr after EB, and were tested for sexual receptivity 4–6 hr after P. The females were placed with stud males and a lordosis quotient was computed for each female (lordosis quotient = number of lordosis responses/20 mounts by the male × 100). Females receiving Cyclo 6 hr before, simultaneously with, or 12 hr after EB showed significantly lower levels of sexual receptivity when compared to females receiving Cyclo 36 hr before and 18 and 24 hr after EB. When those animals that showed low levels of sexual behavior after Cyclo infusion were reprimed with EB and P 7 days later and presented with a male they showed high levels of sexual receptivity. Thus, the effect of Cyclo was reversible. Only Cyclo infusions into the POA (bilateral) and third ventricle were effective in suppressing sexual behavior. Caudate nucleus, lateral ventricle, and unilateral POA infusions were without effect.The data presented are in agreement with earlier work that utilized actinomycin D to inhibit steroid-induced sexual behavior. Cyclo was found to be less toxic than actinomycin D. All of the available evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that estrogen stimulates RNA and/or protein synthesis in its facilitation of sexual behavior in the female rat.     

Antagonism of estrogen-induced prolactin release by dihydrotestosterone

Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that progesterone can inhibit estrogen-induced prolactin release in female rats. Since androgens have been reported to mimic progesterone actions in certain systems, and to antagonize estrogen action in rat uteri, the purpose of this study was to determine whether androgens, like progestins, can inhibit estrogen-induced prolactin release. The ovariectomized (26 days of age) immature rat was used as the model for analysis of this question. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was chosen to be used throughout the study since it does not undergo aromatization to estrogens. In response to estradiol exposure (2 micrograms/rat), prolactin release reached peak values at 12 h and returned to control levels by 24 h. A second injection of estradiol 13 h after its initial injection stimulated a second increase in serum prolactin at 25 h. A single injection of DHT (0.8 mg/kg BW) 1 h before the second estradiol injection blocked the increase in serum prolactin. DHT had no effect on basal serum prolactin levels. The DHT inhibition of estrogen-induced prolactin release required estrogen priming. A dose dependency for the DHT effect was demonstrated, with low doses effective and high doses ineffective, in inhibiting estrogen action. This effect of DHT seemed to be androgen receptor-mediated, since flutamide blocked the effect. However, the possibility of progestin receptor mediation could not be ruled out since RU486 also blocked DHT's effect. Flutamide was also effective in blocking progesterone's inhibition of estrogen-induced action. This is perhaps consistent with an overlap of activities in androgens and progestins reported by several investigators.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Pretreatments with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and the uptake of testosterone by cell nuclei in the brains of male rhesus monkeys

An in vivo competition method was used in adult male rhesus monkeys to determine if testosterone binds to high affinity binding agents, notably androgen receptors, in brain cell nuclei. Castrated males received 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP, 20 mg, N = 6), testosterone propionate (TP, 100 mg, N = 3) or oil vehicle (controls, N = 6) followed 3 h later by 5 mCi [3H]testosterone [( 3H]T) as an intravenous bolus. Brain and peripheral tissue samples were removed after 60 min, homogenized and separated into supernatant and purified nuclear fractions. Radioactive metabolites of [3H]T [( 3H]estradiol, [3H]DHT) and unchanged [3H]T were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Androgen pretreatments reduced the nuclear uptake of [3H]T by 67-98% in hypothalamus (HYP), preoptic area (POA) and pituitary gland (PIT). This blockade was presumed to be due to prior occupation of nuclear androgen receptors by unlabeled androgens because pretreatments had no effects on levels of [3H]T in supernatants. Since [3H]T was the major radioactive androgen present in brain cell nuclei, results strongly suggested that the principal nuclear androgen receptor ligand in HYP, POA and PIT was unchanged [3H]T rather than [3H]DHT as occurs in the genital tract. In the amygdala the situation was quite different. Here, nuclear concentrations of [3H]T were reduced by 67% following TP pretreatment but were not changed following DHTP pretreatment, indicating a different uptake mechanism in this region that could have particular relevance for testosterone's central actions on behavior.     

