神经内分泌因子调控鱼类生殖和生长的相互作用

脊椎动物的生长与生殖活动有着密切的联系并相互作用。许多调节生长和代谢活动的内分泌因子对青春期或者性腺的发育产生影响。同样,调节生殖活动的许多激素亦同时对生长和代谢产生影响。近年来,我们和其他学者对鱼类生长和生殖的神经内分泌调节的相互作用进行了研究,主要的进展是：①在促进性腺的激素影响生长方面,发现促性腺激素释放激素（ＧｎＲＨ）和多巴胺都能和脑垂体生长激素细胞的特异性受体结合而刺激生长激素释放,并能     

昆虫生殖与激素的关系

昆虫生殖一般是通过两性来完成的。在生殖过程中,从精子、卵子发生、交配到产卵,除了受外界环境因素(光、温度、湿度、食物等)影响以外;还受内分泌器官的激素来调节控制。昆虫怎样通过外界环境因素诱导内分泌器官的激素来调节控制自身的生殖,这是昆虫生殖生理的一个重要问题。对这个问题的了解不仅在昆虫生殖方面有理论意义,而且在指导如何抑制害虫生殖和大量繁育益虫具有实际意义。     

文昌鱼生殖内分泌生理学研究进展

近１０多年来,文昌鱼生殖内分泌生理学研究取得新进展,先后发现了文昌鱼脑泡和哈氏窝能够合成类似哺乳动物和鱼类促性腺激素,文昌鱼体内存在ＬＨ－ＲＨ、性腺组织能够合成性类固醇激素,以及在文昌鱼神经系统存在多种与调节生殖活动有关的神经递质,表明文昌鱼开始建立了类似脊椎动物,原始的生殖激素调控系统。     

鱼类内分泌学研究的动向

鱼类内分泌学的研究是整个比较内分泌学的重要组成部份。1981年12月在香港举行的第九届国际比较内分泌学学术会议,在下丘脑-脑垂体,神经分泌物,促性腺激素释放激素,生殖内分泌,促性腺激素,甲状腺,肾上腺皮质,生长激素和催乳激素,类固醇激素,性分化,性腺成熟,排卵和产卵,季节性周期和节律,代谢的内分泌调节,钙调节,血管活动激素,前列腺素等专题学术报告和讨论组中,关于鱼类内分泌的研究论文都占相当比例。     

鱼类内分泌学研究的动向

鱼类内分泌学的研究是整个比较内分泌学的重要组成部份。1981年12月在香港举行的第九届国际比较内分泌学学术会议,在下丘脑-脑垂体,神经分泌物,促性腺激素释放激素,生殖内分泌,促性腺激素,甲状腺,肾上腺皮质,生长激素和催乳激素,类固醇激素,性分化,性腺成熟,排卵和产卵,季节性周期和节律,代谢的内分泌调节,钙调节,血管活动激素,前列腺素等专题学术报告和讨论组中,关于鱼类内分泌的研究论文都占相当比例。       

影响鸟类生殖内分泌的环境因子概述

生殖内分泌是调控鸟类繁殖行为的重要生理过程,环境因子则是影响鸟类生殖内分泌的关键因素。光周期是调节大多数温带鸟类生殖内分泌的关键环境因子。日照延长可作用于下丘脑一垂体一性腺轴（HPG）刺激繁殖活跃,日照缩短则刺激下丘脑释放GnIH抑制繁殖。在沙漠、热带地区以及食物条件不可预见的地区,降雨、食物及温度也可成为影响鸟类生殖内分泌的重要因素。环境内分泌干扰物等人类活动因素也会对野生鸟类的生殖内分泌产生一定的影响。     

昆虫激素作用原理概述

经过近40年来的不断实验和研究,已证实昆虫体内具有控制个体生长、发育、蜕皮、变态以及生殖等生理过程的内分泌系统,内分泌器官分泌出来的激素(内激素),借体液运送,作用于体内某些器宫,引起相应的生理变化过程。本文首先扼要地介绍一下关于脑激素、蜕皮激素和保幼激素在调节控制昆虫胚后发育过程中的生理作用,然后进一步概述蜕皮激素和保幼激素是如何起作用的。     

