Prevalence of behavioural problems in a group of demented nursing home patients

Behavioural problems in dementia are a burden for patients and caregivers and are often the main reason for admission to a nursing home. Research on the prevalence of behavioural problems is scarce. In this study the prevalence of behavioural problems was estimated in nursing home patients with dementia. In 59 demented patients the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI-NH) and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory were used to measure behavioural problems over the last two weeks. Behavioural problems were present in about 85% of the study group. Using the NPI-NH aggression/agitation and apathy were present in almost 40% of the patients. Delusions, hallucinations, depression and anxiety were present in 10-15% of the patients. Using the CMAI cursing/verbal aggression, restlessness, complaining, negativism, and mannerisms were prevalent in 30%-50% of the patients. Larger studies on the prevalence of problem behaviour and possibly influencing factors are necessary.     

X-ray computerized tomography as a new method for monitoring Amegilla holmesi nest structures, nesting behaviour, and adult female activity

Optimal foraging theory, specifically the marginal value theorem, predicts quicker leaving (shorter residence time) from poorer patches. One proximal mechanism for achieving the leaving is that exposure to lower-quality resources may trigger increased restlessness (proportion of time in locomotion). Which aspects of host quality, if any, affect restlessness was examined in females of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Females were individually exposed to a single host. Restlessness was greater both during and after exposure to a host, when the host was externally damaged vs. intact. Other aspects of host quality that affected restlessness were whether the host was parasitized and whether it was dead and unsuitable for offspring development. In contrast, the host's age and stage did not affect restlessness. Increased restlessness did not make females more willing to launch themselves across an inhospitable environment using their wings.     

Wind conditions experienced during the day predict nocturnal restlessness in a migratory songbird

A variety of methods have been used to study the relationship between wind conditions and departure decisions of migrant birds at stopover sites. These methods are either costly or suffer from inaccuracy in determining whether or not an individual has resumed migration. Here we present a novel and simple approach to studying the relationship between wind conditions and departure likelihood. Northern Wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe caught during stopover were temporarily caged to measure their nocturnal migratory restlessness, which is an accurate proxy for their individual departure likelihood. We then related the degree of nocturnal restlessness to wind conditions prevailing at the time of capture. Confirming the general pattern from previous studies of departure, the intensity of nocturnal migratory restlessness, and hence departure likelihood, increased with increasing wind support towards the migratory goal. This suggests that approximating the propensity to depart by measuring nocturnal migratory restlessness is a reliable way to study the effect that wind conditions experienced during stopover has on the departure decision of migrants. Our study also shows that nocturnal migrants possess the ability to use information gathered during the day for their departure decisions at night. Because measuring migratory restlessness is straightforward and inexpensive, our approach is ideally suited to test hypotheses regarding spatio‐temporal variation in wind selectivity in migrating birds.     

Migratory restlessness in captive individuals predicts actual departure in the wild

In captivity, migratory birds show increased activity during the time that they would normally migrate. The phenology and intensity of such ‘migratory restlessness’ has been shown to mirror species- and population-specific migration patterns observed in the wild and has consequently been used as a proxy for the motivation to migrate. Many studies doing so, however, were aiming to explain among-individual variation in migratory behaviour or traits, and not species- or population-specific traits. These studies thus assumed that, also at the level of the individual, migratory restlessness is an accurate proxy for the motivation to migrate. We tested this assumption for the first time and found that it holds; individuals showing very little migratory restlessness remained at stopover for longer than one night, whereas most individuals showing more restlessness departed sooner. This finding validates the use of migratory restlessness as a proxy for the motivation to migrate, thereby justifying the conclusions made in a large body of research on avian migration.     

胃复安与雷莫司琼对全麻腹腔镜胆囊摘除术患者呕吐及躁动的影响

目的:探讨胃复安与雷莫司琼对全麻下腹腔镜胆囊摘除术患者术后呕吐及躁动的影响。方法:选取我院收治的全麻下腹腔镜胆囊摘除术者86例,根据术后治疗方法不同,分为两组,其中对照组予以雷莫司琼治疗,实验组在对照组基础上予以胃复安治疗。观察并比较两组患者的临床疗效、呕吐、躁动及不良反应发生情况。结果:与对照组比较,实验组临床疗效明显,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组患者呕吐次数明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组患者躁动明显改善,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组不良反应发生率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:胃复安与雷莫司琼能够有效治疗全麻下腹腔镜胆囊摘除术患者术后呕吐及躁动情况,提高临床疗效。     

