不同温度对青花菜花芽分化的影响

适当的低温有利于青花菜的花芽分化,14℃处理下的早熟青花菜植株可以完成花芽分化的各个过程,18℃处理下的植株花芽虽能分化,但花芽分化的各个过程不能完成,22℃处理下的植株一直处于营养生长状态而花芽未分化。叶中GA3和IAA含量伴随着花芽分化过程而变化,侧花茎上的每一级花芽分化过程中,GA3含量较高而IAA含量较低。     

赤霉素对水涨龙眼花芽分化的效应

赤霉素100—300ppm11月下旬处理水涨龙眼,对花芽分化有一定的影响,但大小年间的反应存在差异,小年各处理间的花穗抽生率呈现出随浓度降低而提高的趋势,低浓度(100ppm)有明显的促花效应,而大年处理的花穗抽生率无明显差异。所有处理对花穗及夏、秋梢结果母枝的生长发育均无不良影响。     

外源赤霉素GA3对大豆光合作用的促进和叶片内源赤霉素GA1+3水平

在营养生长阶段大豆正在扩展和刚刚完全扩展的叶片（4-12天龄）观察到外源赤霉素GA3引起净光合速率增高,但是在成龄叶片（17-22天龄）观察不到这种效应（图1）。在扩展着的叶片（4-8天龄）中用免疫实验检测的内源赤霉素GA1 3含量低于成龄叶片中的含量（图2）。由这些结果得出结论：外源赤霉素GA3对大豆叶片光合作用的促进作用是以内源有生物活性的赤霉素含量低为前提的。     

低温处理青花菜萌动种子对花芽分化的促进作用

低温(0～2℃)处理萌动种子可使青花菜的花芽分化提前.种子萌动时期经低温处理10 d(T10)和20d(T20)的青花菜植株花芽分化开始时的节位分别比对照(CK)低0.86个节位和1.03个节位.花芽分化临界期、第1级侧花茎原基分化期和第2～3级侧花茎原基分化期经低温处理10d和20 d均分别比对照提前5 d和6d.当进入花芽分化临界期时,叶片中GA3、可溶性蛋白质含量以及POD和转化酶活性均开始剧增,在第1级侧花茎原基分化期和第2～3级侧花茎原基分化期,叶片中POD、转化酶活性和GA3均有一高峰值.萌动种子经一段时间的低温处理后,首先诱导了GA3的合成,从而提高POD和转化酶等酶的活性,而这两种酶活性的升高对花芽分化有利.     

内源脱落酸和赤霉素对番茄发育果实和种子水分关系的影响

利用热偶湿度计研究了野生型、ＧＡ－缺陷型和ＡＢＡ－缺陷型番茄发育过程中果实种子的水分关系,发现除ＡＢＡ－缺陷型种子胶囊和果肉水势变化特殊外,３种类型果实水分状况变化基本一致;在整个发育时期内,前期种子胶囊和果肉水分流向种子,中期种子水分流向种子胶囊和果肉,后期种子和果实间的水势达到平衡。鉴于种胚脱水是一种主动过程,种胚水势一直低于整个种子、种子胶囊和果肉。内源赤霉素可明显增加果实和种子的重量,但对     

赤霉素对单头切花菊发育和外观品质的影响

在菊花幼苗定植到短日照处理期间,喷施50、100、150、200mg·L^-1赤霉素的结果表明：菊花发育进程加快,收获期明显缩短,在0-200mg·L^-1赤霉素范围内随赤霉素浓度的增加,发育进程加快明显,200mg·L^-1赤霉素处理的所需天数最短。株高、花径和花梗长度的生长受到促进,茎粗和叶片数生长受抑。     

内源脱落酸和赤霉素对番茄发育果实和种子水分关系的影响

利用热偶湿度计（ｔｈｅｒｍｏｃｏｕｐｌｅｐｓｙｃｈｒｏｍｅｔｅｒ）研究了野生型、ＧＡ－缺陷型和ＡＢＡ－缺陷型番茄发育过程中果实种子的水分关系,发现除ＡＢＡ－缺陷型种子胶囊和果肉水势变化特殊外,３种类型果实水分状况变化基本一致;在整个发育时期内．前期种子胶囊和果肉水分流向种子,中期种子水分流向种子胶囊和果肉,后期种子和果实间的水势达到平衡。鉴于种胚脱水是一种主动过程,种胚水势一直低于整个种子、种子胶囊和果肉。内源赤霉素可明显增加果实和种子的重量,但对增加种胚溶质的作用不大。由于内源脱落酸可以促使果实成熟和衰老,促进果实细胞解体,大大降低种子胶囊和果肉水势,因而抑制成熟种子在果实内萌发。     

赤霉素信号转导与棉纤维的分子发育

赤霉素(Gas)作为一种高效能的植物生长调节物质对棉纤维的分化和发育有着非常重要的影响, 但是, 一直以来有关赤霉素与棉纤维分化和发育的分子机制的研究还很少。文章论述了近年来GA信号组分、转导途径的分子生物学研究进展以及GA与棉纤维分子发育的相关研究成果, 旨在为揭示赤霉素调控棉纤维分化和发育的分子机制以及改善棉纤维品质的棉花育种工作提供新的思路。     

赤霉素促进花发育的分子机制

文章就赤霉素在花发育中的作用、赤霉素与一些花发育基因表达的关系及其分子机制的研究进展作介绍.     

