生长激素受体的研究进展

生长激素（GH）在促进动物生长、发育等代谢过程中起着重要作用,GH发挥生理作用的第一步是与靶细胞膜表面的生长激素受体（CHR）结合。现已基本阐明了CHR的结构及由CHR介导的信号转导途径,对GHR基因表达调节的机制也有了一定的了解。GHR是由约620个氨基酸组成的单链跨膜糖蛋白,其胞外区、跨膜区及胞区内分别由约245、25及350个氨基酸组成。由GHR介导的信号转导途径主要有：①酪氨酸激酶系统;②蛋白激酶C途径;③胰岛素受体底物途径。营养状况及GH等内分泌因子对GHR的表达也有调节作用。     

生长激素和生长激素受体的多样性

生长激素及其受体对动物生长发育起着重要的作用。转录过程选择性剪接和存在多种降解途径可能是GH或GHR产生多样性的原因。随着GH结构形态的改变,其功能也在发生变化。GH基因的多样性对鸡的抗病选择性反应与产蛋性能有相关,GH和GHR基因的多样性会影响奶牛的产奶生产性能。GHR的分子多样性可能导致动物生长发育模式的变异,例如动物的矮小病。     

生长激素受体及其介导的信号转导

生长激素受体(growth hormone receptor,GHR)是细胞因子／造血因子受体超级家族的一员。它通过二聚体的形式和生长激素(growth hormone,GH)相结合,然后诱发Janus激酶2(Janus kinase 2,JAK2)等细胞因子酪氨酸磷酸化并通过4条不同的途径将信号传入细胞内从而产生一系列的生理效应。现在了解GHR的结构特征、组织分布的基础上,对其介导的信号转导途径作进一步的阐明。     

猪生长激素研究进展

猪生长激素是由猪脑垂体前叶嗜酸性细胞分泌的一种单一肽链的蛋白质激素。本文就猪生长激素基因的结构特点,多肽性研究、基因表达及猪生长激素的结构特点、生理功能、分泌规律及与其抗体的相互作用等方面进行了综述。     

中华鲟生长激素受体的分子克隆和功能分析

为研究生长激素对中华鲟生长的调控机制,克隆了中华鲟生长激素受体cDNA.csGHRcDNA的可读框编码了611个氨基酸残基的跨膜蛋白质,含有GHR的所有特征结构域.序列对比发现其他种属GHR中高度保守的氨基酸残基在csGHR中发生了替换.我们利用CHO细胞分析了csGHR的生物功能和csGHR分子中高度保守性氨基酸残基替换的生物意义.csGHR稳定表达细胞中共转染的受丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂2.1（Spi1.2）启动子驱动的荧光素酶报告基因受海鲤生长激素（seabream GH,sbGH）诱导表达,并且sbGH诱导稳定表达细胞显著增殖.csGHR稳定表达细胞培养液中检测到中华鲟生长激素结合蛋白质,并且csGHBP的生成需要金属蛋白酶活性的参与.csGHR配体结合域的Asp突变为Glu显著提高csGHR介导的上述生物活性,而Asp突变为Ala则明显降低csGHR的生物活性.这些结果表明,克隆的csGHR具有完全生物功能,并且csGHBP可能通过csGHR蛋白酶解而生成.这些发现将有助于全面了解中华鲟生长调控机制.     

鱼类生长激素合成与分泌的内分泌调控网络:垂体生长激素分泌细胞中的信号整合

在硬骨鱼类,生长激素的合成是由从下丘脑分泌的神经内分泌因子和由垂体及其他外周器官分泌的调节因子来调控的.从细胞水平上阐明这些调控因子在脑垂体的生长激素分泌细胞中的信号分化和整合机制,对于更好地了解鱼类生长激素的合成与分泌的内分泌调控网络有重要意义.本文综述了GH调节因子作用机制研究的新进展,包括神经内分泌因子,垂体及外周水平的调控因子,主要侧重于它们的受体系统及受体后的信号转导通路.     

