腹泻小儿便中双歧杆菌含量变化和红细胞免疫功能关系的探讨

目的：研究腹泻小儿便中双歧杆菌含量变化与红细胞免疫的关系。方法：对42例腹泻小儿和38例正常小儿进行了粪便双歧杆菌含量、红细胞CR1数量及红细胞自然粘附肿瘤花环率（NTRR）的测定。结果：与正常小儿相比,腹泻小儿粪便中双歧杆菌含量明显下降,红细胞CR1数量无明显改变,NTRR明显下降。结论：小儿肠道内双歧杆菌含量与其红细胞CR1免疫活性有相关关系。     

思连康对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率和吞噬指数的影响

目的研究双歧杆菌四联活菌片(商品名:思连康)对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞吞噬率及吞噬指数的影响。方法将SPF小鼠30只随机分成三组,每组10只,Ⅰ组灌胃生理盐水,Ⅱ组灌胃婴儿双歧杆菌菌悬液,Ⅲ组灌胃双歧杆菌四联活菌片菌悬液,每天给药0.5 mL,菌液浓度为1.0×10~8 CFU/mL,连续给药10 d后小鼠腹腔注入2%鸡红细胞悬液1 mL(红细胞数量为2×10~8个/mL),30 min后处死,取小鼠腹腔洗液,观察并记录吞噬鸡红细胞的巨噬细胞数及被吞噬的鸡红细胞数,计算吞噬率及吞噬指数。结果与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬率和吞噬指数均显著升高(Ps0.05),其中Ⅲ组高于Ⅱ组(P0.05)。结论双歧杆菌四联活菌片及其婴儿双歧杆菌通过提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬率和吞噬指数提高机体的免疫力。     

双歧杆菌在家兔实验性肝坏死模型中的靶向增殖研究

目的 探讨双歧杆菌在海扶超声聚焦刀（HIFU）制作的肝凝固性坏死模型中的靶向性增殖的可能性。方法 用HIFU制作成家兔肝凝固性坏死模型,经耳缘静脉注射两歧双歧杆菌活菌,通过检测注射前后家兔体温、红细胞、白细胞和血小板等生理指标的变化和注射后主要器官的组织切片来评价双歧杆菌作为基因治疗载体系统的安全性,同时对肝坏死模型等组织切片还做了革兰染色检测,证明了双歧杆菌在坏死组织中的增殖。结果 双歧杆菌能够在HIFU制作的肝凝固性坏死模型中增殖、而这一增殖过程并不影响家兔的生命安全。结论 双歧杆菌作为肿瘤基因治疗的靶向载体系统是安全和可行的,HIFU制作的肝坏死模型可以用于双歧杆菌基因治疗的靶向载体系统的辅助研究。     

双歧杆菌制剂对急性重症胰腺炎感染的治疗作用

目的：观察双歧杆菌制剂对急性重症胰腺炎感染的治疗作用。方法：收治9例急性重症胰腺炎患者投以双歧杆菌制剂,经临床观察及大便细菌培养。结果：双歧杆菌制剂可改善临床症状,细菌培养显示患者肠道双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌总数明显增加,肠道菌群接近正常比例,结论：双歧杆菌制剂对急性重症胰腺炎合并感染有辅助治疗作用。     

Caspase信号通路在双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡中的作用

目的探讨Caspase信号通路在双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸（LTA）诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡中的作用。方法RT-PCR检测经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,结肠癌Lovo细胞中MyD88和FADD mRNA的表达变化;AnnexinV检测经Caspase通用抑制剂（Z-Val-Ala-Asp-FMK）预先处理后,双歧杆菌LTA诱导结肠癌Lovo细胞凋亡率的变化;荧光法检测经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,Lovo细胞中Caspase-8活性的变化。结果经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,Lovo细胞中MyD88的mRNA表达明显升高（P〈0．05）,而FADD信号分子的mRNA表达无明显变化;双歧杆菌LTA能够增强Lovo细胞中Caspase-8的活性（P〈0．05）,且其诱导Lovo细胞凋亡的作用能够被Caspase抑制剂所抑制（P〈0．05）。结论MyD88信号分子在双歧杆菌LTA诱导Lovo细胞凋亡中可能起着承接上游分子TLRs与下游信号分子FADD的作用;而Caspase信号通路可能是双歧杆菌LTA诱导结肠癌Lovo细胞凋亡的主要信号传导途径。     