从"诸躁狂越，皆属于火"谈甲亢的中医药治疗

"诸躁狂越,皆属于火"是《黄帝内经》中病机十九条其中的一条,至今仍是分析疾病病机的重要依据。甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)是临床上常见的甲状腺疾病,其病机与脏腑之火密切相关,使用"诸躁狂越,皆属于火"的理论指导辩证论治甲亢在临床上广泛使用。脏腑气机不疏、情志不遂,内火遂生,可导致狂、躁等症状,火热日久可耗伤气阴,并可产生痰热、瘀血,但贯穿疾病始终的仍为火热,是疾病的起始因素,临床上从火论治甲亢,使用清热法、清热药治疗甲亢,在临床及动物实验方面均取得了明显的效果,再次证明了从"诸躁狂越,皆属于火"治疗甲亢的有效性。     

Spring Usurpation Restlessness: A Wasp Social Parasite Adapts its Seasonal Activity to the Host Cycle

In animals, restlessness is a strategy to fulfil a goal within a narrow seasonal window when ecological and physiological constraints require the performance of certain fundamental events. Although restlessness can be expected in parasitic species that have their biological cycle similar to that of the host, no 'urge to parasitize' has thus far been demonstrated in any host-parasite pair. The paper wasp, Polistes sulcifer , is a social parasite that has lost the nest-building ability and marked by the absence of the worker caste; it depends on a congeneric host species to reproduce. Host colony usurpation is successful when it occurs in a well-defined seasonal window. The short time available for host-nest usurpation might lead to parasite restlessness that overlaps this period. Under controlled laboratory conditions, we demonstrated that the parasite females exhibit 'usurpation restlessness' during the period in which field usurpations occur. Additional experiments showed that both this period and laboratory temperature influence the parasite's 'urge to usurp'.     

A combination of valerian and lemon balm is effective in the treatment of restlessness and dyssomnia in children.

Efficacy and tolerability of a combined valerian/lemon balm preparation were investigated in an open, multicentre study in children less than 12 years suffering from restlessness and nervous dyskoimesis. Patients were dosed individually by the investigators. In total, 918 children were evaluated for therapeutic efficacy and tolerability. A distinct and convincing reduction in severity was found for all symptoms in the investigators' and parents' ratings. The core symptoms dyssomnia and restlessness were reduced from "moderate/severe" to "mild" or "absent" in most of the patients. In total, 80.9% of the patients who suffered from dyssomnia experienced an improvement for this symptom and 70.4% of the patients with restlessness improved clearly. For the other listed symptoms the total improvement was 37.8% on average. Both, parents and investigators assessed efficacy as to be "very good" or "good" (60.5% and 67.7%, respectively). The tolerability of Euvegal forte was considered as "good" (in 96.7% of the patients it was judged to be "very good" or "good"). No study medication-related adverse events occurred. In conclusion, Euvegal forte was effective in the treatment of younger children with restlessness and dyssomnia and it was very well tolerated.     

Linalool odor stimulation improves heat stress tolerance and decreases fat accumulation in nematodes

Aromatherapy uses plant essential oils and fragrant ingredients for relaxation, sleep assistance, and improvement of restlessness related to dementia. Certain aromatic substances increase the life span and stress tolerance of nematodes. We investigated effects of exposure to linalool, a linear chain monoterpenic alcohol that is present in the essential oils of many plants, and its optical isomer, l-linalool, in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nematodes were repelled by the odor of both linalool and l-linalool; however, linalool odor stimulation decreased fat accumulation and increased motility after thermal stress. Analysis of a gene-deficient mutant revealed that the DAF-16 insulin-signaling pathway, which is involved in heat stress tolerance, was enhanced by linalool treatment. Linalool stimulation increased the expression of downstream genes such as sod-3 and hsp-12.6 via DAF-16. We conclude that linalool odor induces a repelling behavior in nematodes, improves heat stress tolerance through the DAF-16 signaling pathway, and affects fat accumulation.     