促性腺激素释放激素的结构及其生物学功能

促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)是下丘脑分泌的十肽激素,是神经、免疫、内分泌三大调节系统互相联系的重要信号分子,对生殖调控具有重要意义.GnRH类似物是近年来应用最广的多肽类激素新药之一.就GnRH及其受体的结构及分布、GnRH在垂体和性腺水平调控生殖的一系列证据、影响GnRH释放的因素等进行了综述,并展望了GnRH研究的发展趋势及应用前景.     

环境激素对人类健康的危害及其作用机制

环境激素是环境中的激素类似物,它在人体和动物体内发挥着类似于激素的作用,通常称为＂外因性内分泌干扰物质＂,干扰体内正常激素的作用.该文介绍激素与环境激素的区别、环境激素的特性、种类;重点阐述环境激素的及其内分泌干扰机制;从环境激素对人类的健康,尤其是对生殖健康的危害,提出了防治环境激素污染的措施.     

蜱类的激素

激素在节肢动物的发育和生殖中起重要作用。它调节昆虫的生长、蜕皮、变态、生殖和其他许多生理过程。然而,蝉类激素的研究远远落后于昆虫,到目前为止,还没有明确确定蝉类具内分泌功能的腺体,并且保幼激素的存在只是推测的。自Delbecque[1]首次在蝉类中发现锐皮激素以来,国外已做了部分工作,国内也开始起步。20世纪中有3本出色的著作介绍蝉类内分泌和激素的内容与进展。分别是Solomon著的“PhysiologyofTicks”（1982年版）,Saner和Hair著的“Morphology,PhysiologyandBehaviouralBiologyofTicks”（1986年版）和Sonenstune著…     

Territorial aggression and hormones during the non-breeding season in a tropical bird

The hormonal control of territorial aggression in male and female vertebrates outside the breeding season is still unresolved. Most vertebrates have regressed gonads when not breeding and do not secrete high levels of sex steroids. However, recent studies implicate estrogens in the regulation of non-breeding territoriality in some bird species. One possible source of steroids during the non-breeding season could be the adrenal glands that are known to produce sex steroid precursors such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). We studied tropical, year-round territorial spotted antbirds (Hylophylax n. naevioides) and asked (1). whether both males and females are aggressive in the non-breeding season and (2). whether DHEA is detectable in the plasma at that time. We conducted simulated territorial intrusions (STIs) with live decoys to male and female free-living spotted antbirds in central Panama. Non-breeding males and females displayed robust aggressive responses to STIs, and responded more intensely to decoys of their own sex. In both sexes, plasma DHEA concentrations were detectable and higher than levels of testosterone (T) and 17beta-estradiol (E(2)). In males, plasma DHEA concentrations were positively correlated with STI duration. Next, we conducted STIs in captive non-breeding birds. Captive males and females displayed robust aggressive behavior. Plasma DHEA concentrations were detectable in both sexes, whereas T was non-detectable (E(2) was not measured). Plasma DHEA concentrations of males were positively correlated with aggressive vocalizations and appeared to increase with longer STI durations. We conclude that male and female spotted antbirds can produce DHEA during the non-breeding season and DHEA may serve as a precursor of sex steroids for the regulation of year-round territorial behavior in both sexes.     