双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸抗体的制备及其在双歧制品中的检测应用

目的制备双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸抗体并用以检测双歧制品中脂磷壁酸和双歧杆菌活菌的含量。方法提取两歧双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸,加甲基化牛血清白蛋白与佐剂免疫预先已用卡介苗进行多克隆激活的BALB／C小鼠,间接ELISA法检测抗体效价与特异性,用免疫血清经双抗体夹心ELISA法和免疫结合微量培养的方法分别检测酸奶中脂磷壁酸和双歧杆菌活菌量。结果免疫血清最高效价可达1：1280,与所测其他人体双歧杆菌种属存在较强交叉反应,与非双歧杆菌种属无交叉反应。对于脂磷壁酸和双歧杆菌活菌的含量检测取得良好结果,检测线可达10^5 CFU／ml。结论以双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸制备免疫血清,效价高,属特异性好,可用于双歧食品中脂磷壁酸和双歧杆菌活菌的含量检测。     

16SrRNA荧光定量PCR法检测双歧杆菌

目的应用16SrRNA序列设计引物定量测定双歧杆菌。方法应用青春型双歧杆菌2627号作常规PCR扩增出的模板经系列稀释做荧光定量PCR,制作标准曲线;对青春型、长型、短型、婴儿型、两歧型、链型等6个种共15株双歧杆菌和大肠杆菌等10株其他细菌做荧光定量PCR,计算机通过与标准曲线比较给出定量结果;对青春型双歧杆菌2627号进行敏感性测定。结果15株双歧杆菌(10     

一株双歧杆菌质粒聚合酶基因的PCR扩增和鉴定

目的PCR扩增人双歧杆菌天然质粒的聚合酶基因。方法用改良型MRS双歧杆菌选择培养基,从人新鲜粪便分离长双歧杆菌,PCR扩增长双歧杆菌质粒聚合酶(Bifidobacterium plasmid polymerase,BPP)基因,对BPP基因检测阳性的PCR产物通过序列分析,进行鉴定。结果人长双歧杆菌天然质粒的聚合酶基因PCR扩增后,经1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳,测得BPP基因的相对分子质量约为1.9 kb。通过BLAST序列比对分析与GenBank中相应基因同源性为96%。结论成功克隆了1株双歧杆菌天然质粒的聚合酶基因,为构建与双歧杆菌宿主质粒相适应的载体奠定了基础。     

Toll样受体在双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡中的作用

目的探讨双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸（LTA）对Toll样受体（TLRs）表达的影响及其与诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡之间的关系。方法用AnnexinV检测在双歧杆菌LTA处理前后结肠癌Lovo细胞凋亡的变化;流式细胞术检测Lovo细胞表面TLRs的表达,并用相应的TLRs封闭抗体作用后,AnnexinV检测经双歧杆菌LTA诱导的Lovo细胞凋亡的变化。结果经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,结肠癌Lovo细胞发生了明显的凋亡,并有一定的时间和剂量依赖关系;结肠癌Lovo细胞有TLR受体的基础表达,经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,TLR2和TLR4在Lovo细胞上的表达增加,其中尤以TLR2增加更为明显;用相应的TLRs抗体封闭作用后,双歧杆菌LTA诱导Lovo细胞凋亡的能力下降。结论双歧杆菌LTA能诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,并且TLRs特别是TLR2在LTA诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡中可能发挥着主要作用,TLR4可能仅起着协同作用。     

