滇鼠刺花的形态发生（鼠刺科）

在扫描电镜下 ,观察了滇鼠刺 (IteayunnanensisFranch .)花的形态发生。花 3朵一束 ,排成总状花序。花器官为轮状结构 ,向心发生 ;花萼以 2 /5螺旋式相继发生 ,5个花瓣原基几乎同步地在花萼内侧与其互生的位置发生。雄蕊单轮对萼。当雄蕊发生后 ,花顶中心的分生组织开始凹陷 ,成为浅锅状 ;在其周围出现一个环状的分生组织 ,随之 ,2心皮原基产生 ,进而发育为马蹄形。初期的心皮相互分离 ,随着进一步发育 ,心皮内卷 ,彼此靠近、紧贴 ,逐渐于腹面合生 ,形成 2室的中轴胎座 ;花柱的腹维管束通过薄壁组织连通 ;花期柱头融合 ,因此该种为合生心皮。对鼠刺属 (Itea)及相关类群花发育性状和花结构进行了比较 ,支持把鼠刺属提升为鼠刺科 (Iteaceae)的观点。     

Floral Ontogenetic Evidence in Support of the Willdenowia Clade of South African Restionaceae

Willdenowia clade of Restionaceae was studied to understand patterns of reduction of floral elements and sample evidence for discussing the relationships of the group. All species studied are characterized by a concordant reductive trend involving the retardation/reduction of the perianth, the loss of the anterior carpel and the displacement of the remaining carpels, linked with a strongly compressed spikelet. Different modes of carpel reduction, such as a progressive or immediate loss, or fusion of two neighboring carpels, are presented and discussed. The most parsimonious event of gynoecium evolution for the Willdenowia clade is either the sterilization of two carpels in an originally trimerous gynoecium, followed by the loss of the anterior carpel, or the sudden loss of the anterior carpel, preceeding the sterilization of one lateral carpel. The concordant development of the taxa of the Willdenowia clade supports a one-time loss of a carpel and the homogeneity of the clade. Received 12 March 2001/ Accepted in revised form 29 May 2001     

Vicariance, climate change, anatomy and phylogeny of Restionaceae

Cutler suggested almost 30 years ago that there was convergent evolution between African and Australian Restionaceae in the distinctive culm anatomical features of Restionaceae. This was based on his interpretation of the homologies of the anatomical features, and these are here tested against a 'supertrec' phylogeny, based on three separate phvlogenies. The first is based on morphology and includes all genera; the other two are based on molecular sequences from the chloroplast genome-, one covers the African genera, and the other tin-Australian genera. This analysis corroborates Cutler's interpretation of convergent evolution between African and Australian Restionaceae. However, it indicates that for the Australian genera, the evolutionary pathway of the culm anatomy is much more complex than originally thought. In the most likely scenario, the ancestral Restionaceae have protective cells derived from the chlorenchyma. These persist in African Restionaceae, but are soon lost in Australian Restionaceae. Pillar cells and sclerenchyma ribs evolve early in the diversification of Australian Restionaceae, but are secondarily lost numerous times. In some of the reduction cases, the result is a very simple culm anatomy, which Cutler had interpreted as a primitively simple culm type, while in other cases it appears as if the functions of the ribs and pillars may have been taken over by a new structure, protective cells developed from epidermal, rather than chlorenchyma, cells. Cutler suggested that this convergent evolution might have been in response to Tertiary climatic deterioration, but this study finds no strong corroborating evidence for this.     

Structure,ultrastructure, and histochemistry of the pollen tube pathway in the milkweed Asclepias exaltata L.

The structure of the gynoecium and pollen tube pathway in unpollinated and pollinated carpels of Asclepias exaltata L. has been characterized. Pollen tubes penetrate a dry-type stigma, grow intercellularly in a core of solid tissue in the upper style, and subsequently traverse a hollow stylar canal to the ovary where they grow across the placental epithelium to the ovule micropyles. The fine structural characteristics of transmitting cells of the solid style, stylar canal, and placental epithelium indicate a secretory function. Extracellular secretions staining positively for proteins, insoluble carbohydrates, and arabinogalactans/arabinogalactan proteins are present in the solid style, hollow stylar canal, ovary, and micropyle. Micropylar exudate is present subtending the extended cuticle of the embryo sac adjacent to the filiform apparatus of the synergids, providing ultrastructural evidence for a secretion arising from the angiosperm embryo sac.     