Aromatized testosterone attenuates contextual generalization of fear in male rats

Generalization is a common symptom of many anxiety disorders, and females are 60% more likely to suffer from an anxiety disorder than males. We have previously demonstrated that female rats display significantly accelerated rates of contextual fear generalization compared to male rats; a process driven, in part, by activation of ERβ. The current study was designed to determine the impact of estrogens on contextual fear generalization in male rats. For experiment 1, adult male rats were gonadectomized (GDX) and implanted with a capsule containing testosterone proprionate, estradiol, dihydrotestosterone proprionate (DHT), or an empty capsule. Treatment with testosterone or estradiol maintained memory precision when rats were tested in a different (neutral) context 1 day after training. However, male rats treated with DHT or empty capsules displayed significant levels of fear generalization, exhibiting high levels of fear in the neutral context. In Experiment 2, we used acute injections of gonadal hormones at a time known to elicit fear generalization in female rats (e.g. 24 h before testing). Injection treatment followed the same pattern of results seen in Experiment 1. Finally, animals given daily injections of the aromatase inhibitor, Fadrozole, displayed significant fear generalization. These data suggest that testosterone attenuates fear generalization likely through the aromatization testosterone into estradiol as animals treated with the non-aromatizable androgen, DHT, or animals treated with Fadrozole, displayed significant generalized fear. Overall, these results demonstrate a sex-dependent effect of estradiol on the generalization of contextual fear.     

Specificity and neural sites of action of anisomycin in the reduction or facilitation of female sexual behavior in rats

These experiments were designed to investigate the role of neuronal protein synthesis in the hormonal activation of female sexual behavior using intracranial implants of the protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin. In the first experiment, female rats receiving bilateral cannulae implants in the medial preoptic area (POA), septal region (SEPT), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), or midbrain central gray (CG) were injected with 2.5 micrograms estradiol benzoate (EB), followed 48 hr later by 500 micrograms progesterone (P). Females receiving anisomycin in the VMH at the time of EB injection had lower levels of lordosis and darting compared to tests without anisomycin. Sexual behavior was unaffected in females receiving anisomycin implants in the POA, SEPT, or CG. In a second experiment, we replicated the finding that anisomycin could attenuate lordotic responsivity when placed in the VMH of female rats injected with 2.5 micrograms EB and 500 micrograms P. In addition, we found that POA implants of anisomycin could facilitate lordosis in females given a low dose of EB (1.25 microgram) plus 500 micrograms P. In a third experiment, we assessed the effects of anisomycin application to the VMH or POA of female rats receiving estradiol (E; diluted 1:250 with cholesterol) implants in the VMH and systemic P. Treatment of the VMH with anisomycin prior to E in the VMH suppressed lordotic responding, whereas anisomycin application to the POA prior to E in the VMH had no effect on lordosis. The results of these experiments suggest that reducing protein synthesis in the region of the VMH disrupts the action of estrogen on the VMH, and that the facilitative action of anisomycin in the POA of female rats requires more estrogen treatment than threshold stimulation of the VMH alone.     

Cytosol and nuclear estrogen receptor binding in the preoptic area and hypothalamus of female rats during pregnancy and ovariectomized, nulliparous rats after steroid priming: correlation with maternal behavior