双歧杆菌对食管癌细胞增殖的抑制作用及细胞周期的影响

目的探讨青春双歧杆菌对食管癌EC109细胞的增殖抑制作用及对细胞周期的影响。方法用MTT比色法测定EC109细胞活性,用流式细胞仪测定EC109细胞周期。结果青春双歧杆菌对EC109细胞具有显著的增殖抑制作用,并呈剂量和时间依赖性;经青春双歧杆菌处理后,EC109细胞周期发生变化：细胞分裂阻滞于G1期。结论青春双歧杆菌可通过影响细胞周期抑制食管癌EC109细胞的生长。     

Self testing for diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE--To develop a simple, economically viable, and effective means of population screening for diabetes mellitus. DESIGN--A postal request system for self testing for glycosuria with foil wrapped dipsticks. Preprandial and postprandial tests were compared with a single postprandial test. The subjects were instructed how to test, and a result card was supplied on which to record and return the result. All those recording a positive test result and 50 people recording a negative result were invited for an oral glucose tolerance test. SETTING--General practice in east Suffolk, list size 11534. PATIENTS--All subjects aged 45-70 years registered with the practice were identified by Suffolk Family Health Services Authority (n = 3057). The 73 subjects known to have diabetes from the practice''s register were excluded, leaving 2984 subjects, 2363 (79.2%) of whom responded. 1167 subjects completed the single test and 1196 the two tests. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Response rate and number of patients with glycosuria. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of a single postprandial test and preprandial and postprandial tests. Number of new cases of diabetes identified and cost of screening. RESULTS--Of the patients completing the single postprandial test, 29 had a positive result, an oral glucose tolerance test showed that eight (28%) had diabetes, six (21%) impaired glucose tolerance, and 14 (48%) normal glucose tolerance. 44 of the group who tested before and after eating had a positive result; nine (20%) had diabetes, five (11%) impaired tolerance, and 26 (11%) normal tolerance. Screening cost 59p per subject and 81 pounds per case detected. Of the 17 people with previously undiagnosed diabetes, eight were asymptomatic and 11 had not visited their general practitioner in the past three months. CONCLUSIONS--A postal request system for self testing for postprandial glycosuria in people aged 45-70 is a simple and effective method of population screening for diabetes mellitus.     

水苏冲剂免疫调节作用的研究

目的研究以水苏糖为主要功能组分的水苏冲剂的免疫调节作用.方法通过实验鼠进行免疫调节实验,观察该微生态调节剂的作用.结果细胞免疫功能测定:小白鼠迟发型变态反应(DTH)结果为阳性;ConA诱导小白鼠脾淋巴细胞转化试验(MTT)结果为阳性.体液免疫功能测定:(1)抗体生成细胞检测(PFC)结果为阳性,(2)血清溶血素测定结果为阳性.单核-巨噬细胞功能测定:小白鼠碳粒廊清试验结果为阴性;小白鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞试验结果为阴性.脏/体比值测定结果为阴性.结论该次实验观察到"水苏牌水苏冲剂"对小白鼠细胞免疫和体液免疫功能试验结果均为阳性,故证明"水苏牌水苏冲剂"具有免疫调节作用.     

帕金森病小鼠模型行为学检测方法的比较研究

目的比较目前常用的5种帕金森病(PD)小鼠模型行为学检测方法在PD研究中的作用。方法用MPTP建立C57BL小鼠PD模型,通过行为学检测(自主活动计数、滚轴实验、游泳实验、爬杆实验、悬挂实验)、免疫组织化学和荧光分光光度法,对比5种行为学检测方法的平均数与变异系数,观察MPTP对PD小鼠模型的行为学、黑质多巴胺(DA)神经元和纹状体酪氨酸羟化酶免疫反应阳性(TH-ir)神经纤维以及纹状体DA水平的影响。结果给与MPTP后,小鼠行为学计数降低,爬杆实验未能得到检测结果,悬挂实验变异系数很高,结果有明显的偶然性,滚轴实验结果变异系数中等,平均数呈现一定的上升趋势,自主活动计数中移动与站立和游泳实验的平均数则呈现明显的下降趋势,变异系数很低,而黑质DA神经元数目减少约58%,纹状体TH-ir神经纤维密度减低,纹状体DA水平明显降低约88%,两组相比差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论MPTP所致的C57BL小鼠的神经病理、生化改变与PD患者近似,自主活动计数和游泳实验优于其他行为学检测方法。     

Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among injection drug users in Toronto

BACKGROUND: Injection drug users are at increased risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis (TB). The primary objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection among injection drug users in Toronto, as indicated by a positive tuberculin skin test result. An additional objective was to identify predictors of a positive skin test result in this population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving self-selected injection drug users in the city of Toronto. A total of 171 participants were recruited through a downtown Toronto needle-exchange program from June 1 to Oct. 31, 1996. RESULTS: Of 167 subjects tested, 155 (92.8%) returned for interpretation of their skin test result within the designated timeframe (48 to 72 hours). Using a 5-mm cut-off, the prevalence rate of positive tuberculin skin test results was 31.0% (95% confidence interval 23.8% to 38.9%). Birth outside of Canada and increasing age were both predictive of a positive result. INTERPRETATION: There is a high burden of M. tuberculosis infection in this population of injection drug users. The compliance observed with returning for interpretation of skin test results indicates that successful TB screening is possible among injection drug users.     

鲎试剂在抗淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白热原检测中的应用

报道了鲎试剂在抗淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白内毒素检查中的应用。在用鲎试剂检测细菌内毒素时 ,按中国药典的要求对鲎试剂灵敏度进行标定 ,并作干扰实验 (增强或抑制实验 ) ,然后用鲎试法与家兔法同时测定 15批抗淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白。结果发现三批鲎试剂的灵敏度标示值均正确 ,五批抗淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白半成品在最大有效稀释度 (MVD)时对试验无干扰 ,这两种方法测定结果的符合率达到 91.7%。从而表明鲎试法很有可能代替家兔法     

Field-based evaluation of a reagent strip test for diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni by detecting circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine in low endemic area in Ethiopia

The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of a reagent strip test for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni by detecting circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine were evaluated using 184 stool and urine samples collected from schoolchildren living in relatively low endemic area of schistosomiasis mansoni in Ethiopia. A combined result of stool samples processed by Kato and formol-ether concentration methods was used as gold standard. The results showed that detection of CCA in urine using reagent strip test was slightly higher than the combined results of the stool techniques (65.2 % vs 42.4 %, p > 0.05) in suggesting the prevalence of the disease. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the reagent strip test were 76.9 %, 43.4 %, 50 % and 71.9 %, respectively. The result of egg counts using Kato method suggested that detection of urine CCA could be used to indicate the intensity of infection. Nevertheless, like that of stool examination, the reagent strip test was found to be less sensitive in case of light to moderate infections. About 23.1 % of the study children who were excreting the eggs of the parasite were found negative by the reagent strip test. The relative insensitivity of a reagent strip test in low intensity of infection necessitates for the development of more sensitive assay that can truly discriminate schistosome-infected from non-infected individuals.     

Skin testing for allergy in children.

In diagnostic testing for IgE-mediated allergy in children the skin-prick test is preferred because it is safer, less painful and more specific than the intracutaneous test, and cheaper and more sensitive than the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). The intracutaneous test and RAST are useful in certain circumstances, however. While a positive result from any of these tests indicates hypersensitivity, it does not necessarily mean that the allergen giving the positive result is responsible for the patient''s symptoms. That can only be decided by interpreting the result in light of the allergy history. This paper outlines the indications for the prick test, the allergens that may be employed, the method of doing the test, and its place among the other tests that are used in a modern pediatric allergy practice.     