Restionaceae seedlings: Morphology,anatomy and systematic implications

Restionaceae differ from most monocot families in having both epigeal and hypogeal germination. The green cotyledons associated with epigeal germination have a central vascular strand as found in most epigeal monocotyledons. In some genera the cotyledon may have a hairpin‐like structure, also described for Anthericaceae. The cotyledon of the hypogeal seedlings is short, without green pigment and largely remains embedded in the seed coat. Hypogeal germination is correlated with large, woody, indehiscent, frequently myrmecochorous nuts, while epigeal germination is found in species with smaller indehiscent nutlets or seeds, dispersed in a variety of ways. The primitive condition is most likely epigeal germination. In hypogeal seedlings of some African and Australian taxa an epicotyledonary rhizome is found between the primary root and the first leaves. Seedlings of African Restionaceae frequently have elongated culm internodes, whereas in the Australian species studied, internodes are very short, resulting in a cluster of seedling leaves. The leaf blades, which in most species are only found on the seedlings, are very simple anatomically. However, they appear to be unifacial, similar to the leaf blades of Anarthria (Anarthriaceae). The anatomical specialisations in the blades mirror those recorded for the culm anatomy. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that Centrolepidaceae may be neotonous Restionaceae. They also corroborate the morphology of the African Restionaceae, and the presently accepted phylogeny of the African genera of Restionaceae.     

兰花蕉花的形态解剖学

兰花蕉（Orchidantha chinensis)的子房室顶部闭合后向上延长成延长部,实心,但有花柱沟和隔膜蜜腺管通过,隔膜蜜腺管,可分为中央蜜腺管和三条侧蜜腺管;中央蜜腺管位于三个心皮连接处,自子房室区下部产生,向上于延长部的部顶端终止;三条侧管分别位于两个心皮连接处,于子房室区近中部产生,开口于花柱基部。兰花蕉子房室区与延长部均具6枚雄蕊的维管束系统,即3枚心皮背束的伴束与3枚隔膜束,近轴面1枚事膜向上进入唇瓣的维管束系统,位于唇瓣的中央,致使兰花蕉仅具5枚功能雄蕊,唇瓣具双重结构,本文还讨论了兰花蕉科的系统发育位置。     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Iphigenieae

The pistil in the flowers of the Iphigenieae (Camptorrhiza, Iphigenia, Omithoglossum) is usually tricarpellate. The carpels are coherent generally, with closed sutures and seemingly bitegmic ovules. Camptorrhiza differs from the others in having a single compound style. The pistils of most species of these genera have a common vascular structure: three dorsal bundles which run into the style(s), a number of lateral bundles, six placental bundles, and up to three compound septal bundles. The latter nine bundles usually differentiate from a central vascular plexus above the base of the locules. There may be fewer than three septal bundles in some specieS. When present, the septal bundles usually die out in the ovuliferous region, but in some cases they persist to the apex of the locules.     

Anatomical studies on Sinofranchetia chinensis (Lardizabalaceae) and their systematic significance

The anatomical structures of the Chinese endemic and monotypic genus Sinofranchetia (Lardizabalaceae) are described. There are reticulate, simple-reticulate, scalariform, simple-scalariform and simple perforations in vessel elements as well as in the fibres in the secondary wood of the roots and the stems. The node is trilacunar. The vascular bundles in the petiole are arranged in a ring. Clustered crystals occur in the parenchymatous cells of stems, petioles and pedicles. Leaf stomata are actinocytic. The nodes of sepals, petals and stamens both in male and female flowers are unilacunar and one-traced. There are three sterile carpels with two to three traces in the male flowers, three fertile carpels with two to three traces, and sometimes three sterile carpels lacking a vascular supply. In morphology, the anther dehiscence mechanism and pollen in the female flowers are the same as in the male flowers, such that the so-called female flowers might be bisexual in morphology. In comparing morphology, the sex of the flowers and the perforations of the vessel elements in Sinofranchetia with Decaisnea and other genera of the Lardizabalaceae, Sinofranchetia is considered a basic group at least as the same evolutionary level in the family as Decaisnea . © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 149 , 271–281.     

