Seed coat morphology and its systematic significance in Juncus L. (Juncaceae)in Egypt

The seed morphology of nine taxa of Juncus from Egypt has been investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy,to determine the importance of seed coat features as taxonomic characters.Macro-and micromorphological characters,including seed shape,color,size,seed appendages,epidermal cell shape,anticlinal boundaries,and outer periclinal cell wall and secondary cell wall sculpture are presented.Four types of seed appendages are recognized:(i)seeds with two appendages;(ii)seeds without appendages;(iii)seeds with minutely a piculate at one end;and(iv)seeds with minutely a piculate at both ends.Two types of anticlinal cell wall boundaries,(i)raised-channeled,straight and(ii)raised,straight or sinuous,and three different shapes of outer periclinal cell wall are described:(i)flat;(ii)concave;and(iii)flat to slightly concave.The secondary sculpture of the cell wall varies from striate to microreticulate or reticulate,and smooth to finely folded.Seed characters provide useful data for formulating the taxonomy of Juncus both on the subgeneric and sectional level.A key for the identification of the investigated taxa based on seed characters is provided.     

Seed coat morphology and its systematic significance in Juncus L. (Juncaceae) in Egypt

The seed morphology of nine taxa of Juncus from Egypt has been investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy, to determine the importance of seed coat features as taxonomic characters. Macro- and micromorphological characters, including seed shape, color, size, seed appendages, epidermal cell shape, anticlinal boundaries, and outer periclinal cell wall and secondary cell wall sculpture are presented. Four types of seed appendages are recognized: (i) seeds with two appendages; (ii) seeds without appendages; (iii) seeds with minutely a piculate at one end; and (iv) seeds with minutely a piculate at both ends. Two types of anticlinal cell wall boundaries,(i) raised-channeled, straight and (ii) raised, straight or sinuous, and three different shapes of outer periclinal cell wall are described: (i) flat; (ii) concave; and (iii) flat to slightly concave. The secondary sculpture of the cell wall varies from striate to microreticulate or reticulate, and smooth to finely folded. Seed characters provide useful data for formulating the taxonomy of Juncus both on the subgeneric and sectional level. A key for the identification of the investigated taxa based on seed characters is provided.     

对孙成仁的“五味子科植物种子表面微形态及其系统学意义”一文之商榷

孙成仁在2002年《植物分类学报》第40卷第2期“五味子科植物种子表面微形态及其系统学意义”一文中对林祁(2000)所做的五味子科分类学修订提出了不同的看法。本文对此作出解答,认为由于双方在实验材料、实验方法、实验结果、植物分类学研究方法等方面存在差异,从而得出不同的研究结论。     

西藏色季拉山区龙胆科植物种子微形态特征及其系统分类学意义

利用扫描电镜和解剖镜对西藏色季拉山区分布的龙胆科6属20种植物种子微形态进行观察研究。结果显示：这20种植物的种子颜色有黑色、黄色、黑褐色、黄褐色、灰褐色和红棕色6种;种子形状分为长卵球形、卵球形、椭圆球形、矩圆形和近球形;表皮纹饰可分为4种类型,即网纹型、条纹型、疣状型和嚼烂型,其中网纹型又细分为6个亚型。根据种子微形态特征,笔者对龙胆科相关属的进化趋势、分类学意义和分类鉴定等进行了讨论,认为獐牙菜属（Swertia L.）和龙胆属（Gentiana（Tourn.）L.）进化程度较高;从种子微形态特征上看肋柱花属（Lomatogonium A.Br.）、花锚属（Halenia Borkh.）和假龙胆属（Gentianella Moench.）间有较近的亲缘关系;龙胆科各属种子表皮纹饰特征与分类系统基本吻合。本研究表明种子微形态在植物分类研究中具有十分重要的意义,可作为植物系统划分、鉴定和进化研究的参考性状。     

含笑属(木兰科)植物花粉形态及其系统学意义

利用扫描电子显微镜对含笑属12个分类群的花粉形态进行了观察和研究。花粉粒椭圆形,两侧对称,异极,具远极单萌发沟,中等大小;形成一较为自然的分类群。虽然花粉粒的大小和表面雕纹不同种间具有一定的差异,但不足以为现有的属下分类系统提供足够的证据。     