Evolution of the reproductive endocrine system in chordates

The cephalochordate, amphioxus, is phylogenetically placed at the most primitive position in the chordate clade. Despite many studies on the endocrine system of amphioxus, definitive evidence has not been reported for the presence an endocrine system comparable to the pituitary-gonadal axis, which is important in the regulation of reproduction in vertebrates. Recent genome analyses in the amphioxus, Branchiostoma floridae, showed that it does not have any pituitary hormone genes except the thyrostimulin gene. Thyrostimulin is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone consisting of α and β subunits, and is present in various organs of vertebrates. Analyses of a phylogenetic tree and a synteny suggest that amphioxus' thyrostimulin is an ancestral type of the glycoprotein hormones in chordates. In addition, genes for sex steroidogenic enzymes belonging to the CYP family were found in the genome sequences. The conversion pathway of sex steroids from cholesterol to estrogen, androgen, and major sex steroids was also identified in the gonads of amphioxus in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrated the expression of genes encoding thyrostimulin and sex steroidogenic enzymes by an in situ hybridization technique. Here, we discuss the evolution of hormones and reproductive functions in the neuroendocrine control system of chordates.     

Behavior of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis in a patient with asymmetric mixed gonadal dysgenesis (chromosome pattern 45,XO/46,XY) before and after gonad excision after with arginine, GRH and TRH stimulation

In a 12 years old patient with asymmetric mixed gonadal dysgenesis (karyotype 45, XO/46,XY) a stimulation test with arginine, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH) and thyreotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was performed before and after exstirpation of the gonads as well as after application of sex steroids. FSH, LH, PRL, HGH, TSH, testosterone and oestradiol were determined by radioimmunoassay. The results show an intact hypothalamo-pituitary axis which reacts with a normal negative feedback with respect to the secretion of gonadotropins after application of sex steroids.     

Steroids, aromatase and sex differentiation of the newt Pleurodeles waltl

In the newt Pleurodeles waltl, genetic sex determination obeys female heterogamety (female ZW, male ZZ). In this species as in most of non-mammalian vertebrates, steroid hormones play a key role in sexual differentiation of gonads. In that context, male to female sex reversal can be obtained by treatment of ZZ larvae with estradiol. Male to female sex reversal has also been observed following treatment of ZZ larvae with testosterone, a phenomenon that was called the "paradoxical effect". Female to male sex reversal occurs when ZW larvae are reared at 32 degrees C during a thermosensitive period (TSP) that takes place from stage 42 to stage 54 of development. Since steroids play an important part in sex differentiation, we focussed our studies on the estrogen-producing enzyme aromatase during normal sex differentiation as well as in experimentally induced sex reversal situations. Our results based on treatment with non-aromatizable androgens, aromatase activity measurements and aromatase expression studies demonstrate that aromatase (i) is differentially active in ZZ and ZW larvae, (ii) is involved in the paradoxical effect and (iii) might be a target of temperature. Thus, the gene encoding aromatase might be one of the master genes in the process leading to the differentiation of the gonad in Pleurodeles waltl.     

促黄体素(LH)和人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)在原索动物神经系统、哈氏窝和性腺中的分布

用抗人LH和hCG特异性抗体对原索动物神经系统、哈氏窝和性腺进行了免疫细胞化学定位。结果表明,文昌鱼脑泡和神经管中有两种不同LH-和hCG-样免疫反应阳性细胞,而皱瘤海鞘神经节对LH和hCG抗体则显免疫阴性反应。同时,首次发现在原索动物性腺(卵巢和精巢)发育早期均存在LH-和hCG-样免疫反应阳性细胞,阳性物分布在原索动物卵原细胞的胞质、核质和核仁膜以及精巢中早期生精细胞。后来,随卵巢发育和成熟,这些阳性物仍分布在卵母细胞质膜、胞质、核膜和核质上,而精巢中精细胞和精子则显免疫阴性。这些结果可为LH和hCG直接参与调节原索动物性腺发育和成熟提供形态学的新证据。     