Impact of Genetic Counseling and Connexin-26 and Connexin-30 Testing on Deaf Identity and Comprehension of Genetic Test Results in a Sample of Deaf Adults: A Prospective,Longitudinal Study

Using a prospective, longitudinal study design, this paper addresses the impact of genetic counseling and testing for deafness on deaf adults and the Deaf community. This study specifically evaluated the effect of genetic counseling and Connexin-26 and Connexin-30 genetic test results on participants'' deaf identity and understanding of their genetic test results. Connexin-26 and Connexin-30 genetic testing was offered to participants in the context of linguistically and culturally appropriate genetic counseling. Questionnaire data collected from 209 deaf adults at four time points (baseline, immediately following pre-test genetic counseling, 1-month following genetic test result disclosure, and 6-months after result disclosure) were analyzed. Four deaf identity orientations (hearing, marginal, immersion, bicultural) were evaluated using subscales of the Deaf Identity Development Scale-Revised. We found evidence that participants understood their specific genetic test results following genetic counseling, but found no evidence of change in deaf identity based on genetic counseling or their genetic test results. This study demonstrated that culturally and linguistically appropriate genetic counseling can improve deaf clients'' understanding of genetic test results, and the formation of deaf identity was not directly related to genetic counseling or Connexin-26 and Connexin-30 genetic test results.     

Psychological outcomes following maternal serum screening: a cohort study

BACKGROUND: Maternal serum screening is used to assist in the prenatal detection of congenital anomalies. Its use is controversial, and one concern that has been expressed is its psychological effects on women. The authors examined whether this test leads to an increase in anxiety and depression among women who have a false-positive result as compared with those who have a true-negative result or do not undergo testing. METHODS: A prospective cohort study with baseline assessment at 15 to 18 weeks'' gestation and follow-up at 24 weeks'' gestation was conducted. Pregnant women at 8 geographically diverse sites across Ontario were recruited. The main outcome measures were the state portion of the State--Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. RESULTS: Of the 2418 potential subjects 2020 (83.5%) were enrolled and eligible; 1741 (86.2%) completed the follow-up. A total of 1177 women (67.6%) underwent maternal serum screening. No overall adverse psychological effects as a result of testing were found at 24 weeks'' gestation. Women with a false-positive result had a mean increase in anxiety score of 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] -1.7 to 4.9), whereas women with a true-negative result had a mean decrease of 1.1 (95% CI -1.8 to -0.3) and those not tested had a mean decrease of 0.4 (95% CI -1.3 to 0.5). The mean depression score increased by 0.5 (95% CI -0.9 to 2.0) in the false-positive group, was unchanged (95% CI -0.3 to 0.4) in the true-negative group and increased by 0.2 (95% CI -1.7 to 1.2) in the not tested group. Of the women who underwent testing, 87 (7.6%) were unsure of their result at the time of follow-up. INTERPRETATION: The results suggest that maternal screening in Ontario is not causing serious psychological harm to women. Communication regarding test results could be improved, since a substantial proportion of women were unsure of their test result.     

Predictive Modeling for Diagnostic Tests with High Specificity,but Low Sensitivity: A Study of the Glycerol Test in Patients with Suspected Menière’s Disease

A high specificity does not ensure that the expected benefit of a diagnostic test outweighs its cost. Problems arise, in particular, when the investigation is expensive, the prevalence of a positive test result is relatively small for the candidate patients, and the sensitivity of the test is low so that the information provided by a negative result is virtually negligible. The consequence may be that a potentially useful test does not gain broader acceptance. Here we show how predictive modeling can help to identify patients for whom the ratio of expected benefit and cost reaches an acceptable level so that testing these patients is reasonable even though testing all patients might be considered wasteful. Our application example is based on a retrospective study of the glycerol test, which is used to corroborate a suspected diagnosis of Menière’s disease. Using the pretest hearing thresholds at up to 10 frequencies, predictions were made by K-nearest neighbor classification or logistic regression. Both methods estimate, based on results from previous patients, the posterior probability that performing the considered test in a new patient will have a positive outcome. The quality of the prediction was evaluated using leave-one-out cross-validation, making various assumptions about the costs and benefits of testing. With reference to all 356 cases, the probability of a positive test result was almost 0.4. For subpopulations selected by K-nearest neighbor classification, which was clearly superior to logistic regression, this probability could be increased up to about 0.6. Thus, the odds of a positive test result were more than doubled.