太行山猕猴牙齿与颅长的相关性

对太行山猕猴牙齿有关变量做了测量,统计,并就其与颅骨长间的异速生长和相关程度进行了研究。结果表明,太行山猕猴牙齿具有明显的性别差异,雄性牙齿的变异程度在犬齿和中央门齿表现尤为突出。在线性型或面积方面,雄性牙齿的异速生长均快于雌性和雄＋雌,此与其生活史对策相适应,在雄性,雌性或雄＋雌,下颌齿变量与颅骨长的相关程度比上颌更为密切,与有关资料的比较表明,太行山猕猴与金丝猴之间的差异小于与菲氏叶猴之间的差异。     

中华山蝠牙齿的脱换模式

笔者于1997年对中华山蝠(Nyctalus velutinus)牙齿的脱换模式进行了研究。共观察幼蝠200只次。中华山蝠初生仔共有22枚乳齿,齿式为2.1.2.0/3.1.2.0,各乳齿略向舌侧倾斜,除乳前臼齿齿冠不分叉外,其余乳齿齿冠均分为三叶。4d龄开始换齿,31d龄左右脱换完毕。乳齿的脱落顺序是:上颌,PM2→PM1→C1→I1→I2;下颌,I1→PM2.I2→I3→PM1→C1;恒齿萌生的顺序为:上颌,M1→PM2.C1→M2→PM1.M3→I1→I2,下颌,M1→I1.PM2→I2.M2→I3.PM1→C1→M3。     

金丝猴牙齿与体重间的相关性研究

对金丝猴牙齿与体重间关系的研究结果表明,在雄性中,无论是线性还是面积与颅长之间的相关关系均较雌性的更为紧密。而且,随着体重的增加,雄性牙齿的近中远中长(M/D)也比雌性的增长较快。在上、下颌中,上颌牙齿与颅长的关系表现出更强的相联性。与其他灵长类相比较,金丝猴在取食和咀嚼过程中主要利用颊齿;大的个体具有大的犬齿及一定比例的臼齿面积和齿弓(牙合)面面积;上齿弓(牙合)面面积大于下齿弓(牙合)面面积。也就是说上齿弓提供了比下齿弓更大的咀嚼面积。金丝猴牙齿与体重间的关系位于猴类和人猿类之间,更接近于大猩猩(Gorilla)、疣猴(Colobus)和猕猴。     

成年太行山猕猴头骨变量相关性及比较研究

对 12例成年太行山猕猴头骨变量进行测量和统计学分析的结果表明 :在耳点间宽 (X6 )、上面宽(X10 )、左眶宽 (X15)、两眶宽 (X16 )、上颌齿槽弓长 (X2 1)等变量间存在显著的性别差异。相关性分析结果显示 ,下颌角度 (X34 )、枕骨大孔长 (X36 )、枕骨大孔宽 (X37)分别与其它变量间相关不显著 ;颅骨最大长(X1)、眉间点 -人字点长 (X2 )、中眶间宽 (X13)分别与其它变量间相关性少数达到显著或极显著 ;其余头骨变量间相关性绝大多数都达到显著或极显著水平。与湘鄂、闽粤猕猴颅骨有关变量相比 ,有显著的不同。三个猕猴种群的聚类分析结果显示 ,湘鄂、闽粤猕猴种群间的生物学距离相对较近 ,而太行山猕猴与二种群间的距离均较远。     

河北阳原姜家梁新石器时代人类牙齿形态特征的观察与研究

本文应用牙齿人类学的研究方法,对出自河北阳原姜家梁遗址的新石器时代居民的牙齿形态特征进行了研究。采用“亚利桑那州立大学牙齿人类学系统”进行牙齿形态观察,应用“平均差异度”(MMD)距离公式计算出姜家梁组与其他各对比组的MMD距离系数以估计群体间的相似程度,并根据MMD矩阵对18组人群进行聚类分析和因子分析。本文研究结果表明,姜家梁居民的牙齿形态特征属于中国型牙(Sinodonty),但自身又具有某些独特的特征,如铲形上颌中央门齿和单根上颌第一前臼齿等特征的出现率很高。综合来看,姜家梁组在铲形上颌中央门齿、双铲形上颌中央门齿、单根上颌第一前臼齿和第一臼齿转向皱纹这4项性状上具有很高的出现率;上颌第一臼齿釉质延伸、上颌第三臼齿退化、三根下颌第一臼齿和下颌第二臼齿四尖这四项性状出现率处于中等水平。与同时代的下王岗组和庙子沟组比较而言,姜家梁组与庙子沟组的关系更为密切,有研究表明姜家梁组居民与庙子沟组居民具有较为相近的头骨形态特征,本文研究结果表明两者具有较为接近的牙齿形态特征,这说明在体质特征上相近的人群在头骨形态特征和牙齿形态特征方面的表现可能较为一致,但只通过这两个对比组的比较结果而下此结论还为时过早,尚有待于积累更多的同类型族群的相关牙齿人类学资料验证之。     

