七种杀虫剂对小麦吸浆虫和麦蚜防治效果研究

【目的】明确25%吡蚜酮SC、3%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐ME、25%噻虫嗪WG、14%氯虫·高氯氟ZC、15%高氯·毒死蜱EC、2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EW和40%毒死蜱EC 7种杀虫剂对小麦吸浆虫和蚜虫的防治效果,为科学、合理用药防治小麦害虫提供参考。【方法】采用喷雾法和剥穗调查法,研究它们对小麦吸浆虫成虫和麦蚜的防效,及防后对小麦吸浆虫幼虫危害损失的影响。【结果】参试药剂药后1 d对小麦吸浆虫成虫防效均高于90%,药后3~5 d防效为84.81%~93.93%,防后挽回损失76%以上;对麦蚜药后1、3、5 d防效分别高于75%、80%和85%。在供试的7种药剂中,15%高氯·毒死蜱EC药后3~5 d对两种害虫防效、挽回吸浆虫危害均超过90%,应用效果最好;其次为25%噻虫嗪WG和40%毒死蜱EC,药后3~5 d对吸浆虫防效高于90%、对麦蚜防效分别高于86%和90%,挽回吸浆虫危害损失88%以上。【结论】供试药剂对小麦吸浆虫和麦蚜防效存在显著差异,15%高氯·毒死蜱EC对两种害虫防治效果最好。     

三种酰胺类新农药对水稻孕穗期稻纵卷叶螟的防效试验

单季杂交晚稻孕穗期稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée发生不整齐,为害重,在主治药剂氟虫腈即将禁用之际,急需防治高龄幼虫的长效药剂,酰胺类农药是满足这一条件的新一代农药。3种酰胺类农药试验结果,在单季稻孕穗期防治稻纵卷叶螟,20%氟虫双酰胺(WDG)150g/hm2处理速效性与持效性表现最好,药后3d防效达90.3%,药后15d防效高达96.2%;20%氯虫苯甲酰胺(SC)150mL/hm2处理速效性略低于氟虫双酰胺,持效接近,药后3d、15d防效分别达75.2%、91.2%;40%氯虫·噻虫嗪(WDG)120mL/hm2处理速效介于氟虫双酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺之间,持效略低于前二者,药后3d、15d防效分别为83.2%、88.3%。对照药剂5%氟虫腈(SC)750mL/hm2和90%杀虫单3000g/hm2处理药后3d、15d的防效均低于上述3种酰胺类新药剂。保叶效果以氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫双酰胺处理最高,药后15d保叶率分别为83.6%和85.0%,二者无显著差异,其次为氯虫·噻虫嗪处理为59.6%,3种酰胺类新药剂保叶效果均显著高于对照药剂氟虫腈和杀虫单。结果表明,3种酰胺类农药孕穗期防治稻纵卷叶螟的药效、持效性和保叶效果均高于当前主治药剂氟虫腈、杀虫单,可在生产上推广应用。     

杀虫剂对稻纵卷叶螟的室内毒力及田间药效

分别测定了8种杀虫剂对稻纵卷叶螟的室内毒力及田间防效,结果表明:8种杀虫剂对稻纵卷叶螟的LC50为0.671-10171.07mg.L-1,毒力由高到低的顺序为:甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐>阿维菌素(B1)>氟虫腈>氟铃脲>丙溴磷>毒死蜱>三唑磷>杀虫单。甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素(B1)、氟虫腈、氟铃脲对稻纵卷叶螟的毒力分别为杀虫单的15180.7、5619.3、1611.9、997.2倍。在推荐剂量下,氟虫腈、丙溴磷、毒死蜱对稻纵卷叶螟防治效果较好,防效分别达86.11%、84.73%、83.37%。     