豚鼠生长激素受体cDNA的克隆

报道了豚鼠肝生长激素受体（ＧＨＲ）的ｃＲＮＡ克隆和编码区序列。它由１８９９ｂｐ组成,编码６１０个氨基酸。此外,还报道豚鼠ＧＨＲ的结构特征和同源性比较的结果。     

黑鲷生长激素放射受体分析法的建立及其受体组织的分布

利用黑棘鲷 (Acanthopagrusbutcheri)生长激素 (brGH )作为配体 ,建立了黑鲷 (Sparusmacrocephalus)生长激素受体放射受体分析法 (RadioreceptorAssay ,RRA)并分析其组织分布特征。在 2 5℃下 ,12 5I brGH与黑鲷肝细胞膜蛋白的特异性结合具有如下特点 :(1)时间依赖性　特异性结合达最大结合量一半的时间 (Ta1/ 2 )为 10 4h ,结合达到平衡状态需 2 0h ;激素 受体复合物的解离在 3h之内最快 ,2 4h后仅解离约40 % ,表明激素 -受体复合物的结合仅具部分可逆转性 ;(2 )可饱和性　12 5I brGH与黑鲷肝细胞膜蛋白的特异性结合随着膜蛋白浓度或12 5I brGH加入量的上升而呈逐渐上升并达到饱和状态的趋势 ;(3)可取代性　12 5I brGH与黑鲷肝细胞膜蛋白的特异性结合可被非标记brGH竞争性地取代 ,将特异性结合取代 5 0 % (ED50 )所需非标记brGH约为 3 8ng ,非标记重组金鱼生长激素 (rgfGH)及人生长激素 (hGH)对12 5IbrGH的竞争性取代能力明显较brGH低 ,而重组金鱼催乳素 (rgfPRL)、羊催乳素 (oPRL)在该系统中几乎无交叉反应。Scachard作图分析表明黑鲷肝细胞膜蛋白存在brGH单一的高亲和结合位点 ,Ka为 (3 49± 0 2 4)× 10 10 (mol/L) -1,Bmax为 146 8± 10 6fmol/mgprotein。结果表明 ,brGH与黑鲷肝细胞膜蛋白的     

大麻哈鱼生长激素基因Ⅱ的分子克隆和序列分析

以λ噬菌体ＥＭＢＬ－３为基因载体,构建大麻哈鱼（Ｏｎｃｏｒｈｙｎｃｈｕｓ　ｋｅｔａ）基因组文库,并从中分离出含全长的生长激素（ｃｓＧＨ）基因的克隆。本研究首次报道了对ｃｓＧＨ全长核苷酸序列分析的结果。发现ｃｓＧＨ基因由６个外显子和５个内含子组成,长度为３３６１碱基对（ｂｐ）。由该序列可推导出含２１０个氨基酸的多肽,其中存在２２个疏水氨基酸残基的信号肽。本研究所分析的ｃｓＧＨ的外显子和内含子,其排列方式与其他鲑类（Ｓａｌｍｏｎｉｄｓ）和罗非鱼（Ｔｉｌａｐｉａ）是相似的,而与鲤科鱼类（Ｃａｒｐｓ）不同,后者外显子和内含子的排列方式与哺乳类和鸟类相似。将所测定的 ｃｓＧＨ基因的编码区与已发表的 ｃｓＧＨⅡ和ｃｓＧＨ Ⅱ两种 ｃＤＮＡ序列进行比较,证明本研究所克隆的 ｃｓＧＨ基因应属于 ｃｓＧＨ Ⅱ,因它们的编码序列 １００％同源。     

重组生长激素对猪生长激素受体和胰岛素样生长因子1基因表达及血清瘦蛋白水平的影响

16头长白×大约克去势公猪, 随机分成试验组和对照组, 每天注射重组猪生长激素(rpGH, 每头每天4 mg) 或生理盐水, 28 d后采样. 用RIA法测定血清中胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-Ⅰ)和瘦蛋白含量, 用反转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法, 以18S rRNA作内标, 定量分析肝脏、肌肉生长激素受体 (GHR) 和IGF-ⅠmRNA的相对丰度.结果显示: (ⅰ) 试验组平均日增重提高26.1% ( P <0.05); (ⅱ)血清IGF-Ⅰ水平提高70.94% (P<0.01), 血清瘦蛋白降低34.80%(P<0.01); (ⅲ) 肝脏GHR mRNA增加24.45% (P < 0.05), IGF-ⅠmRNA增加45.30% (P<0.01), 背最长肌GHR和IGF-Ⅰ mRNA表达无明显变化. 结果表明, 重组猪生长激素能明显提高生长猪生长性能. 上调肝脏GHR, 促进肝脏产生IGF-Ⅰ, 而对肌肉GHR和IGF-I基因表达无影响, 提示重组GH对基因表达的影响有组织特异性.     

