Insecticide susceptibility and resistance of larvae of the Anopheles sinensis Group (Diptera: Culicidae) from Paju, Republic of Korea

The susceptibility of members of the Anopheles sinensis Group in Korea to insecticides was evaluated under laboratory conditions using 15 insecticides currently used by local public health centers in Korea. The insecticides included eight pyrethroids, six organophosphates and a pyrazol analogue. Based on their LC₅₀ values, the order of susceptibility of An. sinensis larvae to the insecticides was bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, α-cypermethrin and λ-cyhalothrin, with values of 0.009, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 p.p.m., respectively. The least susceptibility was obtained with fenitrothion, with an LC₅₀ of 7.7 p.p.m. In the comparative resistance test, the resistance ratios (RR) of 14 insecticides were compared to each other using two strains of members of the An. sinensis Group collected in the locality in 2001 and 2008. Anopheles spp. demonstrated higher RR to organophosphates such as fenthion, and low RR for the pyrethroids. Among the organophosphates, fenthion had the highest RR of 33.3 and 270.0 fold differences for LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values, respectively. Among the pyrethroids, permethrin was observed to have the highest RR of 3.8 and 1.8 fold differences for LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in susceptibility to chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin and fenitrothion. An. sinensis s. l. was more susceptible to the six insecticides bifenthrin, λ-cyhalothrin, α-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin and pyridafenthion, showing 0.03, 0.06, 0.3, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.4 fold differences in resistance rates (RR LC₅₀), respectively.     

Laboratory Evaluation of the Lethal Efficacy of an Insect Growth Regulator, Pyriproxyfen against Anopheles sinensis (Diptera, Culicidae) Larvae

The granular formulation of 0.5% pyriproxyfen is a mosquito insect growth regulator larvicide. It was evaluated for residual activity for killing and/or emergence inhibition against 3rd stage larvae of Anopheles sinensis in the laboratory. Mortality rates ranged from 60.9% to 79.7% at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L of water during the first seven days. Except for the lowest concentration (0.01 mg/L) mortality rates were greater than 80% from day 8 through 28. Mortality rates for 0.01 mg/L concentrations were 70.4% from days 8‐14, and thereafter exceeded 80% through day 28. The residual activity gradually increased post‐treatment since the granular formulation of pyriproxyfen has a gradual solubility and increases concentration of active ingredient over time. The mortality rates of An. sinensis larvae and pupae eventually reached 100% for the three (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mg/L) concentrations.     

Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers from Asian malaria mosquito Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae)

Microsatellite-containing region were isolated and characterized in Anopheles sinensis, a primary vector of malaria parasites in Asia. An enrichment protocol yielded 252 microsatellite sequences. We designed primers to amplify 20 unique microsatellites, 14 of which amplify cleanly and were polymorphic. A survey of 24 individuals showed that 12 loci are highly variable with the number of alleles ranging from two to 11, and expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.116 to 0.903. These markers will be useful for population genetic studies and genome mapping in A. sinensis.     