FLORAL ANATOMY IN THE SAXIFRAGACEAE SENSU LATO. II. SAXIFRAGOIDEAE AND ITEOIDEAE

The floral anatomy and morphology of 26 species from the Saxifragoideae and three from the Iteoideae are described and compared. The flowers of the Saxifragoideae are predominantly actinomorphic, partially epigynous and/or perigynous, and pentamerous, with two carpels which bear numerous ovules. There is usually some degree of independence between carpels, and the normally separate styles possess both a canal and transmitting tissue. Generally, staminodia are absent and nectariferous tissue, which is not vascularized, is present. The subfamily is characterized by large multicellular trichomes with globular, often glandular, heads. Placentation may be parietal, axile, or transitional between the two; parietal appears to be a derived condition in the subfamily. The vascular cylinder in the pedicel generally consists of several to many discrete bundles from which diverge ten compound traces at the base of the receptacle, leaving an inner cylinder of vascular strands that coalesce at a higher level into either as many ventral bundles as carpels or twice that number. In the former case, each ventral bundle consists of one-half of the vascular supply to each adjacent carpel and separates into individual ventral strands in the distal half of the ovary. The ventral bundles provide vascular traces to the ovules and, along with the dorsals, extend up the style to the stigma. Each trace diverging in a sepal plane typically supplies one or more carpel-wall bundles, a median sepal bundle, and a stamen bundle. Each petal-plane trace usually provides one or more carpel-wall bundles, a lateral trace to each adjacent sepal, a petal bundle and, in flowers with ten stamens, a stamen bundle. Dorsal carpel bundles are usually recognizable and may originate from traces in either perianth plane. While the position of Ribes remains problematical, its floral structure does not easily exclude it from the Saxifragoideae. Floral structure in the Iteoideae is remarkably similar to that in the Saxifragoideae, the main differences being a lesser degree of independence between carpels, generally narrower placentae with somewhat fewer ovules, and the presence of only unicellular, acutely pointed epidermal hairs as opposed to the relatively complex, multicellular trichomes prevalent in the Saxifragoideae.     

Role of ABA in stamen and pistil development in the normal and solanifolia mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Summary The role of abscisic acid (ABA) in stamen and pistil development of the normal and solanifolia (sf/sf) mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was analyzed. The solanifolia mutant produces flowers with separate floral organs, unlike the fused organs of normal flowers, and has greater number of carpels and locules per ovary than the normal. Applications of 10^–5 M ABA to normal floral buds produced flowers with separate stamens, but higher concentrations (10^–4 M ABA) resulted in the complete suppression of stamen growth or stamens that were devoid of anthers. ABA at both 10^–4 and 10^–5 M also induced an increase in the number of carpels and locules in normal flowers, but not in mutant ones. Analysis of endogenous ABA by a radioimmunoassay revealed that the pistils of mutant flowers contained a significantly higher level of ABA than those of normal flowers, but there was no difference in the ABA content of the stamens. The non-fusion of the stamens and the high number of carpels and locules in solanifolia mutant flowers may be explained by the high level of ABA in the floral apex during the initiation and development of carpels.     

Comparative floral structure and systematics in Ochnaceae s.l. (Ochnaceae,Quiinaceae and Medusagynaceae; Malpighiales)