新疆维吾尔族牙齿形态特征及其与EDARV370．4相关性的研究

牙齿是古代样本中最易保存下来的材料之一,因此在人类学研究中具有极为重要的价值．通过比较牙齿形态特征在群体中的频率,可揭示群体间的进化关系;而在个体层面上的遗传学研究,则可进一步揭示牙齿特征的形成机制和进化意义．本研究通过分析中国新疆维吾尔族242个个体的38项牙齿形态特征,首先确认了新疆维吾尔族的牙齿形态特征表现为欧洲群体与东亚群体的混合性状,其混合程度与群体遗传学研究结果一致．其次,通过对各项牙齿形态特征进行两两相关分析,在相关性矩阵中发现3个主要表型模块,各模块分别代表相关性较高的牙齿形态特征．其中,铲形门齿、双铲形门齿及上颌犬齿近中嵴组成了一个主要模块．最后,本研究发现遗传变异EDARV370A与上述表型模块中的牙齿形态特征均呈显著相关．对该表型模块提取复合表型因子后,EDARV370A与该复合表型因子具有显著的关联性,并可以解释18％的表型变异度．说明同一遗传因素同时影响了多项牙齿形态特征．本研究结果进一步证实了3万年前在东亚出现的遗传变异EDARV370A是产生铲形门齿这一特征的重要因素．说明东亚现代人群所具有的铲形门齿特征可能是更新世晚期以后进化的产物．     

版纳鱼螈牙齿的形态及发育

对我国特有的濒危珍稀两栖动物版纳鱼螈(Ichthyophis bannanicus)牙齿的形态及其发育进行了研究.结果表明,版纳鱼螈牙齿发生于口腔上皮的底层细胞.一颗完整的牙齿由齿冠、纤维环和肉茎三部分构成,为同型钉状双尖齿.牙齿在上、下颌均排列成两排,每个齿位着生1～2颗牙齿.齿位数和齿数通常上颌齿多于下颌齿,上颌舌侧齿多于唇侧齿,下颌唇侧齿多于舌侧齿.随着个体的生长发育,齿位数和齿数会在颌后部增加.亚成体和成体有大量换齿或脱齿现象.牙齿从着生稀疏、功能齿和替换齿夹杂着生趋向功能齿密集整齐着生.同时,将此研究结果与其他蚓螈类进行了比较和分析.     

湖北郧西黄龙洞更新世晚期人类牙齿磨耗与使用痕迹

对2004—2006年在黄龙洞发现的7枚人类牙齿磨耗与使用痕迹的观察显示: 除具有正常牙齿相互接触造成的磨耗外, 黄龙洞人类牙齿还呈现出一些特殊的使用痕迹, 包括明显的前部牙齿釉质破损与崩裂、上颌侧门齿齿冠唇面釉质破损、上颌前部牙齿齿间邻接面沟等。根据这些牙齿使用痕迹集中在前部牙齿, 釉质破损与崩裂主要分布在靠近切缘的上颌门齿唇面及下颌门齿舌面的情况, 推测生活在黄龙洞的更新世晚期人类经常使用前部牙齿从事啃咬、叼衔、或剥离等动作, 并可能将前部牙齿作为工具使用。分布在前部牙齿的齿间邻接面沟提示当时人类经常从事剔牙活动。黄龙洞人类前部牙齿的使用痕迹与当时人类获取、处理及食用附着在骨骼上的筋或肉的动作密切相关, 当时人类的食物构成中可能包含有较多的肉类及粗纤维植物。     