Developmental endocrinology of the reproductive axis in the chicken embryo

In mammals, the phenotype of the homogametic sex develops in the (relative) absence of steroids and the phenotype of the heterogametic sex is imposed by the early action of steroids. In contrast, the heterogametic sex in avian species is the female and the presence of estrogens and their receptors plays a crucial role in female sexual differentiation. The time- and sex-dependent expression of enzymes involved in steroidogenesis which determine the ratio of androgens/estrogens produced by the gonads has been extensively investigated during the last 5-6 years. These results all show that the lack of estrogen synthesis in the male appears to be due to the extremely low levels of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and P450aromatase expression. In females, extensive expression of the aromatase gene (around day 5-6 of incubation), leading to estrogen synthesis, and specific expression of the estrogen receptor-mRNA in the left gonad results in the development of a functional left ovary. Other sex differences can be found in the expression of the inhibin subunit genes in gonads of chicken embryos and in circulating concentrations of inhibin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and steroids. Sex reversal attempts have been made by varying incubation temperatures, by using anti-estrogens, androgens, aromatase inhibitors and synthetic steroids. In ovo administration of a sex steroid hormone or an inhibitor of endogenous sex steroid synthesis can cause phenotypical sex reversal. All these experiments show that the development of gonads in birds is very sensitive to changes in the embryonic hormonal environment, sometimes resulting in changes of postnatal reproduction and even growth.     

Maternally derived egg yolk steroid hormones and sex determination: Review of a paradox in reptiles

During the past decade, maternally derived steroid hormones in the egg yolk of oviparous vertebrates have been the focus of attention for their possible role in sex determination and hence, information on the consequences of maternal egg yolk steroids on sex determination has accumulated rapidly in reptiles and birds. Until recently, the observations were dominated by the idea that yolk steroids of maternal origin play an important role in sex determination of oviparous vertebrates. However, more recent studies have cast significant doubt on the above conclusion. These studies suggest instead that steroids may be present in the yolk simply as the byproduct of passive uptake during yolk formation or observed correlations might reflect embryonically produced rather than maternally derived steroids. Thus, the objective of the present review is (i) to provide an overview of such paradoxical observations on the role of maternal yolk steroids in sex determination of reptiles, (ii) to identify and provide brief explanations for the observed paradoxical results, and (iii) to provide some future research directions.     

Gonadotropins, their receptors, and the regulation of testicular functions in fish

The pituitary gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulate steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis by activating receptors expressed by Leydig cells (LH receptor) and Sertoli cells (FSH receptor), respectively. This concept is also valid in fish, although the piscine receptors may be less discriminatory than their mammalian counterparts. The main biological activity of LH is to regulate Leydig-cell steroid production. Steroidogenesis is moreover modulated in an autoregulatory manner by androgens. The male sex steroids (testosterone in higher vertebrates, 11-ketotestosterone in fish) are required for spermatogenesis, but their mode of action has remained obscure. While piscine FSH also appears to have steroidogenic activity, specific roles have not been described yet in the testis. The feedback of androgens on gonadotrophs presents a complex pattern. Aromatizable androgens/estrogens stimulate LH synthesis in juvenile fish; this effect fades out during maturation. This positive feedback on LH synthesis is balanced by a negative feedback on LH release, which may involve GnRH neurones. While the role of GnRH as LH secretagogue is evident, we have found no indication in adult male African catfish for a direct, GnRH-mediated stimulation of LH synthesis. The limited available information at present precludes a generalized view on the testicular feedback on FSH.     

促黄体素（LH）和人绒毛膜促性腺激素（hCG）在原索动物神经系统,哈 …

Immunocytochemical localization of the nervous system, Hatschek's pit and gonads in protochordata was carried out using two specific antibodies against human LH and hCG. The results indicate that there are two different kinds of LH- and hCG-like immunopositive cells in the brain vesicle and nerve tuber of amphioxus, and nerve ganglion in Styela plicata showed immuno-negative reaction to LH and hCG antibodies. At the same time, we found for the first time that LH- and hCG-like immuno-positive cells existed in the early gonads (ovaries and testis) in protochordata. Positive substance distributed in the cytoplasm, nucleoplasm and nucleolar membrane of oogonia as well as early spermatogenic cells in testis. Afterwards, this positive substance was still distributed in the cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear membrane and nucleoplasm of oocyte during the development and maturation of ovary, and spermatid and spermatozoa showed immuno-negative reaction in testis. These results will provide a new mophological proof that LH and hCG may be directly involved in regulation of the gonadal development and maturation of protochordata.