几种杀虫剂防治荔枝蝽的应用效果及其评价

为了筛选出对荔枝蝽Tessaratoma papillosa高效低毒低投入的药剂,在室内采用喷雾法初步测定了16种常用杀虫剂对荔枝蝽成虫的活性,进一步测定了辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈等3种药剂对荔枝蝽成虫、1龄若虫和2龄若虫的室内毒力,并开展了3种杀虫剂对荔枝蝽的田间防效试验。室内毒力结果表明：甲氰菊酯、杀虫双、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、哒螨灵、茚虫威、虫螨腈、多杀霉素、乙基多杀霉素、灭蝇胺、异丙威等11种药剂对荔枝蝽成虫活性较低,辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈对荔枝蝽有较高的杀虫活性,3种药剂对成虫72 h后的LC50分别为102.32、226.88和207.59 mg/L,对1龄若虫分别为42.41、120.90和87.59 mg/L,对2龄若虫分别为62.65、180.20和148.75 mg/L。在田间防效试验中,辛硫磷对荔枝蝽成虫药后1 d的防效高达82.46%;氟啶虫胺腈对荔枝蝽成虫药后1 d防效达89.23%,药后7 d防效维持在85.03%;丁醚脲对荔枝蝽成虫的最高防效为71.63%,与高效氯氟氰菊酯的防效相当。辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈的防效投入比分别为9.68、36.25和176.41。辛硫磷投入低、速效性好且光解快,可作为防治荔枝蝽的应急药剂使用,氟啶虫胺腈和丁醚脲防效较好,但投入高,可作为对荔枝蝽有重要潜在研究价值的药剂。     

四氯虫酰胺玉米全株喷雾和喇叭口点施防治草地贪夜蛾的药效评价

评价四氯虫酰胺玉米全株喷雾和喇叭口点施处理对草地贪夜蛾的活性与防效,为草地贪夜蛾综合防控提供技术支持。采用叶片喷雾法,测定了对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫毒力;以40%辛硫磷乳油为对照药剂,采用喷雾和喇叭口点施两种方式田间施用10%四氯虫酰胺悬浮剂,药前1 d和药后1 d、3 d、7 d,调查挂牌标记玉米上草地贪夜蛾活虫数,计算防治效果。结果表明:四氯虫酰胺对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫具有良好的毒力;10%四氯虫酰胺悬浮剂制剂用量600 g/hm 2喷雾处理后1 d、3 d、7 d对草地贪夜蛾的防效分别为75.90%、91.91%和92.02%,制剂用量300 g/hm 2喇叭口点施处理后1 d、3 d、7 d对草地贪夜蛾的防效分别为82.28%、89.52%和91.23%,40%辛硫磷乳油制剂用量1500 g/hm 2处理,两种施药方式防效均不佳。四氯虫酰胺对草地贪夜蛾具有良好的防治效果,喇叭口点施方式节省药剂可达50%以上,在防治草地贪夜蛾等害虫方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

柿日本蜡蚧发生规律及常用药剂防治效果比较

【目的】日本蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green是柿树(Diospyros kaki L.f.)上的重要害虫,该论文目的是明确柿日本蜡蚧Persimmon ceroplastes japonicus在云南省玉溪市的发生规律,筛选出有效药剂。【方法】依据本地的物候规律系统调查日本蜡蚧的发生情况,采用随机区组设计筛选有效药剂。【结果】日本蜡蚧在云南省玉溪市1年发生1代,以受精雌成虫在1~2年生枝条上越冬,翌年2月初,气温稳定在6℃以上开始发育,3月上旬开始产卵,3月下旬孵化,5月上旬—6月上旬为孵化盛期,7月上旬雌虫陆续由叶转到枝上固着危害,至秋后开始进入越冬期。用48%毒死蜱(480g/L EC)5 000倍液、24%螺虫乙酯(240g/L SL)2 500倍液、2.5%高效氯氰菊酯(EC)2 500倍液、40%杀扑磷(EC)1 000倍液、25%噻虫嗪(WG)8 000倍液、20%阿维菌素·毒死蜱(ME)(阿维菌素0.2%和毒死蜱19.8%)2 000倍液和90%敌百虫原药1 000倍液,喷雾时添加2 500倍液有机硅喷雾助剂。田间防治试验表明:施药后5 d,2.5%高效氯氰菊酯和40%杀扑磷防效分别为93.7%和91.9%,均显著高于其余5种药剂的防效;施药后10 d,24%螺虫乙酯和20%阿维菌素·毒死蜱的防效分别为96.2%和92.9%,均显著高于2.5%高效氯氰菊酯、40%杀扑磷和90%敌百虫原药的防效;施药后20 d 48%毒死蜱、24%螺虫乙酯、25%噻虫嗪和20%阿维菌素·毒死蜱的防效分别为85.2%、96.6%、83.3%和93.7%,均显著高于2.5%高效氯氰菊酯、40%杀扑磷和90%敌百虫原药的防效。【结论】日本蜡蚧在云南省玉溪市一年发生1代。高效氯氰菊酯和杀扑磷具有较好的速效性,螺虫乙酯和阿维菌素·毒死蜱混剂持效性较好。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对草地贪夜蛾的毒力及田间防效