中华按蚊全基因组微卫星的鉴定、特征及分布规律

【目的】中华按蚊Anopheles sinensis是我国及东南亚重要的传疟媒介。本研究在全基因组上鉴定和分析中华按蚊微卫星并注释微卫星相关基因的功能,为遗传分子标记的筛选提供依据,也为昆虫微卫星比较基因组学进一步研究提供基础。【方法】用MISA程序鉴定中华按蚊基因组微卫星;用Excel 2010统计微卫星长度,结合微卫星序列信息编写Perl脚本计算微卫星碱基含量;结合微卫星位置信息编写Perl脚本定位微卫星出现的基因区域,并对基因区的微卫星进行GO功能注释;运用WEGO比较中华按蚊和冈比亚按蚊An.gambiae含微卫星相关基因功能注释。【结果】共鉴定出105 981个微卫星,出现的密度是365.5个/Mb。其中100 391个(94.7%)微卫星是完整型微卫星,其余5 590个(5.3%)是复合型微卫星。单碱基微卫星最为丰富,共58 837个,占总微卫星数量的55.5%,其余依次是二碱基(30 345个,占28.6%)、三碱基(15 104个,占14.3%)、四碱基(1 530个,占1.4%)、五碱基(121个,占0.1%)和六碱基(44个,少于0.1%)微卫星。(A)n为最主要的微卫星,其次是(AC)n,(AG)n,(C)n,(AGC)n,(ATC)n,(ACG)n和(ACC)n,数量都在2 000个以上。中华按蚊基因组微卫星长度以10~20 bp为主(87.1%)。这些微卫星的AT含量(63%)明显高于GC含量(37%),仅三碱基微卫星的GC含量(53%)略高于AT含量(47%)。90 632个微卫星(85%)分布在基因间区,15 349个(15%)微卫星分布在基因区。在基因区,2 782个(3%)微卫星分布在外显子区,12 567个(12%)分布在内含子区。GO注释比较中华按蚊和冈比亚按蚊含微卫星的基因,发现这两个物种各小类基因所占总基因数的百分比基本一致,但电子传递类(electron carrier)基因在中华按蚊所占百分比(0.9%)明显高于冈比亚按蚊(0.1%)。【结论】这是蚊虫中首个在全基因组上系统的微卫星研究工作,为进一步通过微卫星作为分子标记开展中华按蚊种群遗传学、遗传变异、功能基因的遗传定位和调控机制研究奠定了基础,也为昆虫微卫星的多样性和进化研究积累了科学素材。     

中华按蚊OCT家族基因的多样性及序列特征

[目的]在全基因组水平鉴定、分类和命名中华按蚊Anopheles sinensis有机阳离子转运体(organic cation transporter,OCT)家族基因,为昆虫OCT基因提供信息框架.[方法]从NCBI,VectorBase和EMBL数据库下载冈比亚按蚊An.gambiae、黑腹果蝇Drosophil...     

Susceptibility of Field Populations of Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis

The susceptibility of Anopheles sinensis to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) was evaluated through exposure to varying concentrations of Bti. Mosquitoes were collected from five field populations of southern and central China (Zhongshan, Hengxian, Wuchang, Xinzhou, and Ruichang) and compared with a standard laboratory strain. The LC₅₀ values were 146.4, 50.4, 57.9, 50.0, 41.6 and 24.6 ng/mL, respectively. Differences in susceptibility to Bti ranging from 1.7 to 5.9-fold compared with the laboratory strain. The Zhongshan strain had the greatest resistance. At low doses, Bti displayed residual effects. Peak mortality occurred from the first to the fourth day. Exposure to low doses increased the duration of larval development and decreased the duration of pupal development, indicating that low doses of Bti have a sublethal effect on their hosts.     

疟疾媒介中华按蚊触角感器的扫描电镜观察

【目的】明确中华按蚊Anopheles sinensis雌成虫与幼虫触角感器的类型、形态和分布。【方法】利用光学显微镜观察中华按蚊成虫与幼虫触角的形态结构,利用扫描电镜观察触角上的感器类型、形态和分布。【结果】中华按蚊雌成虫触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,鞭节有13个亚节。触角上共发现4种类型的感器,分别为毛形感器(锐型和钝型)、刺形感器(大型和小型)、锥形感器(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)和腔锥形感器(大型和小型)。雌成虫触角各类感器总计约1 135.67±86.75个,其中毛形感器数量最多(662.00±6.22个),随后是刺形感器(294.67±33.35个)和锥形感器(146.00±42.39个),腔锥形感器数量最少(36.50±5.90个)。毛形感器、刺形感器和锥形感器在鞭节的每个亚节均有分布,而大型腔锥形感器在第9-11亚节没有分布,小型腔锥形感器仅分布于第13节的顶端。幼虫触角的鞭节不分亚节,呈管状,触角末端有一个感觉锥,鞭节上分布有与成虫锥形感器相似的锥形凸起,初步定名为类锥形感器,其数量和大小随幼虫龄期的增长而显著增加,锥体表面的凹槽越来越明显,其功能还需要通过超微结构和电生理等研究进一步确定。【结论】本研究对中华按蚊幼虫和雌成虫触角感器的形态特征、类型、数量及其分布进行了观察和分析,结果为进一步研究中华按蚊感器的生理功能奠定了基础。     