木兰科种子内种皮合点区形态及其系统学意义

在扫描电镜下系统研究了木兰科10属52种成熟种子内种皮合点区形态。该形态分为孔型和管型两大类。孔型为内种皮合点区具一小穿孔。木莲属Manglietia、香木兰属Aromadendron、盖裂木属Talauma(8种)、南洋含笑属Elmerrillia和鹅掌楸属Liriodendron具此类型。管型由内种皮合点区向下凹陷形成的小窝和由窝底向外伸出的小管组成。华盖木属Manglietiastrum、盖裂木属Talauma(3种)、长蕊木兰属Alcimandra、含笑属Michelia、合果木属Paramichelia和观光木属Tsoongiodendron具此类型。在木兰属部分种中还观察到两种形态之间的过渡类型。上述形态特征在属内稳定并为木兰科植物所特有,而且明显表现出原始类群的合点区形态大多为孔型,进化类群的合点区形态大多为管型的特点。     

基于分形方法探讨槭属（Acer Linn.）植物叶片的形态多样性及其系统学意义

采用数量性状测量法分析了槭属(Acer Linn.)8种1变种1变型的叶片形态性状差异,并采用分形方法对供试种类局部叶脉和叶片轮廓进行分维值计算;在此基础上,对供试槭属植物叶片的形态多样性进行比较,并讨论了分形理论在叶片形态特征的定量分析及植物系统学研究中的意义。叶片数量性状的测量结果表明：供试种类叶片的矩形度和叶形系数呈显著正相关,纵横轴比与一级脉角呈显著负相关,这些叶片形态参数的变异程度与叶片的形态多样性有关,虽然能在一定程度上反映槭属植物的叶形及叶脉结构变化,但难以充分反映叶片的变异细节及本质特征。分维值的计算结果表明：供试种类的叶片轮廓和局部叶脉的分维值呈显著负相关;叶片轮廓分维值在种间及种内均有显著差异(P<0.05),但部分种类间局部叶脉分维值差异不显著(P>0.05);鸡爪槭(A. palmatum Thunb.)的叶片轮廓和局部叶脉的分维值变异系数显著高于其他供试种类,表明其种内叶片变异的多样性相对较高。根据叶片轮廓和局部叶脉的分维值,可将供试种类分为4类：鸡爪槭、红枫〔A. palmatum f. atropurpureum ( Van Houtte) Schwerim〕和羽裂槭〔A. palmatum var. dissectum ( Thunb.) Miq.〕归为一类,锐角槭( A. acutum W. P. Fang)、色木槭( A. mono Maxim.)、茶条槭( A. ginnala Maxim.)、三角槭( A. buergerianum Miq.)和中华槭( A. sinense Pax)归为一类,建始槭( A. henryi Pax)和樟叶槭( A. cinnamomifolium Hayata)各自归为一类。研究结果揭示：通过叶缘和叶脉的分形分析可以定量反映植物叶片的形态多样性,建议将叶片轮廓分维值和局部叶脉分维值分别作为种水平和属水平的分类依据;此外,分形方法也为定量化研究和评价不同叶片类型的演化程度提供了可行的途径。     

天仙子族(茄科)的花粉形态补充研究及其系统学意义

在扫描电镜下研究了茄科天仙子族7属及颠茄属、茄参属和枸杞属3属共10属23种植物的花粉形态学特征。结果表明:天仙子族的花粉粒形状为球形、近球形、扁球形和长球形;萌发孔类型有无萌发孔、不规则的拟孔、3沟、4沟、3～4沟、散沟和3孔沟;外壁纹饰为小刺状、瘤状、各式条纹状、条纹-穴状、条纹-网状、皱波状、细网状和网状。沟膜近光滑、具小颗粒、具小刺状突起或具瘤状突起。各属植物的花粉形态在萌发孔的有无、萌发孔的类型和外壁纹饰等方面有较大的差异,可以作为探讨属间分类和系统关系的重要依据。天仙子族植物花粉萌发孔的演化趋势为:无萌发孔→3、4沟→3孔沟。无萌发孔的山莨菪属是原始类群,三孔沟的马尿泡和天仙子等属是进化类群。还讨论了与前人研究结果不同之处和可能的原因。     