Ochnaceae s.l. (Ochnaceae, Quiinaceae and Medusagynaceae), one of the well‐supported subclades of the large order Malpighiales retrieved so far in molecular phylogenetic studies, were comparatively studied with regard to floral structure using microtome section series and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Floral morphology, anatomy and histology also strongly reflect this close relationship. Potential synapomorphies of the subclade include: flowers nectarless, sepals of different sizes within a flower, petals not retarded in development and forming the protective organs of advanced floral buds, petal aestivation contort, petals with three vascular traces, petals reflexed over the sepals and directed toward the pedicel, polystemony, anthers almost or completely basifixed, gynoecium often with more than five carpels, short gynophore present, styles separate for at least their uppermost part and radiating outwards, suction‐cup‐shaped stigmas, vasculature forming a dorsal band of bundles in the upper stylar region, gynoecium epidermis with large, radially elongate cells, ovules either weakly crassinucellar or incompletely tenuinucellar with an endothelium, abundance of tanniferous tissues and sclerenchyma in floral organs. The most strongly supported subclade of two of the three families in molecular analyses, Quiinaceae and Medusagynaceae, is also particularly well supported by floral structural features, including the presence of functionally and morphologically unisexual flowers, a massive thecal septum that persists after anther dehiscence, styles radiating outward from the ovary, two lateral ovules per carpel, positioned one above the other, conspicuous longitudinal ribs on the ovary wall at anthesis, and a ‘false endothelium’ on the nucellus at anthesis. Additionally, the group fits well in Malpighiales and further emphasizes the relationship of Malpighiales with Celastrales and Oxalidales, and thus the unity of the COM clade. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 170 , 299–392.     

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE FLORAL VASCULATURE IN SAURURACEAE

The floral vascular systems are compared among all six taxa of Saururaceae, including the two species of Gymnotheca which have not been studied previously. All are zygomorphic (dorsiventrally symmetrical), not radial as sometimes reported, in conformity with dorsiventral symmetry during organogenesis. Apocarpy in the two species of Saururus (with four carpels and six free stamens) is accompanied by a vascular system of four sympodia, each of which supplies a dorsal carpellary bundle, two ventral carpellary bundles, and one or two stamen traces. The level at which the ventral bundles diverge is the major difference in vasculature between the two species. The other four taxa are all syncarpous, and share some degree of stamen adnation and/or connation. The vascular systems also show varying degrees of fusion. The two species of Gymnotheca (with four carpels and six stamens) are very similar to each other; in both, the ventral traces of adjacent carpels fuse to form a placental bundle, which supplies the ovules and then splits into a pair of ventral strands. The flowers of Houttuynia cordata (with only three carpels and three adnate stamens) are sessile. Each flower is vascularized by three sympodia; the median adaxial sympodium is longer than the other two sympodia before it diverges to supply the adaxial organs. Three placental bundles also are formed in Houttuynia, but the three bundles differ in their origin. The median abaxial placental bundle diverges at the same level as the three sympodial bundles of the flower, while the other two lateral placental bundles diverge at a higher level from the median adaxial sympodium. Anemopsis californica, with an inferior ovary of three carpels, sunken in the inflorescence axis, and six stamens adnate to the carpels, has a vascular system very similar to that of Houttuynia cordata. The modular theory of floral evolution is criticized, on the bases of the known behavior of apical meristems and properties of vascular systems. The hypothesis is supported that saururaceous plants may represent a line of angiosperms which diverged very early.     

Morphological studies on the genusClematis Linn

The basic pattern of the vascular supply to stamens and carpels in the flowers ofClematis is discussed on the basis of serial sections. The bundles of the receptacular stele show fairly regular fusions and divisions in relation to the origin of the vascular supply, giving off a single trace for each stamen or carpel. In many cases the trace arises by the trifurcation of the “fused bundle” and the subsequent departure of the median strand. This is the pattern basic to the structure of the receptacular stele of the genus. Although the basic pattern involves a variety of modifications, each of the diverging traces fundamentally leaves a single independent gap in the stele, contrary to the conclusion of previous authors. Similarities and differences between a group of stamens and carpels and that of sepals and foliage leaves are also discussed based on the results of the present and previous studies on the vascular anatomy of the floral receptacle and the inflorescence axis.     

POSTGENITAL CARPEL FUSION IN CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS (APOCYNACEAE). I. LIGHT AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF GYNOECIAL ONTOGENY