中华按蚊含LY结构域的胰蛋白酶基因的分子特征及表达模式分析

【目的】在全基因组鉴定中华按蚊Anopheles sinensis 含LY结构域的胰蛋白酶(LY-trypsin)基因,探究其分子特征、表达模式以及系统发育关系。【方法】以NCBI数据库中冈比亚按蚊An. gambiae、埃及伊蚊Aedes aegypti、黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster和致倦库蚊Culex quinquefasciatus胰蛋白酶家族基因的氨基酸序列为询问序列,通过本地Blast搜索鉴定中华按蚊基因组中胰蛋白酶基因,将中华按蚊LY-trypsin基因依据其结构域特征及系统发生关系进行命名LY-trypsin。运用生物信息学方法预测中华按蚊LY-trypsin基因的结构、在scaffold的定位、结构域、系统发育关系,及其在中华按蚊不同发育时期、成蚊不同组织和吸血前后雌成蚊中的表达模式。【结果】在中华按蚊全基因组上共鉴定得到27个中华按蚊LY-trypsin基因;在黑腹果蝇、冈比亚按蚊、致倦库蚊和埃及伊蚊基因组中未鉴定到LY-trypsin基因。中华按蚊27个LY-trypsin基因分别编码329~1 125个氨基酸,分子量在36.8~125.5 kD之间,等电点在4.73~8.94间。其中, 20个LY-trypsin具有信号肽,信号肽长度在10~62个氨基酸之间。这27个中华按蚊LY-trypsin基因的外显子数为1~5个,内含子长62~20 093 bp。这27个中华按蚊LY-trypsin基因被定位在11个scaffold上,其编码蛋白均有YWTD保守基序(LY基序);其中16个LY-trypsin基因所编码的氨基酸序列具有含丝氨酸、组氨酸和天冬氨酸催化三联体的活性位点。系统发育结果表明,27个中华按蚊LY-trypsin基因聚类为4个分支。在不同发育阶段,半数以上的中华按蚊LY-trypsin基因显示出相似的表达模式,在幼虫阶段均高水平表达;在中华按蚊不同成蚊组织中,LY-trypsin基因均有不同程度的表达;吸血前后雌蚊中仅有个别基因表达,并未发现表达特异性。【结论】本研究在中华按蚊基因组中首次鉴定出LY trypsin基因,并揭示了这些LY-trypsin基因的分子特征和表达模式,为LY-trypsin基因的进一步研究提供了信息框架。     

中华按蚊气味结合蛋白基因AsinOBP1的克隆和表达分析

【目的】蚊虫的行为在很大程度上依赖于嗅觉系统, 例如寻找宿主和产卵场所等。中华按蚊Anopheles sinensis是我国最重要的传疟媒介之一, 但有关中华按蚊嗅觉信号传递过程的研究甚少。本研究旨在克隆和表达分析中华按蚊的气味结合蛋白（odorant binding proteins, OBPs）基因, 为进一步研究中华按蚊嗅觉传递的分子机制奠定基础。【方法】通过分析中华按蚊的转录组数据克隆气味结合蛋白基因, 采用RT-PCR和实时定量PCR技术分析该基因在成虫不同组织和在吸血前后的表达模式。【结果】克隆到一个气味结合蛋白基因, 命名为AsinOBP1 (GenBank登录号为KJ958382)。AsinOBP1基因开放阅读框长435 bp, 编码144个氨基酸, 具有典型的6个半胱氨酸位点。RT-PCR组织表达谱分析发现, AsinOBP1在检测的所有成虫触角、下颚须、喙和头部组织中都有表达, 而在足和去掉头部以外的躯体组织中不表达。定量分析发现AsinOBP1在雌蚊触角中的表达水平最高, 吸食血液后, AsinOBP1的表达水平显著下降; 仅用小鼠气味处理后, AsinOBP1的表达水平也显著下降。【结论】研究结果说明AsinOBP1可能是嗅觉组织特异性表达的基因, 与雌蚊寻找宿主等行为有关, 其功能还需深入研究。     