Systems Biology of Growth Factor-Induced Receptor Endocytosis

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis sorts for degradation of more than 50 different growth factor receptors capable of relaying growth and differentiation signals by means of their cytoplasm-facing, intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. The kinetics and alternative routings of receptor endocytosis critically regulate growth factor signaling, which underscores the importance of understanding mechanisms underlying fail-safe operation (robustness) and fidelity of the pathway. Like other robust systems, a layered hub-centric network controls receptor endocytosis. Characteristically, the modular hubs (e.g., AP2–Eps15 and Hrs) contain a membrane-anchoring lipid-binding domain, an ubiquitin-binding module, which recruits ubiquitinylated cargo, and a machinery enabling homo-assembly. Scheduled hub transitions, as well as cascades of Rab family guanosine triphosphatases and membrane bending machineries, define points of commitment to vesicle budding, thereby securing unidirectional trafficking. System's bistability permits stimulation by a growth factor, which oscillates a series of switches based on posttranslational protein modifications (i.e., phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation and neddylation), as well as transient low-affinity/high-avidity protein assemblies. Cbl family ubiquitin ligases, along with a set of phosphotyrosine-binding adaptors (e.g., Grb2), integrate receptor endocytosis into the densely wired networks of signal transduction pathways, which are involved in health and disease.     

Investigation of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Receptor Structure and Activity Using Yeast Expression Technologies

Abstract

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) is the positive regulator of growth hormone synthesis and secretion in the anterior pituitary. The peptide confers activity by binding to a seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor. Signal transduction proceeds through subsequent Gas stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. To investigate ligand/receptor and receptor/G protein associations, the human GHRH receptor was expressed in a modified S. cerevisiae strain which allows for facile measurement of receptor activity by cell prototrophy mediated by a reporter gene coupled to the yeast pheromone response pathway. GHRH-dependent signal activation in this system required the substitution of yeast Gα protein with proteins containing C-terminal regions of Gαs. A D60G variant (analogous to the little mouse mutation) of the receptor failed to respond to agonist. In parallel studies, GHRH₂₉ and the N-terminal extracellular region of the receptor were expressed as Gal4 fusion proteins in a 2-hybrid assay. A specific interaction between these proteins was readily observed. The D60G mutation was engineered into the receptor fusion protein. This protein failed to interact with the ligand fusion, confirming the specificity of the association between unmodified proteins. These two yeast expression technologies should prove invaluable in additional structure/activity analyses of this ligand/receptor pair as well as other peptide ligands and receptors.     

猪生长激素cDNA的分子克隆

用改进的氯化锂沉淀沉法和寡聚(dT)一纤维素亲和层析法由猪垂体制得总mRNA。以此总mRNA为模板,合成cDNA。钝端连接重组到质粒pUC19的SmaI位点,转化E.coli JM107,筛选出阳性克隆。用限制性内切酶酶切签定及5’端部分核苷酸序列分析证明:克隆了全长猪生长激素cDNA,其长度约为896bp。     

Multimeric Growth Hormone Receptor Complexes Serve as Signaling Platforms

Growth hormone (GH) signaling is required for promoting longitudinal body growth, stem cell activation, differentiation, and survival and for regulation of metabolism. Failure to adequately regulate GH signaling leads to disease: excessive GH signaling has been connected to cancer, and GH insensitivity has been reported in cachexia patients. Since its discovery in 1989, the receptor has served a pivotal role as the prototype cytokine receptor both structurally and functionally. Phosphorylation and ubiquitylation regulate the GH receptor (GHR) at the cell surface: two ubiquitin ligases (SCF^βTrCP2 and CHIP) determine the GH responsiveness of cells by controlling its endocytosis, whereas JAK2 initiates the JAK/STAT pathway. We used blue native electrophoresis to identify phosphorylated and ubiquitylated receptor intermediates. We show that GHRs occur as ∼500-kDa complexes that dimerize into active ∼900-kDa complexes upon GH binding. The dimerized complexes act as platforms for transient interaction with JAK2 and ubiquitin ligases. If GH and receptors are made in the same cell (autocrine mode), only limited numbers of ∼900-kDa complexes are formed. The experiments reveal the dynamic changes in post-translational modifications during GH-induced signaling events and show that relatively simple cytokine receptors like GHRs are able to form higher order protein complexes. Insight in the complex formation of cytokine receptors is crucially important for engineering cytokines that control ligand-induced cell responses and for generating a new class of therapeutic agents for a wide range of diseases.     

离子通道受体P2X4的结构及生物学功能

P2X4受体是P2X受体家族的成员。目前,已从人、大鼠、小鼠、鸡胚和非洲爪蟾的组织中获得了全长cDNA。P2X4受体分布广泛,在被ATP及其同系物激活后,引起细胞内钙离子浓度显升高,将信号传递给下游的信号分子。