In a previous study, high nuclear estrogen receptor concentrations in the preoptic area (POA) were found on Day 16 of pregnancy to prime females to respond to a subsequent low dose of estradiol benzoate (EB) after hysterectomy-ovariectomy by exhibiting maternal behavior in 48 hr. Receptor concentrations in the POA were found to be higher than those in the hypothalamus (HYP). The present study investigated when nuclear estrogen receptors increase during pregnancy in POA and when the difference in receptor concentrations between POA and HYP occurs. An attempt was made to reproduce these pregnancy changes with a 16-day treatment of estrogen and progesterone in ovariectomized (OVX), nulliparous rats. In Experiment 1, we measured cytosol and nuclear estrogen receptor concentrations in the POA and HYP of female rats during pregnancy. Nuclear receptor concentrations in the POA increased beginning on Day 10, increased again on Day 16, and continued at this high level for the remainder of pregnancy. Nuclear estrogen receptor concentrations in the HYP remained at a lower level throughout most of pregnancy until Day 22 when they increased significantly. In Experiment 2, we tested the maternal behavior and measured estrogen receptor concentrations in OVX, steroid-primed, nulliparous rats after hysterectomy (H) and EB treatment. While 90% of estradiol (E) + progesterone (P)-primed females displayed short-latency maternal behavior 48 hr after H and EB treatment, 46% of E + vehicle (V)-treated controls were maternal. At 0 hr (prior to H and EB treatment), there was a significantly larger nuclear receptor accumulation in the POA but significantly attenuated receptor binding in the HYP. P treatment significantly affected cytosol and nuclear estrogen receptor dynamics. Differences in nuclear estrogen receptor concentrations were shown to be based on the number of available binding sites and not to changes in receptor affinity for estradiol.     

Androgen- and estrogen-induced copulatory behavior and inhibition of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in the male rat

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine if estrogen, aromatizable androgen or nonaromatizable androgen is capable of (1) inducing copulatory behavior and (2) inhibiting the postcastration rise in plasma LH. Castrate male rats were injected daily with either 1 mg testosterone (T), androstenedione (A), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or 25 μg estradiol benzoate (EB) or oil and tested weekly for masculine behavior and for lordosis behavior after 38 days of steroid treatment. On day 40 blood was collected for radioimmunoassay of plasma LH. At least 89% of the males treated with T, A, or EB and 55% of those treated with DHT displayed ejaculatory behavior whereas none of the oil-treated males showed male copulatory behavior. Only estrogen-treated males displayed lordosis behavior. T and to a lesser extent A treatment reduced high levels of plasma LH; however, DHT and EB further reduced plasma LH to undectable levels. The relative potency of the steroid effect in stimulating accessory sex tissues followed the order: DHT > T > A > EB = oil. Significant dissociation was observed between the effects of these steroids on peripheral morphology, negative feedback, and mating behavior. These results indicate that masculine behavior is facilitated to the greatest extent, although not exclusively, by centrally acting aromatizable androgen or estrogen, whereas under the present conditions only estrogen stimulates feminine behavior.     

Estrogens before birth and development of sex-related reproductive traits in the female guinea pig

Influences of estrogens on the differentiation of psychosexual traits in the female guinea pig were studied. Pregnant animals were injected intramuscularly with either 1, 2, or 3.3 micrograms estradiol benzoate (EB) or with 1 or 3 micrograms diethylstilbestrol dipropionate (DESDP). Injections were started on the 29th day of pregnancy, given daily for 6 days, and continued every other day until parturition. Female offspring were evaluated for onset of puberty, ovarian function, and lordosis and mounting behavior in adulthood. Prenatal treatment with 3 micrograms DESDP caused delayed puberty, impaired ovarian function, reduced responsiveness of lordosis to EB and P in adulthood (defeminization), augmented mounting in the absence of hormones (masculinization), and reduced responsiveness of mounting to exogenous EB and P in adulthood (defeminization). Prenatal treatment with 1 microgram DESDP produced similar but less pronounced effects. Prenatal treatment with 3.3 micrograms EB also caused a delay in puberty. However, responsiveness of lordosis to EB and P in adulthood was enhanced by treatment with either 1 or 3.3 micrograms EB prenatally. Further, neither mounting in the absence of hormones nor mounting in response to EB and P in adulthood were affected in any measurable way by any prenatal treatment with EB. These results show that estrogens can have masculinizing and defeminizing effects on sexually dimorphic reproductive traits in guinea pigs. The failure of EB to duplicate or parallel the effects of DESDP is not completely understood at this time, but it may indicate that less of the active substance reaches the target tissues following maternal and placental metabolism of EB than of DESDP.     