Vergleichende Untersuchung von Jugendentwicklung und Zugverhalten bei Garten- und Hausrotschwanz,Phoenicurus phoenicurus undPh. ochruros

Zusammenfassung An je 12 handaufgezogenen Garten- und Hausrotschwänzen wurden Jugendmauser, Fettdeposition und Zugunruhe erfaßt und mit entsprechenden Daten freilebender Artgenossen verglichen. Die Daten stimmen gut mit denen freilebender Artgenossen überein. Beim Gartenrotschwanz setzt die Jugendmauser in frühem Alter ein und verläuft rasch, und Fettdeposition und Zugunruhe beginnen, ehe die Mauser beendet wird. Er zeigt das typische Bild eines frühwegziehenden Interkontinentalziehers. Beim Hausrotschwanz hingegen wird die Jugendmauser trotz ihrer großen Länge beendet, bevor Fettdeposition und Zugunruhe einsetzen, und beide haben geringeren Umfang. Er bietet das Bild eines weniger ausgeprägten Ziehers und eines Intrakontinentalziehers. Beide Arten zeigen ihre großen Unterschiede in Jugendentwicklung und Zugverhalten in weitgehend entsprechenden Versuchsbedingungen, vor allem unter ganz ähnlichen photoperiodischen Bedingungen. Das spricht dafür, daß diese Unterschiede einer stark endogenen, wahrscheinlich einer stark genetischen Kontrolle unterliegen. Der Gartenrotschwanz — als Weitstrekkenzieher — entwickelt viel, der Hausrotschwanz — als Kurz- bis Mittelstreckenzieher — weit weniger Nachtunruhe. Die Zeit, in der Nachtunruhe produziert wird, stimmt bei beiden Arten sehr gut mit der Zugzeit überein. Die Nachtunruhe ist daher bei beiden Arten typische Zugunruhe. Die verschiedenen gemessenen Zugunruhewerte stimmen z. T. sehr gut mit den zurückzulegenden Zugstrecken überein, z. T. zeigen sie erhebliche Abweichungen. Prinzipiell lassen sich die Daten jedoch alle gut im Sinne endogener Zug-Zeitprogramme interpretieren, wie sie früher für Sylviiden nachgewiesen wurden. Demnach lassen sich die Vorstellungen endogener Zug-Zeitprogramme nunmehr auf eine weitere Vogelgruppe, nämlich die kleinen Drosselvögel, ausdehnen.

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A comparative study of juvenile development, migratory restlessness and migratory behaviour in the Redstart and Black Redstart

Summary Juvenile development, migratory disposition and migratory activity were investigated in Redstarts and Black Redstarts. In each 12 hand-raised individuals, patterns of juvenile moult, fat deposition and migratory restlessness were determined and compared with corresponding data from freeliving conspecifics. There was good agreement between the data from hand-raised and feral birds. In the Redstart, juvenile moult starts early and proceeds rapidly and fat deposition and migratory restlessness start before the moult has ended. The Redstart is typical for an early departing intercontinental migrant. In the Black Redstart, however, the moult, despite its long duration was clearly separated from the migratory events, and fat deposition and migratory restlessness are both less pronounced than in the Redstart. The patterns of the Black Redstart were typical for a less pronounced or an intracontinental migrant. Both species produced the large differences in juvenile development and migratory behaviour in widely corresponding experimental conditions, above all in very similar photoperiodic conditions. This suggests that these differences were based to a high degree on endogenous, probably genetic factors. The Redstart, as a long-distance migrant, developed a lot, and the Black Redstart, a short- to middle-distance migrant, far less nocturnal restlessness. In both species the period in which nocturnal restlessness developed corresponded very well with the migratory season. Thus this restlessness was typical migratory restlessness. The various measurements of restlessness obtained corresponded in part with the distances covered during migration although there were substantial deviations. In principle, however, all the data can well be interpreted in terms of endogenous time programs for migration as they have been formerly demonstrated for Sylviid species. Thus the concept of these programs can now be extended to another bird group — to small Turdiid species.

     

Programmed and flexible: long‐term Zugunruhe data highlight the many axes of variation in avian migratory behaviour