中国蔷薇属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

应用光学显微镜和电子显微镜,对30种中国蔷薇属植物叶表皮的微形态特征进行了观察。结果表明:叶表皮细胞一般为多边形或不规则形,垂周壁平直、平直弓状、波状、浅波状和深波状式样;该属植物的叶表皮细胞大小种间差异较大,总体来看上表皮几乎全为多边形细胞,且上表皮细胞比下表皮细胞略大;在扫描电镜下观察,大部分细胞的平周壁下陷,仅部分细胞的平周壁突起;叶表皮角质层纹饰多样、即使同一个种的上下表皮细胞角质层纹饰微形态特征也有差异;大多植物叶片表面具柔毛,均为单毛,有长柔毛和短柔毛,大部分种类的柔毛基部无特化,其基部由普通的表皮细胞围绕着,少部分种类的柔毛基部由几个特化的辐射状细胞围绕着,少数植物无毛;有些植物叶表面或叶脉上还分布有腺毛;除了单叶蔷薇亚属的小蘗叶蔷薇1个种的上下表皮均分布有气孔器外,其余蔷薇亚属的29种植物的气孔器均分布在下表皮,形状为椭圆形、宽椭圆形和长椭圆形三种,气孔器类型有无规则型、不规则四细胞型、对位四细胞型、环列型和辐射型;气孔器外拱盖内缘近平滑或呈深浅不同的波状、气孔器外拱盖纹饰光滑或粗糙,大多植物气孔器的保卫细胞两级T型加厚;另外,只有小蘗叶蔷薇的气孔器具双层外拱盖且仅上表皮被毛等特征也说明了其在演化上的特殊地位,蔷薇属植物叶表皮的这些微形态特征,在属内各组间无明确的规律性,但可为探讨该属种间的分类学及亲缘关系提供依据。     

Seed morphology of Linaria species from eastern Spain: identification of species and taxonomic implications

Seed morphology of 15 taxa of Linaria from eastern Spain has been studied using stereoscopic and scanning electron microscopy. Four different morphological types are described according to features of the seed-coat surface. The type that includes winged seeded taxa is divided into three subtypes. Seed morphology of each type and subtype is described, compared, illustrated and discussed according to its taxonomic and biological implications. A key to identify the different species or groups of species is also supplied. 2001 The Linnean Society of London     

Systematic significance of seed morphology in the genus Veronica (Plantaginaceae), with special reference to the Egyptian taxa

Seed morphology of 29 taxa including 9 subgenera belonging to the genus Veronica was compared using scanning electron microscopy to assess their diagnostic value for systematic studies. Subgenus Beccabunga is the largest in this study represented by nine taxa. Seed surface often varies from ridged reticulate or verrucose/granulate reticulate to rugose-reticulate. Seed color and size have limited taxonomic significance as their variation is uninformative. Thereagainst, seed shape and seed coat ornamentation present informative characters that can be used efficiently in distinguishing the studied taxa. Our seed features support the DNA sequence data in showing close relationships between V. biloba and V. campylopoda, and between V. fruticans and V. fruticulosa. The present study indicates thatV. anagallis-aquatica, V. anagalloides, V. comosa, and V. catenata have more or less the same seed features; consequently, these four former species are most likely representing a single species as reported by earlier studies. Furthermore, V. polita and V. persica are very similar in terms of seed characteristics. Our results justify placement of V. peregina within subgenus Beccabunga and support the monophyly of the subgenus Veronica.     