中华按蚊CPF家族表皮蛋白基因的全基因组鉴定及其特征分析

【目的】鉴定中华按蚊Anopheles sinensis基因组上的CPF家族表皮蛋白基因,分析其基因结构和特征,推测其可能的生物学功能;同时比较研究代表性蚊种的CPF家族基因,提供CPF家族基因的信息框架。【方法】基于中华按蚊An.sinensis、冈比亚按蚊An.gambiae、微小按蚊An.minimus、埃及伊蚊Aedes aegypti、致倦库蚊Culex quinquefasciatus和黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster全基因组序列,以冈比亚按蚊CPF家族基因序列为询问序列,采用BLASTP,TBLASTN和HMM方法鉴定这些物种的CPF家族基因;利用生物信息学方法预测中华按蚊CPF家族基因的结构、剪切模式、信号肽、跨膜区、结构域和3D结构等;采用最大似然法(maximum likelihood,ML)构建这些物种的系统发生关系,推断CPF家族基因的起源和进化。【结果】中华按蚊、冈比亚按蚊、微小按蚊、埃及伊蚊、致倦库蚊和黑腹果蝇全基因组共有4,4,4,3,3和3个CPF家族基因。中华按蚊的CPF基因被分别命名为As CPF1,As CPF2,As CPF3和As CPF4,这些As CPF基因的全长c DNA序列分别为736,2 021,531和1 001 bp,分别编码219,345,148和185个氨基酸。As CPF1,As CPF2和As CPF3仅含有一个内含子,但As CPF4含有3个内含子,所有内含子均为0位内含子。As CPF1,As CPF2,As CPF3和As CPF4分别有3,2,1和2个不同的选择性剪切子。As CPF3的表达量最高,其次是As CPF4,As CPF2和As CPF1。推测的As CPF1,As CPF2,As CPF3和As CPF4的理论分子量分别为22.86,36.47,15.08和18.66 k D,等电点分别为9.08,8.97,9.44和9.16。As CPF家族蛋白含有保守的44个氨基酸基序和C-末端基序;As CPF1,As CPF3和As CPF4具有信号肽,为分泌型蛋白,而As CPF2缺乏信号肽,为非分泌蛋白。二级结构分析显示,4个As CPF均具有α-螺旋,无规卷曲和延伸链,只有As CPF4有一段跨膜片段,位于第5-27位氨基酸。系统发育分析显示,CPF3基因可能是最早分化出来的CPF家族基因,CPF1和CPF2基因可能是同一祖先基因经过一个基因重复事件分化形成的,CPF4基因很可能是按蚊所特有的,是最晚分化出来的CPF基因。以冈比亚按蚊为对照,替换率分析显示,中华按蚊CPF表皮蛋白的Ka/Ks值均小于1,表现出纯化选择。【结论】对中华按蚊CPF家族基因在全基因组上的鉴定和特征分析,及对代表性蚊虫CPF家族基因的比较分析,揭示了蚊虫CPF家族基因的多样性、结构和氨基酸特征以及起源和进化,这为该家族基因的进一步研究和利用提供了信息基础。     

Intraspecific hybridization of Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) strains from Thailand and Korea

Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis [Wiedemann (1828)] is a member of the hyrcanus species group, and it has been incriminated as the natural or experimental malaria vectors in the Republic of Korea, Japan, China, and Indonesia. In Thailand, however, An. sinensis seems to be of little medical importance. Hybridization tests among the three iso-female lines (isolines) of An. sinensis [i.e., Form A (X, Y1) and Form B (X, Y2) (Thailand strain), and Form B (X, Y2) (Korean strain)] were established based on two distinct types of metaphase chromosomes and geographical differences The chromosomal form of the Korean strain was first identified from this study. Results of reciprocal and back crosses indicated that both karyotypic forms of theAn. sinensis Thailand and Korean strains were genetically compatible, and provided viable progenies and completely synaptic polytene chromosomes. The sequences of the rDNA internal-transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) among the An. sinensis strains were nearly identical to each other, and the intraspecific sequence variability was very low (0.0-0.6%). Sequence comparisons among the cryptic inter-species (i.e., An. sinensis, An. lesteri, and An. yatsushiroensis), however, revealed extensive divergence, and the intraspecific variability ranged from 12.2 to 34.6%. Therefore, it is concluded from these results and previous vector ability studies that the An. sinensis Forms A and B exhibit cytological polymorphic races that have different vector abilities in their transmission of malaria, depending on their geographical locations.     

中华按蚊血红素加氧酶基因 AsHO-1的鉴定及其在血餐后虫体中的表达动态

【目的】雌蚊需要吸食血液以完成营养生殖循环,血液蛋白的消化会释放大量的游离血红素。血红素是促氧化剂,必须严格调控血红素的动态平衡。血红素加氧酶 (heme oxygenase, HO) 在血红素的动态平衡调控中起着关键的作用,但不同昆虫HO代谢血红素的途径有差异。本研究旨在鉴定和表达分析中华按蚊 Anopheles sinensis 的 HO-1基因,研究HO-1和血红素在血餐后的动态变化过程,为进一步研究中华按蚊血红素的动态平衡调控机制奠定基础。【方法】通过分析中华按蚊的转录组数据鉴定HO-1基因,采用实时定量PCR技术分析该基因在不同组织和在取食血液、葡萄糖前后的表达谱,并测定取食血液后中肠中不同时间的血红素浓度。【结果】鉴定到中华按蚊血红素加氧酶1基因,命名为 AsHO-1（GenBank登录号为KP994552）。AsHO-1开放阅读框长729 bp,编码242个氨基酸。定量PCR表达分析发现,AsHO-1在幼虫和成虫的中肠和中肠外组织（仅去掉中肠的虫体）中都有表达,中肠外组织中的表达水平显著高于中肠中的表达水平。AsHO-1在吸食血液后的中肠中上调明显,而在中肠外组织中的表达变化较小。吸食葡萄糖后,中肠中AsHO-1在6-12 h表达上升,最高上升了4.2倍,而在吸食血液后AsHO-1在12-24 h表达上升,最高上升了11.67倍。中肠中的血红素含量在吸食血液后的3 h即开始迅速上升,6 h达到最高,18 h开始下降。【结论】研究结果说明AsHO-1在血餐后表达水平显著上调,有可能与血红素的动态调节有关,但有待进一步验证。除中肠外,AsHO-1基因还在幼虫期和在成蚊的中肠外组织中高表达,说明AsHO-1基因还可能参与中华按蚊的其他多种生理过程。     

Insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in Ibadan,Southwest Nigeria