华南人颅骨上、下颌臼齿磨耗与年龄变化的关系

本文以华南人103例17—73岁男性颅骨的709个臼齿为材料,研究了上下颌臼齿磨耗度与年龄的关系。将磨耗度分为九级,统计分析结果表明,华南人臼齿的磨耗度与年龄关系是密切相关的,这种相关关系,能够作为估计华南人颅骨年龄的标准。第一臼齿与第二臼齿的磨耗平均年龄比率是M1∶M2=6∶6.9;磨耗度与年龄的相关系数M1为0.91,M2为0.90,均为高度相关。并得出磨耗度的平均年龄及95％置信区间(见表3)。华南人下颌臼齿的磨耗比上颌臼齿的磨耗稍大(61.5％)。     

步氏巨猿牙齿大小上的变异性和南方古猿类食性假说

步氏巨猿牙齿大小上的变异性表明,在柳城巨猿洞局部地区的堆积中可能有少量时代稍晚的巨猿牙齿标本。晚期步氏巨猿与早期的相比,后部齿显著增大而前部齿则无显著差异。从步氏巨猿牙齿在大小上的演化趋势来看,南非南方古猿类中的纤细类与粗壮类之间在齿列比例上的不同不一定意味着其食性上有大的差异,纤细类与粗壮类也未必有“属”这一分类级别上的差异。     

Allometric relations of teeth and jaws in man

Static adult intraspecific allometry of jaws and teeth was investigated in a sample of 100 Negro crania. The relations between tooth area, postcanine surface, incisor surface, and four viscerocranial measures were examined separately for males and females. Our results indicate a marked lack of morphological integration between P-sets within the orofacial subregion and a similar lack of correspondence between jaw size and tooth size. Allometric analyses indicate that mandibular length scales negatively allometric to maxilloalveolar length and to bigonial width, that canine base area scales positively to upper and lower jaw length, and that all the other teeth scale negatively to jaw length. The postcanine surface area was found to be negatively allometric to the canine base area, which in turn scaled isometrically to incisor surface. Hence, any lengthening of the mandible will tend to be associated with a relative shortening of the maxilla, with relatively larger canines and a relative reduction of the cheek teeth.     

Correlation of tooth size and body size in living hominoid primates, with a note on relative brain size in Aegyptopithecus and Proconsul.

Second molar length and body weight are used to test the correlation between tooth size and body size in living Hominoidea. These variates are highly correlated (r= 0.942, p less than 0.001), indicating that tooth size can be used in dentally unspecialized fossil hominoids as one method of predicting the average body weight of species. Based on tooth size, the average body weight of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis is estimated to have been beteen 4.5 and 7.5 kg, which is corroborated by known cranial and postcranial elements. Using Radinsky's estimates of brain size, the encephalization quotient (EQ) for Aegyptopithecus was between 0.65 and 1.04. A similar analysis for Proconsul africanus yields a body weight between 16 and 34 kg, and an EQ between 1.19 and 1.96.     

Asymmetric vault modification in Hopi crania

Cradleboarding was practiced by numerous prehistoric and historic populations, including the Hopi. In this group, one result of cra-dleboarding was bilateral or asymmetric flattening of the posterior occipital. We test whether cradleboarding had significant effects on the morphology of the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. Additionally, we examine associations between direction of flattening and asymmetric craniofacial growth. A skeletal sample of Hopi from the Old Walpi site includes both nonmodified (N = 43) and modified individuals (N = 39). Three-dimensional coordinates of 53 landmarks were obtained using a diagraph. Thirty-six landmarks were used to define nine finite elements in the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. Finite element scaling was used to compare average nonmodified individuals, with averages of bilaterally, right, and left modified individuals. The significance of variation among “treatment” groups was evaluated using a bootstrap test. Pearson product-moment correlations test the association of asymmetry with direction of modification. Hopi cradleboarding has a significant effect on growth of the cranial vault, but does not affect morphology of the cranial base or face. Bilateral flattening of the cranial vault leads to decreased length and increased width of the cranial vault. Flattening of the right or left cranial vault results in ipsilaterally decreased length and width coupled with a corresponding increased length and width on the contralateral side of the cranial vault. There is a significant correlation of size asymmetry with direction of modification in the cranial vault, but not with size or shape change in the cranial base or face. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

云南禄丰晚中新世的长臂猿类化石

本文记述的是在禄丰腊玛古猿化石产地发现的长臂猿类化石,它是一种与上猿较为相似而又具有一些进步性质的长臂猿类。它的发现从根本上改变了晚中新世此类化石记录稀少的状况,使我们对这一时期的长臂猿类有了新的认识;同时,对现生长臂猿起源的研究提供了较为充分的化石依据。鉴于它的形态特征和地史分布,作者把它订为一新属新种Laccopithecusrobussus gen.et sp.nov.     