葡萄科植物叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,对葡萄科Vitaceae11属37种代表植物的叶表皮特征进行了观察,发现该科植物叶表皮细胞形状为无规则形或多边形,垂周壁一般为平直、弓形或浅波状;气孔器通常仅分布在下表皮（火筒树属Leea偶尔可在上表皮观察到）,除无规则型（地锦属Parthenocissus、俞藤属Yua、葡萄属Vitis、蛇葡萄属Ampelopsis和酸蔹藤属Ampelocissus）最为常见外,不等细胞型（火筒树属）、短平列型（白粉藤属Cissus、乌蔹莓属Cayratia和崖爬藤属Tetrastigma）、     

Seed macro and micro morphology of the selected <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nigella</Emphasis> (Ranunculaceae) taxa from Turkey and their systematic significance

Macro and micromorphological properties of intact and mature seeds of 12 taxa (species and varieties) belonging to Nigella L. (Ranunculaceae) was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Material studied covers 11 species of 15 Turkish Nigella. Studied taxa were divided into two types. Type I has ovate to orbicular seeds that includes four species. Type II has triquedrous seeds and includes seven species. Type II was subdivided into two. Type IIa has triquedrous to subpyramidal seeds (five species) and Type IIb has triquedrous to subglobose seeds (two species). Further segregation was performed micromorphologically and an identification key of studied Nigella taxa was given. Studied Nigella taxa have a diverse macro and micromorphological characters that utilize to separate them from each other to assess the systematics of Nigella.     

Anatomical studies on Sinofranchetia chinensis (Lardizabalaceae) and their systematic significance

The anatomical structures of the Chinese endemic and monotypic genus Sinofranchetia (Lardizabalaceae) are described. There are reticulate, simple-reticulate, scalariform, simple-scalariform and simple perforations in vessel elements as well as in the fibres in the secondary wood of the roots and the stems. The node is trilacunar. The vascular bundles in the petiole are arranged in a ring. Clustered crystals occur in the parenchymatous cells of stems, petioles and pedicles. Leaf stomata are actinocytic. The nodes of sepals, petals and stamens both in male and female flowers are unilacunar and one-traced. There are three sterile carpels with two to three traces in the male flowers, three fertile carpels with two to three traces, and sometimes three sterile carpels lacking a vascular supply. In morphology, the anther dehiscence mechanism and pollen in the female flowers are the same as in the male flowers, such that the so-called female flowers might be bisexual in morphology. In comparing morphology, the sex of the flowers and the perforations of the vessel elements in Sinofranchetia with Decaisnea and other genera of the Lardizabalaceae, Sinofranchetia is considered a basic group at least as the same evolutionary level in the family as Decaisnea . © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 149 , 271–281.     

国产6种点地梅属植物的核型及其系统学意义

报道了点地梅属6种12个居群的染色体数目和核型。它们的染色体数目(2n)、核型公式(KF)、染色体相对长度组成(CRL)、核型不对称性系数(A．sK%)和核型类型(KT)分别为：点地梅在南京的2个居群都是2n=2x=20,KF=18m 2sm,CRL=2L 6M2 10M1 2S,核型KT属于1A型,但核型不对称性系数As．K%分别是55.04％和56．71％;北点地梅在内蒙古锡林郭勒和白音锡勒居群的2n=2x=20,KF分别为16m 2sm 2st 1b和16m 2sm 2st 4b,染色体相对长度组成分别是14M2 4M1 2S 1b和12M2 6M1 2S 4b,核型不对称性系数As．K％分别是57．65％和58．86％,属2A型和2B型;高原点地梅在青海玛沁县昌马河居群和兴海县温泉居群都是2n=2x=20,KF=10m 8sm 2st。但相对长度组成分别为12M2 8M1和4L 6M2 6M1 4S,As．K％分别是60．35％和62．57％,属2A型和2B型;雅江点地梅在青海玛多县巴颜喀拉山居群和大通县达坂山居群分别为2n=4x=40和2n=6x=60,KF=36m 2sm 2st和KF=46m 10sm 4st 2b,CRL=2L 20M2 14M1 4S和CRL=6L 30M2 16M1 8S 2b,As．K％分别为55．62％和58．31％,核型均属于2B;巴颜喀拉山北坡的鳞叶点地梅2n=40、60、80。西藏点地梅青海湖居群中有2种细胞型：①2n=2x=24,KF=12m 6sm 6st 4b,CRL=6L 6M2 8M1 4S 4b,As．K％=65．74％,核型属2B;②2n=2x=22,KF=14m 4sm(2SAT) 4st,CRL=4L 6M2 8M1(2sAT) 4S,As．K％=63．40％,核型也属于2B。西宁西山湾居群也有2种细胞型：①2n=3x=36,KF=36m,CRL=4L 12M2 20M1,As．K％=54．82％,核型属1A;②2n=3x=33,KF=33m,CRL=3L 12M2 18M1,As．K％=52．11％,核型属1A。点地梅属的染色体原始基数可能是x=10,在种间或种内观察到有3种核型变化：染色体非整倍性变化、多倍化和核型不对称性变化。将2倍体居群的核型和不对称性进行比较,可以看出点地梅是较对称的核型。因此,在研究的种中应是比较原始的类群。北点地梅的核型不对称性和进化程度高于点地梅而低于高原点地梅和西藏点地梅。染色体多倍化的雅江点地梅、鳞叶点地梅和西藏点地梅等在核型上也许是最进化的类群。     