结球甘蓝和青花菜小孢子胚植株再生

结球甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var. capitata)和青花菜(Brassica oleracea var. italica)小孢子胚再生植株频率低是目前影响游离小孢子培养技术有效应用的关键问题之一, 研究其小孢子胚植株再生频率的影响因素, 提高胚再生植株频率, 对促进游离小孢子培养技术在甘蓝类蔬菜育种中更好地应用具有重要意义。该文以结球甘蓝中甘11和青花菜TI-111等基因型为试材, 对影响游离小孢子胚再生成植株的固体培养基类型、琼脂浓度、胚的类型及胚在液体培养基中的滞留时间等因素进行了研究。结果表明: 游离小孢子培养25天的子叶胚在琼脂浓度为1%–1.25%的B5培养基上植株再生频率最高。进一步通过8个不同基因型对上述实验结果进行了验证, 结果显示, 游离小孢子培养25天的子叶胚在1%琼脂浓度的B5培养基上植株再生频率达77.8%–97.2%。     

结球甘蓝和青花菜小孢子胚植株再生

结球甘蓝（Brassica oleracea var.capitata）和青花菜（Brassica oleracea var.italica）小孢子胚再生植株频率低是目前影响游离小孢子培养技术有效应用的关键问题之一,研究其小孢子胚植株再生频率的影响因素,提高胚再生植株频率,对促进游离小孢子培养技术在甘蓝类蔬菜育种中更好地应用具有重要意义。该文以结球甘蓝中甘11和青花菜TI-111等基因型为试材,对影响游离小孢子胚再生成植株的固体培养基类型、琼脂浓度、胚的类型及胚在液体培养基中的滞留时间等因素进行了研究。结果表明：游离小孢子培养25天的子叶胚在琼脂浓度为1%–1.25%的B5培养基上植株再生频率最高。进一步通过8个不同基因型对上述实验结果进行了验证,结果显示,游离小孢子培养25天的子叶胚在1%琼脂浓度的B5培养基上植株再生频率达77.8%–97.2%。     

Boron Mobility and Nutrition in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica cv Premium Crop) plantswere germinated in soil, transferred to vermiculite three weekslater and grown in the glasshouse, then either supplied continuouslywith boron levels ranging from 0.0 (deficient) to 12.5 (toxic)mg l^–1 of nutrient solution or transferred from 2.5 to0.0 mg B l^–1 at the initiation of inflorescence development.At commercial maturity the concentrations of various inorganicand organic solutes in phloem exudates and xylem saps, as wellas plant characteristics and elemental composition of the variousplant parts, were determined. Under deficient B levels leaf midrib and stem corkiness wereevident, together with signs of stem pith breakdown, symptomswhich resemble the initiation of the hollow stem disorder. Thexylem sap B concentration declined by about 50 % when B wasnot supplied or was removed after a period of adequate supply;the phloem concentration was unaffected. Also, the decreasingB concentration gradients from mature transpiring tissues toyoung developing sinks disappeared. Therefore, it is concludedthat when B is deficient, it is retranslocated from source leavesin the phloem stream supplying the developing leaves and inflorescence.The data also suggested that at toxic levels B undergoes extensivelateral transfer, probably from xylem to xylem, thereby enhancingthe B concentration of developing sinks. The B regime influenced dry-matter partitioning, retranslocationof some elements, and the synthesis and distribution of aminoacids and sugars, reflecting the general nature of B involvementin plant processes. Brassica oleracea var., italica, broccoli, phloem, mobility, retranslocation, boron nutrition, transport fluids, concentration gradients     

Two novel bioactive glucosinolates from Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) florets

Two novel glucosinolates along with one known glucosinolate were isolated from Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) florets. Their structures were established mainly by 1D ((1)H and (13)C NMR), 2D NMR ((1)H-(1)H COSY, DEPT 135°, HSQC and HMBC), and Tandem MS-MS spectrometric data as 2-mercaptomethyl sulfinyl glucosinolate [(Z)-4-(methylsulfinyl)-N-(sulfooxy)-2-((2'S,3'R,4'S,5'S,6'R)-3',4',5'-trihydroxy-6'(hydroxylmethyl)-2'-mercapto tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) butane amide] 1, (Z)-1-((2S,5S)-5-hydroxytetra-hydro-2H-pyran-2-ylthio)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl) ethylidene amino sulfate 2 and a known cinnamoyl [6'-O-trans-(4″-hydroxy cinnamoyl)4-(methylsulphinyl)butyl glucosinolate] 3. Compound 1 exhibited scavenging activity against DPPH with an inhibitory concentration IC(50) of 20mM, whereas compound 3 was a weak antioxidant when compared to the standard quercetin (5mM) as a positive control. Both the compounds showed a significant and similar antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with an IC(50) of <625μg/mL when compared to antibiotic duricef. Against Salmonella typhimurium the IC(50) of 1 and 3 was determined as <625μg/mL and <1250μg/mL, respectively, when compared to ampicillin (IC(50) ?39μg/mL) as a positive control.     