囟土白蚁蚁后卵巢管数量、蚁巢体积与蚁群中各蚁型数量的相关性

囟土白蚁Odontotermes fontanellus Kemner是安徽为害林木、水库堤坝的主要蚁种。研究结果表明:1.在一定的巢龄范围内,随着蚁后身体增长,卵巢管数量增多,一侧的卵巢管最多可达3726条。2.蚁后体长与工蚁数、兵蚁数、幼蚁数、整巢蚁数之间成幂函数关系。3.卵巢管数与蚁后体长、工蚁数、兵蚁数、幼蚁数、整巢蚁数之间成幂函数关系,4,蚁巢体积(y)与蚁后体长(X_2)、兵蚁数(X_4)、的关系式为:y=6.687e~(0.0566)X_2+0.6741X_4     

现代华南人恒齿测量和齿尖形态观察研究

作者测量和观察了现代华南人1963个恒牙。结果表明,铲形上内侧门齿的出现率为91.8％;卡氏尖在M1中的出现率为23.8％,在M2中的出现率为1.6％。     

南京汤山驼子洞的马科化石及其意义

200 0年在南京汤山葫芦洞直立人地点附近的驼子洞堆积中发现了又一处哺乳动物化石点。其中的马科化石有两种 :黄河马Equushuanghoensis和中国 (长鼻 )三趾马Hipparion(Proboscidipparion)sinense。这是自 1 95 9年发现黄河马化石以来首次发现黄河马的颅骨和完整的颊齿列标本。这两种马的同时出现说明含驼子洞动物群的堆积形成于早更新世。因此驼子洞堆积的发现是江宁地区下更新统的首次记录。驼子洞的黄河马和长鼻三趾马均为这两类马在秦岭淮河以南的首次记录 ,并反映了在早更新世曾发生过北方动物群跨越长江的南迁事件。     

Geography of sexual dimorphism in the tooth size of the red fox Vulpes vulpes (Mammalia, Carnivora)

Geographic variation in sexual dimorphism of tooth size was assessed for the red fox Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) across the whole northern range of the species. Twenty-one measurements of tooth size and skull length were taken from 2849 specimens (1577 males and 1272 females) originating from 12 Nearctic and 25 Palearctic localities. The index of sexual dimorphism was calculated as a quotient of the mean measure of certain characters in males by the respective mean in females ( M _m/ M _f). In the whole range, the males were larger than females and mean dimorphism index of tooth size ranged from 1.01 to 1.06. On average, the tooth measurements in males were 3.6% larger than in females. The highest dimorphism was observed in the canines. Dimorphism of tooth size was higher in the Palearctic than Nearctic. Statistically significant differences between regions were found for lengths of C¹, C₁ and M₁. In the Palearctic, higher values of the dimorphism indices were observed particularly in the southern parts of the Eurasian range of the red fox and in Great Britain. For a few metrical traits, sexual dimorphism indices presented significant relations to some geo-climatic variables. The geographic pattern of size dimorphism in the red fox seems to be shaped by sexual selection, intraspecific and interspecific competition and population density.     

Ursavus在中国的首次发现——并记禄丰古猿化石产地的其他熊类标本

本文记述的是1981年在禄丰古猿化石产地发掘中发现的熊类标本,共有二属二种和一种暂不能确定属、种的类型。其中祖熊(Ursavus)过去只见于欧洲、北美和西亚的中新世地层,在我国还是首次发现。禄丰的标本,就其大小和特征可归于Ursavus depereti;印度熊(Indarctos)过去在我国发现过两个种:中国印度熊(I.sinensis)和拉氏印度熊(I.lagrelli),禄丰的标本为前一个种;第三类型与Protursus和Ursus都有相似之处,但又有区别,鉴于材料不足,暂不订属和种。