The emergence of insecticide resistance in Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes has great implications for malaria control in Nigeria. This study aimed to determine the dynamics of insecticide susceptibility levels and the frequency of knock‐down resistance (kdr) mutations (L1014F) in wild Anopheles coluzzii Coetzee & Wilkerson sp. n. and Anopheles gambiae Giles from the Ojoo and Bodija areas of Ibadan, in southwest Nigeria. Insecticide susceptibility to pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates and organochlorines was assessed using World Health Organization (WHO) bioassays. A subset of the mosquitoes exposed to pyrethroids and DDT was used for species and molecular form identification; kdr genotyping was determined using the TaqMan real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay. The mosquitoes were resistant to pyrethroids and DDT but completely susceptible to organophosphates and carbamates. Bodija samples (n = 186) consisted of An. gambiae (91.4%) and An. coluzzii (8.1%) and included one An. coluzzii/An. gambiae hybrid specimen. All mosquitoes screened in Ojoo (n = 26) were An. gambiae. The 1014F kdr mutation was detected at frequencies of 24.5 and 5.8% in Bodija and Ojoo, respectively. No correlation was observed between kdr genotypes and resistance phenotypes. The results indicate that metabolic resistance probably plays an important role in the development of resistance and highlight the need to implement insecticide resistance management strategies.     

中华按蚊CYP6Y亚家族基因的鉴定和生物信息学分析

【目的】鉴定中华按蚊Anopheles sinensis CYP6Y亚家族基因,分析它们的结构和特征,推测其可能的功能。【方法】以冈比亚按蚊An. gambiae CYP6Y1作为询问序列,通过双向Blast方法检索中华按蚊转录组中CYP6Y亚家族基因,并通过生物信息学方法分析基因结构、特征及可能的功能。【结果】从中华按蚊转录组测序数据中鉴定出2条CYP6Y亚家族基因,分别命名为AsCYP6Y1（GenBank登录号：KF709397）和AsCYP6Y2（GenBank登录号：KF709398）。序列分析显示,AsCYP6Y1和AsCYP6Y2全长分别为1 713 bp和1 815 bp,分别编码502和526个氨基酸。基因结构分析显示,该亚家族基因仅含有1个相位1型内含子并与其他P450基因形成保守的共线性分布。蛋白结构分析显示,这2个基因编码的蛋白含P450特有的5个特征序列和6个底物结合位点,且均不存在信号肽,其亚细胞定位为细胞质。3D结构分析显示,AsCYP6Y1有18条α螺旋和13股反向平行的β折叠,AsCYP6Y2有19条α螺旋和11股反向平行的β折叠。通过同样的方法,在达林按蚊An. darlingi中也鉴定出2个CYP6Y亚家族基因。系统进化分析显示,AsCYP6Y1和AsCYP6Y2分别与其他3种按蚊的CYP6Y1和CYP6Y2聚成一支,Bootstrap值均大于90%。替换率分析显示,中华按蚊AsCYP6Y1和AsCYP6Y2与其他3种按蚊同源基因的Ka/Ks均小于1。相对进化速率分析显示,中华按蚊CYP6Y和CYP6M亚家族的相对进化速率均显著快于CYP6P亚家族,而CYP6Y和CYP6M亚家族之间没有显著差异。【结论】在中华按蚊和达林按蚊中存在2个CYP6Y亚家族基因,之前在冈比亚按蚊和不吉按蚊An. funestus中也发现2个CYP6Y亚家族基因,表明CYP6Y亚家族基因可能在按蚊属广泛存在,且可能为按蚊属昆虫所特有。     

按蚊属一新种(双翅目:蚊科)