Micromorphological features of the seed surface of Schisandraceae and their systematic significance

Micromorphological features of the seed surface of the Schisandraceae are reported for the first time. One hundred and seventeen seed samples from 92 populations, representing 24 species, seven varieties and one form of the Schisandraceae, were examined and photographed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Micromorphological features of seed surfaces of the Schisandraceae are little affected by the habitats in which plants grow, and are quite constant within species, therefore they can be used as reliable diagnostic characters to distinguish species. The following taxonomic treatments are not supported by micromorphological features observed: ( 1 ) To reduce Schisandra wilsoniana A. C. Smith to S. henryi Clarke; (2) To reduce S. neglecta A. C. Smith, S. arisanensis Hayata, S. viridis A. C. Smith, S. sphenanthena Rehd. & Wils., S. gracilis A. C. Smith, S. micrantha A. C. Smith and S. lancifolia var. polycarpa Z. He to S. elongata ( Bl. ) Baill.; (3) To reduce S. henryi var. longipes (Merr. & Chun) A. C. Smith, S. tomentella A. C. Smith and S. pubescens var. pubinervis (Rehd. & Wils.)A. C. Smith to S. pubescens Hemsl. & Wils.; (4) To reduce S. rubriflora(Franch.)Rehd. & Wils., S. flaccidiramosa C. R. Sun, S. incarnata Stapf, S. sphaerandra Stapf, S. sphaerandra f. pallida A. C. Smith and S. glaucescens Diels to S. grandiflora ( Wall. ) Hook. f. & Thoms.; (5) To reduce Schisandra wilsoniana to S. bicolor Cheng; (6) To reduce S. lancifolia var. polycarpa to S. neglecta; (7) To raise S. henryi var. longipes to S. longipes(Merr. & Chun)R. M. K. Saunders; (8) To reduce Kadsura polysperma Yang to K. heteroclita(Roxb. )Craib. The relationship between Schisan-dra Michx. and Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss. revealed by the micromorphological features of seed surface is very similar to that revealed by pollen morphology, namely these two genera might have originated from a common ancestor and then evolved along two different routes. However the probability of a more complicated relationship between the two genera than we have known hitherto can not be excluded. The general evolutionary level of Kadsura seems to be higher than that of Schisandra. Therefore, the viewpoint that Kadsura is more primitive than Schisandra is not supported.     

猕猴桃属花粉形态及其系统学意义

由于天然种间杂交,猕猴桃属Actinidia Lindl.的分类存在着组间界限不清、近缘种之间很难区分的问题。本文试图通过对该属不同组、系的植物花粉及种间杂交后代花粉的扫描电镜观察,探讨该属物种的系统学关系。在扫描电镜下观察了猕猴桃属植物21种、 6变种和4个不同种间杂交F1代植株的花粉,描述了它们的花粉形态,并根据花粉形态特征建立了相应的检索表。研究结果表明：（1）猕猴桃属的花粉形状主要以长球形至近球形为主,变异较小,而花粉粒大小和外壁纹饰的种间差异较大。（2）多数迁地保护物种的花粉粒以三孔沟为主,不同于以前报道的以三拟孔沟为主,原因可能是花粉样本采集地的环境不一样,以及野外的广泛杂交造成的。（3）种间杂交后代花粉空瘪,无授粉能力,是由于所采用亲本植株染色体的倍性不同,后代不能产生正常花粉所致。（4）人工选育雄株花粉外壁纹饰较野生雄株花粉的精细,这种花粉外壁纹饰变小的特征可能有利于雌雄异株植物的授粉受精。这一现象值得进一步探讨。（5）雄株花粉大小与其雌株果实大小之间有一定相关性,这一现象有助于杂交后代的早期筛选。     