Induction of male-typical aggression by androgens but not by estrogens in adult female mice

Ovariectomized adult CF-1 female mice were implanted with silastic capsules containing either testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), methyltrienolone (R1881), estradiol (E2), diethylstilbestrol (DES), or oil vehicle and were tested for aggressive behavior. The androgenic treatments (T, DHT, R1881) were highly effective in promoting male-like aggression while the estrogens (DES, E2) were completely ineffective. Subsequent receptor-binding studies confirmed assumptions about the specificity of DES, DHT, and R1881 binding to estrogen and androgen receptors in mouse hypothalamus.     

Hormonal control of sexual and scent marking behaviors of male gerbils in relation to the sexually dimorphic area of the hypothalamus

The sexual and scent marking behaviors of male gerbils are stimulated by testosterone (T) action in the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus. The sexually dimorphic area (SDA) in the posterior POA, which also responds to T, is implicated in this process. This research studied the sensitivities of mating, marking, and the SDA to T metabolites and other steroids. Experiment 1 focused on mating. Male gerbils were implanted at castration with 2-mm Silastic capsules containing T, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 19-nortestosterone (19-nor T), estradiol (E), or no hormone and were tested 3-7 weeks later. T, E, and 19-nor T maintained intromissions, but E-treated males rarely ejaculated. Controls and DHT-treated males stopped mounting. Experiment 2 compared the ability of these steroids to reinstate marking and mating using the same dose and a larger one (5 mm). Androstenedione, 19-hydroxytestosterone (19-OHT), and E plus DHT were studied as well. Volumes of the SDA and SDA pars compacta (SDApc) were also measured. Only T, 19-nor T, E, and E + DHT reinstated sexual behavior, but all steroids except 19-OHT stimulated marking. E and DHT synergized to elicit mating. For marking, they were no more effective together than alone. Steroid-treated males had larger SDAs than controls. Moreover, steroids that stimulated sexual activity produced larger SDAs than steroids that did not. SDA size correlated with copulatory rate, but not with copulatory efficiency. SDApc size correlated with copulatory efficiency, but not with copulatory rate. Like copulatory rate and efficiency, sizes of the SDA and SDApc did not correlate with each other.     

Behavioral demasculinization of female quail is induced by estrogens: studies with the new aromatase inhibitor, R76713.

The injection before Day 12 of incubation of estradiol benzoate (EB) into Japanese quail eggs produces a complete behavioral demasculinization of adult males that will hatch from these eggs. These males never show copulatory behavior even after administration of high levels of exogenous testosterone (T). It is usually assumed that such a demasculinization normally takes place in female embryos under the influence of endogenous estrogens but few experimental data are available to confirm the validity of this model. A series of four experiments was performed during which R76713, a triazole derivative that specifically inhibits aromatase (estrogen synthetase) activity, was injected into quail eggs at different stages of incubation to prevent the production of endogenous estrogens. The consequences of these embryonic treatments on the T-activated sexual behavior in adults were then quantified. When injected before Day 12 of incubation, R76713 completely blocked the behavioral demasculinization of females without affecting the behavior of the males. After a treatment with T, almost all R76713-treated females showed as adults a masculine copulatory behavior that was undistinguishable from the behavior of intact males. This effect was fully reversed by the injection in egg of EB demonstrating that the effects of R76713 were specifically due to the suppression of endogenous estrogens. Injection of R76713 during the late phase of the incubation (Day 12 or Day 15) only maintained weak copulatory behavior in females which confirmed that the behavioral demasculinization in quail takes place mainly though not exclusively during the early stages of ontogeny. In a last experiment, we combined an early R76713 treatment with an injection of EB either on Day 9 or on Day 14 of incubation. This showed that the sensitivity to differentiating effects of estrogens varies with age in a sexually differentiated manner. The EB injection on Day 9 demasculinized both male and female embryos. If this injection was delayed until Day 14, it was no longer effective in males but still caused a partial demasculinization of females. This demonstrates that even if females are not yet behaviorally demasculinized on Day 9 of incubation (suppression of aromatase activity at that age will maintain the behavior), their sensitivity to estrogens is already different from that of males.