Studies of Zugunruhe – the ‘migratory restlessness’ behaviour of captive birds – have been integral to our understanding of animal migration, revealing an inherited propensity to migrate and an endogenous timing and navigation system. However, differences between Zugunruhe in captivity and migration in the wild call for more data, in particular on variation within and among taxa with diverse migration strategies. Here, we characterise Zugunruhe in a long‐term dataset of activity profiles from stonechats (genus Saxicola) with diverse migratory phenotypes (976 migration periods from 414 birds), using a flexible and consistent quantitative approach based on changepoint analysis. For east African, Austrian, Irish, and Siberian stonechats and hybrids, we report key inter‐population differences in the occurrence, timing, and intensity of Zugunruhe. In line with expectations, we found the highest Zugunruhe intensity in the longest‐distance migrants, more variable patterns in short‐distance migrants, and intermediate characteristics of hybrids relative to their parental groups. Inter‐population differences imply high evolutionary lability of Zugunruhe timing within a robustly structured annual cycle. However, counter to theory, Irish partial migrants showed no segregation between migrant and resident individuals, and previously reported nocturnal restlessness was confirmed for resident African stonechats. Further features of nocturnal restlessness that did not align with migratory behaviour of stonechats were juvenile nocturnal restlessness even prior to postjuvenile moult, and protandry in spring, although stonechats winter in heterosexual pairs. Importantly, Zugunruhe of all populations declined with age, and the intensity of an individual bird's Zugunruhe was correlated with activity levels during other parts of the annual cycle. Our results confirm endogenous, population‐specific migration programmes but also reveal apparent discrepancies between Zugunruhe and migration in the wild. We thus highlight both the continued potential of Zugunruhe study and the need for circumspect interpretation when using migratory restlessness to make inferences about migration in the wild.     

Identification of Some Promising Heterocycles Useful in Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis: Virtual Screening,Pharmacophore Mapping,Molecular Docking,and Molecular Dynamics

Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry - Rhinitis is an allergic disease that causes troubles and restlessness for patients. In this research work we will focus on finding promising organic...     

Migratory restlessness in caged BramblingsFringilla montifringilla in northern Sweden

Summary The migratory restlessness was studied in caged Bramblings in northern Sweden under natural light conditions 17 September 1977 to 25 May 1978. The experimental birds showed a well-developed migratory restlessness during the natural migratory season of the free-living conspecifics. The migratory restlessness lasted longer than the natural migratory period in autumn, and the onset of migratory restlessness in spring was delayed compared with the natural migratory period. The discrepancies are probably due to the abnormal photoperiodic conditions to which the experimental birds were exposed. Different diurnal activity patterns during different times of the year reflect the migratory habit of the species, i.e. the Brambling is both a nocturnal and diurnal migrant. The quantity of the diurnal activity per hour was clearly positively correlated with the length of photoperiod. The photoperiodic and endogenous influence on the migration of the Brambling is discussed.

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Zugunruhe bei gekäfigten Bergfinken in Nordschweden

Zusammenfassung Die Zugunruhe gekäfigter Bergfinken wurde vom 17. Sept. 1977 bis 15. Mai 1978 unter natürlichen Lichtbedingungen in Nordschweden untersucht. Während der Zugperiode freilebender Bergfinken zeigten die gekäfigten Individuen deutliche Zugunruhe. Im Herbst dauerte die Periode der Zugunruhe länger als die Zugperiode freilebender Bergfinken, im Frühjahr war das Einsetzen der Zugunruhe gegenüber dem natürlichen Zugbeginn verzögert. Möglicherweise waren diese Unterschiede eine Folge der abnormen photoperiodischen Bedingungen, unter denen die Käfigvögel lebten. Unterschiedliche Muster der Tagesaktivität in den einzelnen Jahreszeiten deuten das Zugverhalten der Art an: Bergfinken sind sowohl Nacht- als auch Tagzieher. Die Menge der Tagesaktivität pro Stunde war deutlich positiv mit der Länge der Photoperiode korreliert. Der photoperiodische und endogene Einfluß auf das Zugverhalten des Bergfinken wird diskutiert.

     

Geomagnetic information modulates nocturnal migratory restlessness but not fueling in a long distance migratory songbird

Geomagnetic cues have been shown to influence migratory orientation and migratory fuelling in night‐migratory songbird species. Here, we used captive‐bred northern wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe from the southern Norwegian population to show that other aspects of the birds’ migratory program can be influenced by magnetic cues as well. We observed that the amount of migratory restlessness increased strongly with progression of the migratory season when the birds were kept constantly in the magnetic field of northern Germany, but the amount of migratory restlessness decreased when the magnetic field changed along the birds’ natural flyway are simulated. Thus, the Earth's magnetic field can also act as a ‘signpost’ cue for fine‐tuning the spatio‐temporal course of migration.     