The detailed ontogeny of postgenital fusions within the gynoecium of Catharanthus roseus was investigated. The basal margins of the young carpel primordia infold and fuse together to seal shut the loculi. Independently, the opposing distal tips of the two carpels also unite, with the fusion region subsequently developing into the stigma, style, and a small distal region of the compound ovary. The basal ovary regions of the two opposing carpels remain unfused, thus leaving the tip fusion spatially restricted. In the region of contact, cells with distinctively epidermal features progressively lose their epidermal character after their participation in the fusion. In the fused stigma these former epidermal cells redifferentiate into transmitting and secretory tissues; in the fused style these cells undergo a tremendous expansion in length while forming stylar transmitting tissue; but in the compound ovary region corresponding cells experience little expansion or redifferentiation. It is concluded that the loss of epidermal features or the occurrence of periclinal cell divisions in the epidermis is a definitive indication that cells have fused postgenitally. However, studies with the transmission electron microscope are necessary to detect the first indications of a postgenital fusion. The compound ovary region within the gynoecium of C. roseus is a tissue appropriate for a high resolution ultrastructural study of the cytological events accompanying postgential tissue fusion because the fusion occurs quickly and little subsequent cell expansion takes place within this region.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Baeometra, Burchardia and Walleria

The pistils in Baeometra, Burchardia and Walleria ate tricarpellate, and their ovules are mostly bitegmic. Baeometra has free styles and deep septal invaginations between the carpels. Its pistil is innervated by three dorsal bundles, three compound septal bundles (each of which may divide into two simple septal bundles above), six placental bundles, and six adjoining auxiliary placental bundles. The pistil of Burchardia resembles that of Baeometra , except that there are six simple septal bundles throughout and no auxiliary placental bundles. In Walleria the wings of adjoining carpels are completely fused (except for rare septal glands); there is a single compound style; additional vascular tissue is present in the central axis of the pistil up to the lowermost ovules; the carpels are fused with the floral cup above the base of the locules; and raphide idioblasts are present. Walleria has six "ventral" bundles, each of which appears to be the fusion product of a placental bundle with a simple septal bundle. Tribal affinities of these genera are discussed.     

SECONDARY-FRUIT ONTOGENY IN NAVEL ORANGE

Ontogeny of the secondary fruit of navel orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) was studied using flower buds and fruit from groves in north central Florida. The secondary fruit, or navel, develops as a whorl of secondary-carpel primordia within the primary-carpel whorl when the flower bud is 1.5 to 2.0 mm in length. A complete secondary gynoecium with fused ovary but separate styles and stigmas develops within the primary gynoecium before anthesis. The stigma and style of secondary carpels are not as distinct as those of primary carpels. Three types of tissue protrusions from the secondary fruit into primary-fruit locules were abnormal placentae, free secondary carpels, and secondary-carpel outgrowths, the last being the most common. An abscission layer is present in the central axis of the primary fruit near the base of the secondary ovary. This layer is indistinguishable from adjacent tissues prior to commencement of secondary fruit abscission. Parenchyma cells in the abscission layer, however, contain large numbers of starch grains during abscission. Secondary and primary fruit have similar sigmoid growth patterns; however, onset of the cell-enlargement stage is approximately 2 wk later in secondary fruit.     

Contrasting patterns of radiation in African and Australian Restionaceae

The floras of the Mediterranean-climate areas of southern Africa and southwestern Australia are remarkably species rich. Because the two areas are at similar latitudes and in similar positions on their respective continents, they have probably had similar Cenozoic climatic histories. Here we test the prediction that the evolution of the species richness in the two areas followed a similar temporal progression by comparing the rates of lineage accumulation for African and Australian Restionaceae. Restionaceae (Poales) are typical and often dominant elements in the fynbos vegetation of the Cape Floristic Region of southern Africa and the kwongan vegetation of the Southwestern Floristic Province of Western Australia. The phylogeny of the family was estimated from combined datasets for rbcL and trnL-F sequences and a large morphological dataset; these datasets are largely congruent. The monophyly of Restionaceae is supported and a basal division into an African clade (approximately 350 species) and an Australian clade (146 species) corroborated. There is also support for a futher subdivision of these two large sister-clades, but the terminal resolution within the African clade is very weak. Fossil pollen records provided a minimum age of the common ancestor of Australian and African Restionaceae as 64-71 million years ago, and this date was used to calibrate a molecular clock. A molecular clock was rejected by a likelihood ratio test; therefore, rate changes between the lineages were smoothed using nonparametric rate smoothing. The rate-corrected ages were used to construct a plot of lineages through time. During the Palaeogene the Australian lineage diversity increased consistent with the predictions of the constant birthrate model, while the African lineage diversity showed a dramatic increase in diversification rate in the Miocene. Incomplete sampling obscures the patterns in the Neogene, but extending the trends to the modern extant diversity suggests that this acceleration in the speciation rate continued in the African clade, whereas the Australian clade retained a constant diversification rate. The substantial morphological and anatomical similarity between the African and Australian Restionaceae appear to preclude morphological innovations as possible explanations for the intercontinental differences. Most likely these differences are due to the greater geographical extent and ecological variation in temperate Australia than temperate Africa, which might have provided refugia for basal Restionaceae lineages, whereas the more mountainous terrain of southern Africa might have provided the selective regimes for a more rapid, recent speciation.     