记述采自云南思茅市水塘内按蚊1新种,讨论了新种与近缘种的鉴别特征。模式标本保存于云南省寄生虫病防治所。     

中华按蚊电转化显微注射技术平台的构建及其在基因瞬时过表达中的应用

【目的】构建在中华按蚊 Anopheles sinensis 中的电转化显微注射技术平台,并利用该技术平台实现活体基因瞬时过表达对其进行验证,为开展系统的基因功能研究奠定基础。【方法】以CUY21EDIT Ⅱ电转仪为主体构建中华按蚊中的电转化显微注射技术平台;使用同源重组法构建 EGFP 和 Bm-iAANAT 基因的瞬时过表达质粒,在中华按蚊化蛹3 h时注射该质粒进入蛹体,随即使用电转仪对注射后的蛹进行电击,待注射个体发育至化蛹39 h时,利用体视荧光显微镜观察蛹体表皮着色和发光情况,并通过荧光定量PCR检测 EGFP 和 Bm-iAANAT 的表达。【结果】构建了用于显微注射的 PIZ-modi-Aepub-EGFP-SV 40和 PIZ-modi-Aepub-AANAT- T2A-EGFP-SV 40过表达载体。 PIZ-modi-Aepub-EGFP-SV 40注射组中华按蚊在化蛹39 h时约87.5%的个体成活并正常黑化,这其中约92.7%的个体的表皮检测到明显的绿色荧光,注射无启动子载体 PIZ-modi-EGFP-SV 40并进行电击的阴性对照组和注射过表达载体 PIZ-modi-Aepub-EGFP-SV 40但未进行电击的阳性对照组个体则没有明显的绿色荧光;并且荧光定量PCR结果显示,注射组中发光个体的 EGFP 基因明显高表达。 PIZ-modi-Aepub-AANAT-T 2 A-EGFP-SV 40注射组的蛹在化蛹39 h时有80.4%个体存活,这其中92.2%的个体相对于注射无启动子载体 PIZ-modi-AANAT- T2A -EGFP-SV 40的阴性对照组和注射过表达载体 PIZ-modi-Aepub-AANAT- T2A -EGFP-SV 40但未进行电击的阳性对照组个体黑化明显受阻,且有明显的绿色荧光;并且荧光定量PCR结果显示,报告基因 Bm-iAANAT 和 EGFP 的表达明显提高。【结论】成功构建了在中华按蚊中的电转化显微注射技术平台;通过此技术平台能够便捷、快速和高效地实现报告基因在活蛹中的瞬时过表达,并产生了目的表型。这为中华按蚊功能基因组研究奠定了基础。     

Vector competence of Anopheles lesteri Baisas and Hu (Diptera: Culicidae) to Plasmodium vivax in Korea

Three anopheline mosquitoes in Korea were studied for their abilities as vectors for Plasmodium vivax. The female mosquitoes of Anopheles lesteri, An. pullus and An. sinensis were allowed to suck malaria patient blood until fully fed, and they were then bred for 2 weeks to develop from malaria parasites to sporozoites. The result from the above confirmed the sporozoites in one An. lesteri of one individual and five An. sinensis of six individuals. We also confirmed that An. sinensis was the main vector to transmit malaria and An. lesteri as well as An. sinensis were able to carry Korean malaria parasites. Therefore, we propose that diversified study is needed to manage malaria projects.     

Ultrastructure of the Rectum Epithelial Cells in the Mosquito Larvae, Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann

ABSTRACT The Ultrastructure of rectum epithelial cells in the mosquito larvae, Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann, was studied using electron microscope. The rectal epithelium forms rectal papillae composed of the absorptive cells and the surrounding basal cells. Moreover, rectal epithelium was covered with thin cuticular intima. Apical plasma membrane of the epithelial cells had infoldings and in between them, mitochondria developed into elongated shape were attached. In addition, the membrane infoldings reach down into the cell cytoplasm to form several layers of leaflet-like prolongations. On both sides of these prolongations were also large, well-developed mitochondria. Their formation was that mitochondria were attached to 3 μm length and 4–13 layers of membrane wrinkle lump. Many spherites, which are lamelated crystals that form an illusory structure in concentric circles inside of the cytoplasm of epithelial cell were observed. Basal plasma membrane in the epithelial cells was also wrinkled to promulgate into the cytoplasm to become basal infoldings producing canaliculi in basal labyrinth formation. There were many mitochondria scattered in these formations as well. On the bottom of the epithelial cell, basal lamina was attached and between basal lamina and muscle bundle was subepithelial space, which is connective tissue. Inside the space, tracheal and nerve cells were observed.