中国杜鹃花属的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜对国产杜鹃花属Rhododendron6个亚属48种4变种植物的叶表皮特征进行观察,结果表明叶表皮的鳞片、腺体、表皮毛的有无和气孔器的类型具有一定的系统学意义。光学显微镜下可见：叶表皮细胞形状为多边形、不规则形,垂周壁式样为较平直、浅波状和波状．气孔器普遍存在于下表皮,上表皮未见气孔器分布,其类型均为无规则形。杜鹃亚属subgen．Rhododendron叶表皮具有鳞片,在扫描电镜下可见气孔器散生于指状突起之间,有别于无鳞类杜鹃花。常绿杜鹃亚属subgen．Hymenanthes和映山红亚属subgen．Tsutsusi有多种不同叶表皮类型;除了凯里杜鹃R．westlandii和弯蒴杜鹃R．henryi形态较特殊之外,马银花亚属subgen．Azaleastrum的马银花组sect．Azaleastrum和长蕊杜鹃组sect．Choniastrum微形态区别不明显。羊踯躅亚属subgen．Pentanthera的羊踯躅R．molle叶表皮有表皮毛,无腺体,气孔器密生,外拱盖形状不对称,外围有多层波形条纹突起可与其他亚属区分：而叶状苞亚属subgen．Therorhodion的叶状苞杜鹃R．redowskianum保卫细胞有明显的T型加厚,与其他亚属种类明显不同,与分子系统发育研究得到的“叶状苞亚属是杜鹃花属的基部类群”的结果吻合。本研究还依据叶表皮微形态特征讨论了一些近缘种类的关系。     

An embryological study and systematic significance of the primitive gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba L.is considered one of the most ancient seed plants,with several primitive features of plant reproductive process.However,the phylogenetic position of Ginkgo and its relationship with other extant seed plants remain unclear.To gain a better understanding of these issues,we observed the embryological development of G.biloba using semi-thin sections and scanning electron microscopy.In late August,the zygote moved from the end of the micropylar to the middle of the archegonium,and mitosis resulted in many free nuclei distributed randomly in the archegonium.Afterwards,the cell wall was formed and the proembryo began to differentiate into the embryonal region and the underdeveloped presuspensor region.In early October,the embryo differentiated into two cotyledons,plumule,hypocotyl,radicle,and suspensor tissues.Subsequently,the two cotyledons grew rapidly,but the undeveloped suspensor began to degenerate and gradually disappear,indicating that the embryo had begun to mature.During early embryo development,the main supply of nutrients was carbohydrate in the cells of the jacket,tentpole,and surrounding endosperm,whereas endosperm provided nutrients during embryo maturation.Our results indicate that Ginkgo is extremely similar to cycads in terms of embryology but more similar to conifers in macromorphology and vegetative anatomy,suggesting that the Ginkgo lineage may have an intermediate phylogenetic position between cycads and conifers.     

毛冠菊属舌片的微形态特征及其系统学意义

在扫描电镜下观察了毛冠菊属Nannoglottis 8种植物舌片的微形态特征,以探讨其颇有争议的系统位置。所有种类舌片近轴面的细胞为板状,长圆形;径向、切向壁直;外壁特征性突起,外壁中央为纵向皱纹,相邻细胞之间的纹饰无系统连接。这些特征表明毛冠菊属和紫菀族Astereae关系密切,但它在紫菀族内的系统位置可能比较特殊。这些结果和依据ITS序列推测的紫菀族系统发育的结果相吻合。文中还讨论了一些微形态性状的演化趋势以及微形态性状在毛冠菊属部分种类分类中的应用。