青花菜SRAP-PCR体系优化与品种分子鉴定

本试验对青花菜基因组DNA的SRAP-PCR体系中主要影响因子Mg2+、dNTPs和引物浓度进行了优化。结果表明,反应体系中适宜浓度为Mg2+1.5-3.0mmol/L,dNTPs0.4mmol/L,引物0.25-0.50μmol/L(模板DNA约20ng,16μL反应体系)。运用优化的反应体系,对20个青花菜品种进行分子鉴定,从10个引物组合中筛选到7个多态性引物组合,获得60个多态性位点,平均每个引物组合在供试品种中产生8.6个多态性位点,鉴别品种数4.3个。双引物组合me1/em6与me2/em9可以区分所有供试材料。     

Taxonomy and evolution of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)

The origin and application of the name broccoli are discussed and a distinction between cauliflower and broccoli is proposed, based on their relative ontogeny at marketable maturity. The history and evolution of broccoli is considered in relation to cauliflower and its diversification into annual and biennial types is discussed. White-sprouting broccoli is considered to be closely related to English winter-hardy cauliflower. Calabrese, though representing only a small part of the italica gene pool, has been the most intensively developed, being currently represented by many cultivars, including F₁ hybrids. The potential for breeding new Cape and sprouting broccolis is discussed, and the need to conserve existing genetic variability of existing cultivars within Cape and sprouting broccoli is stressed.     

Indole-3-acetonitrile Is a Critical Molecule with Weed Allopathic Suppression Function in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)

Cruciferous plants are frequently used for ecologically benign weed control in agricultural production. Most effective Broccoli varieties were screened using the entropy method-based topsis model at first. Result showed that varieties of Lvwawa and Lvbaoshiwere most effective in allelopathic suppression on radishes. Column and thin-layer chromatography were used to extract the allelopathic compounds from broccoli residues, which contained various herbicidal active substances; among them, purified single-molecule indole-3-acetonitrile has a stronger inhibitory effect than pendimethalin (commercial herbicide). The weed inhibition rate increased with increasing broccoli residue dosage, with a 40 g/m² broccoli residue dose yielding the highest suppression rate. Its effect was similar to that of indole-3-acetic acid. Too much of this substance leads to the plant's death. Moreover, broccoli residues had effective control effect on weeds in natural soils in greenhouse and field trials. The results demonstrated that broccoli residue could be used for weed management in field for abundant allopathic suppression molecules to weeds, and that Indole-3-acetonitrile is one of the most important allopathic molecule.     

Regulation of Harvest-induced Senescence in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) by Cytokinin, Ethylene, and Sucrose

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) deteriorates rapidly following harvest. The two plant hormones ethylene and cytokinin are known to act antagonistically on harvest-induced senescence in broccoli: ethylene by accelerating the process, and cytokinin by delaying it. To determine the level at which these hormones influenced senescence, we isolated and monitored the expression of genes normally associated with senescence in broccoli florets treated with exogenous 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-BAP), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), a combination of 6-BAP and ACC, and sucrose, in the five days following harvest. Exogenous 6-BAP caused both a reduction (BoACO) and an increase (BoACS) in ethylene biosynthetic gene expression. The expression of genes used as senescence markers, BoCP5 and BoMT1, was reduced, whereas BoCAB1 levels were maintained after harvest in response to exogenous 6-BAP. In addition, the expression of genes encoding sucrose transporters (BoSUC1 and BoSUC2) and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes (BoINV1 and BoHK1) was also reduced upon 6-BAP feeding. Interestingly, the addition of ACC prevented the 6-BAP-induced increase in expression of BoACS, but 6-BAP negated the ACC-induced increase in expression of BoACO. The culmination of these results indicates a significant role for cytokinin in the delay of senescence. The implication that cytokinin regulates postharvest senescence in broccoli by inhibiting ethylene perception and/or biosynthesis, thus regulating carbohydrate transport and metabolism, as well as senescence-associated gene expression, is discussed and a model presented.     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) and cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata)

Transgenic broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) was produced by two Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation methods. One used flowering stalk explants from mature plants; the other used hypocotyl and petiole explants from in vitro-grown seedlings. Several hundred transformants containing a Bacillus thuringiensis -endotoxin gene (CryIA(c)-type) and the neomycin phosphotransferase gene were recovered. Rooted transformants were obtained in as little as 3 months using seedling explants. Transgenic cabbage was also obtained by the seedling explant method. Parameters important for high efficiency regeneration and transformation rates included use of a tobacco nurse cell layer, sealing of petri dishes with a porous surgical tape instead of Parafilm, preculture of seedling explants and appropriate length of co-cultivation with Agrobacterium. Advantages and disadvantages of each transformation procedure are discussed.