大花紫薇大小孢子的发生及雌雄配子体的发育

用石蜡切片法对不同发育时期的大花紫薇（Lagerstroemia speciosa）花朵进行解剖研究,探讨其大小孢子的发生及雌雄配子体的发育过程,结果发现：大花紫薇花药4室,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和腺质绒毡层构成,发育类型为双子叶型;小孢子四分体多为四面体型,偶见十字交叉型,胞质分裂为同时型;成熟花粉粒属于2-细胞型,具3孔沟,偶见败育现象;大花紫薇雌蕊具6~7心皮,子房6~7室,每室具多枚倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心,大孢子4分体呈直线排列,近合点端大孢子发育为蓼型胚囊,成熟胚囊为7细胞8核。花粉及胚囊发育多数正常,大花紫薇可以作为优良的杂交母本;同时可以根据开花物候不同阶段花的形态特征,初步判断大花紫薇大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体的发育进程。     

商陆科植物的子房结构观察

商陆科植物几种雌蕊类型的发育和结构进行了观察,结果表明,商陆科植物的心皮发生后,首先形成一个开放的心皮,开口在心皮的腹侧,开口的封闭都是由心皮边缘的：表皮细胞及表皮下的几层细胞的分裂和生长完成。单心皮雌蕊在子房封闭后不留任何痕迹,而多心皮雌蕊的心皮封闭后留下明显的封闭线。封闭线由栅栏组织状组织构成。栅栏组织状组织一直延伸到珠柄,在珠柄基部形成毛刷状结构。离生心皮的隔在子房的生长过程中生长很少,心皮的大部分是分离的;合生心皮的隔在心皮的生长过程中与心皮同步生长,心皮始终是合生的。成熟子房的结构基本相同,子房壁为薄壁细胞,除表皮以外其他细胞均无太：大区别。在子房外侧壁中均匀地分布有3～5个维管束,隔中有一个维管束。胚珠生于子房的基部腹侧。     

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE NYMPHAEACEAE SENSU LATO. XVII. FLORAL ANATOMY OF ONDINEA PURPUREA SUBSPECIES PURPUREA (NYMPHAEACEAE)

Classification and phylogeny of the Nymphaeaceae are unresolved. This study provides floral anatomical data that will assist in elucidating generic interrelationships and systematic relationships to other taxa of angiosperms. The floral anatomy of Ondinea purpurea den Hartog subsp. purpurea has been examined utilizing light microscopy. The peduncle possesses stelar vascular bundle complexes and cortical vascular bundles. Cortical bundles terminate within the peduncle. Each bundle complex consists of 2 collateral bundles on the same radius, the inner bundle inverted; 2 protoxylary lacunae occur yet differ in structure and function. Progressing acropetally, the inner xylary lacunae become discrete mesarch strands surrounded centrifugally by a vascular cylinder formed by divisions and anastomosing of the bundle complexes. Together these become the massive receptacular vascular plexus. The plexus provides collateral traces to the floral organs. Each sepal receives 3 traces that separate from the plexus as 1–3 lateral traces. Petals are absent and no vestigial petal traces have been observed. Distally, the plexus forms several large strands of connate gynoecial and androecial traces termed the principal vascular bundles (PVBs). Ventral veins separate from the PVBs and the latter extend acropetally through the outer ovary wall. Branches of the ventrals and PVBs contribute to septal vascular reticula from which each ovule is supplied by one vascular bundle. Each stamen receives 1 trace from branches of the PVBs. The ventrals and PVBs terminate within the carpellary lobes. A comparative anatomical study is offered that supports the inclusion of Ondinea in the Nymphaeaceae sensu stricto.