瑞芬太尼、芬太尼对小儿扁桃体切除术中应激反应和苏醒期躁动的影响

目的：探讨瑞芬太尼、芬太尼对小儿扁桃体切除术中应激反应以及苏醒期躁动的影响。方法：选择2012年1月至2012年12月期间择期行扁桃体切除手术的患儿80例为研究对象,将其分随机为瑞芬太尼组（40例）和芬太尼组（40例）,比较两组患者不同时间应激反应指标（ACTH、COR、IL-6）、苏醒时间、躁动评分、躁动发生率以及RamSay镇静评分,探讨两种麻醉药物的临床应用价值。结果：两组术前ACTH、COR、IL-6的基础应激指标比较,差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。瑞芬太尼组及芬太尼组术毕该三项指标较术前升高,术后1d较术毕有回落,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;瑞芬太尼组术毕睐后1d的各项指标均远远低于芬太尼组,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。瑞芬太尼组苏醒时间明显少于芬太尼组,躁动评分明显低于芬太尼组,躁动发生率明显低于芬太尼组,RamSay镇静评分明显高于芬太尼组,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：瑞芬太尼引起的应激反应明显弱于芬太尼组,且其苏醒期躁动情况明显优于芬太尼组,值得进一步推广应用。     

Phase II trial on the effects of Silexan in patients with neurasthenia, post-traumatic stress disorder or somatization disorder

Silexan, a novel lavender oil preparation for oral use, has been authorized in Germany for the treatment of states of restlessness during anxious mood. An open-label, exploratory trial was performed to assess the potential of the medicinal product in the treatment of restlessness caused by anxiety as related to several disorders. Outcome measures included the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), von Zerssen's Depression Scale (D-S), the 36-item Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36), and a sleep diary. 50 male and female patients with neurasthenia (ICD-10 F48.0), post-traumatic stress disorder (PSD; F43.1), or somatization disorder (F45.0, F45.1) were included to receive 1 × 80 mg/day Silexan over 6 weeks; 47 could be analyzed for efficacy as full analysis set. At baseline, patients suffered from restlessness (96%), depressed mood (98%), sleep disturbances (92%), or anxiety (72%). Of those, resp. 62%, resp. 57%, resp.51%, resp. 62% showed improvements during treatment (p < 0.001). For all patients, mean D-S score decreased by 32.7% and SCL-90-R Global Severity Index by 36.4% as compared to baseline, (p < 0.001), while the SF-36 Mental Health Score increased by 48.2% (p < 0.001). Waking-up frequency (p = 0.002), Waking-up duration (p < 0.001) and morning tiredness (p = 0.005) were reduced, while efficiency of sleep (p = 0.018) and mood (p = 0.03) improved. Patients suffering from neurasthenia or PSD showed comparable improvements with most outcomes. The results in this trial justify to further investigate Silexan in disorders with accompanying restlessness caused by sub-threshold anxiety. Adverse reactions, predominantly gastrointestinal complaints, were judged as mild or moderate.     

瑞芬太尼、芬太尼对小儿扁桃体切除术中应激反应和苏醒期躁动的影响

目的:探讨瑞芬太尼、芬太尼对小儿扁桃体切除术中应激反应以及苏醒期躁动的影响。方法:选择2012年1月至2012年12月期间择期行扁桃体切除手术的患儿80例为研究对象,将其分随机为瑞芬太尼组(40例)和芬太尼组(40例),比较两组患者不同时间应激反应指标(ACTH、COR、IL-6)、苏醒时间、躁动评分、躁动发生率以及RamSay镇静评分,探讨两种麻醉药物的临床应用价值。结果:两组术前ACTH、COR、IL-6的基础应激指标比较,差别无统计学意义(P0.05)。瑞芬太尼组及芬太尼组术毕该三项指标较术前升高,术后1d较术毕有回落,差别有统计学意义(P0.05);瑞芬太尼组术毕﹑术后1d的各项指标均远远低于芬太尼组,差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。瑞芬太尼组苏醒时间明显少于芬太尼组,躁动评分明显低于芬太尼组,躁动发生率明显低于芬太尼组,RamSay镇静评分明显高于芬太尼组,差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:瑞芬太尼引起的应激反应明显弱于芬太尼组,且其苏醒期躁动情况明显优于芬太尼组,值得进一步推广应用。     

Changes in reproductive function during chronic isolation and increases in the population density of rats with different typologic behavioral characteristics

It has been shown on white outbred female rats that animals with a strong balanced mobile nervous system and active-search behaviour had the greatest stress resistence against the action of chronic isolation and increase of population density. Weak non-balanced excitable animals with non-directed motor restlessness had a minimal resistence against stress.