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith)是威胁粮食安全的重要害虫,本文测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺对草地贪夜蛾的室内毒力及田间防效,从中筛选出高效的施药方法和施药剂量,为当前草地贪夜蛾防治提供合理用药的参考。结果表明,在室内条件下,使用氯虫苯甲酰胺直接喷雾处理对草地贪夜蛾3龄和4龄幼虫毒力最高,LC_(50)值分别为0.42 mg/L和0.57 mg/L,使用0.5 mg/L 20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂对草地贪夜蛾幼虫毒力较高,在处理后第5天均有超过90%的死亡率。在田间条件下使用氯虫苯甲酰胺对草地贪夜蛾幼虫有较好的防效,使用60.0 g.a.i./ha 0.4%氯虫苯甲酰胺颗粒剂喇叭口点施防治低龄幼虫防效较好,药后第1天、第3天和第7天低龄幼虫(1～3龄)的防效分别为90.3%、100%和100%,使用22.5 g.a.i./ha 20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂喇叭口喷雾防治高龄幼虫(4～6龄)的防效较好,药后第1天、第3天和第7天高龄幼虫的防效分别为71.7%、84.5%和95.3%。     

杀虫单、氟虫腈及其混剂对二化螟的防治效果

20 0 0～ 2 0 0 1年在安徽省庐江县进行了 2次药剂及剂量对二化螟的防治和保苗效果试验。试验1表明 ,40 %氟虫腈·杀虫单WP 42 0g(每hm2 有效成分用量 )处理的虫口减退率为 94 7% ,与 5 40g,660g及 5 %氟虫腈 (锐劲特 )SC 3 0g处理相差不大。试验 2表明 ,3 0 %杀虫单·氟虫腈WP 2 70g喷雾即可达到96 2 %的防效 ,接近 3 60g和 5 %氟虫腈SC 2 2 5g的效果。 2次试验中各处理的保苗效果与虫口减退率基本一致。比较药剂成本 ,可见这 2种新型复配剂对二化螟具有良好的防治和保苗效果 ,且上述剂量是经济高效的。     

3种拟除虫菊酯类农药对草地贪夜蛾的毒力测定及田间应用效果评价

评价使用氟氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯喷雾和喇叭口点施处理对草地贪夜蛾的活性与防效,为草地贪夜蛾综合防控提供技术支持。采用喷雾法测定了3种农药原药对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫毒力;采用喷雾和喇叭口点施2种方式田间施用5.7%氟氯氰菊酯乳油、25 g/L溴氰菊酯乳油、5.0%高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油,药后第1天、第3天、第7天调查挂牌标记玉米上草地贪夜蛾活虫数,计算防治效果。3种拟除虫菊酯农药对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫LC 50值大小顺序依次为氟氯氰菊酯(29.80 mg/L)<高效氯氟氰菊酯(42.39 mg/L)<溴氰菊酯(49.88 mg/L);3种拟除虫菊酯类农药在54.00 g a.i./ha剂量下均能明显降低草地贪夜蛾田间虫口数量,同等剂量防效氟氯氰菊酯乳油>高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油>溴氰菊酯微乳剂。由于草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫和高龄幼虫取食部位有差异,喷雾法防治低龄幼虫的效果好,喇叭口点施防治高龄幼虫的效果好。拟除虫菊酯类农药对草地贪夜蛾具有较好的防治效果,喇叭口点施方式节省药剂、提高对高龄幼虫的防效,在防治草地贪夜蛾等害虫方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

药剂防治稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的田间效果

为了筛选替代甲胺磷防治稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocismedinalis幼虫的药剂 ,对毒死蜱及其混配剂、氟虫腈 (锐劲特 )及其混配剂等 1 0多种农药进行了防治试验。试验结果表明 ,3 5 %纵卷清 (毒死蜱与乙酰甲胺磷 )可湿性粉剂、3 5 %毒斯威乳油、毒死蜱与敌敌畏混配剂以及高剂量的氟虫腈及其混配剂3 6%雄斯等药剂防治稻纵卷叶螟中高龄幼虫都有较显著的防治效果。 3 5 %纵卷清 80g 667m2 、3 5 %毒斯威 80mL 667m2 等药剂已在生产中大面积应用。在纵卷叶螟发生量大、虫龄偏高情况下 ,应适当增加用药量。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418