干旱胁迫及复水对不同黍稷品种根系生理特性的影响

以2种抗旱性不同的黍稷品种(‘陇糜4号’和‘晋黍7号’)为试验材料,采用盆栽试验研究了苗期中度和重度干旱胁迫后拔节期复水对其根系生理特性的影响。结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫引起2个黍稷品种根系活力明显下降,根系SOD、POD活性以及MDA、脯氨酸含量明显升高,而且重度干旱胁迫处理变化幅度显著大于中度干旱胁迫。(2)复水后,2个黍稷品种根系的各项生理指标均有不同程度的恢复,且中度胁迫处理较易恢复,重度胁迫下恢复能力很弱。(3)2个黍稷品种根系各项生理指标在干旱胁迫及复水条件下变化幅度不同,干旱胁迫下抗旱性强的‘陇糜4号’根系活力下降幅度明显低于抗旱性弱的‘晋黍7号’,根系SOD活性、POD活性、MDA含量和脯氨酸含量的上升幅度明显高于‘晋黍7号’,而复水后‘陇糜4号’根系的各项生理指标的恢复能力明显强于‘晋黍7号’。研究表明,干旱胁迫及复水条件下‘陇糜4号’均表现出较高的根系活力、保护酶活性和脯氨酸含量,且MDA含量较低,从而表现出较强的抗旱性。     

24-表油菜素内酯预处理对干旱胁迫下葡萄幼苗抗氧化系统和渗透调节物质的影响

以酿酒葡萄‘雷司令’(Riesling)一年生营养袋扦插苗为材料,采用人工气候室水培试验,考察在聚乙二醇6000(PEG)模拟干旱条件下,不同浓度(0.05、0.10和0.20mg/L)24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)预处理对‘雷司令’幼苗活性氧、抗氧化物质、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响,以揭示EBR预处理对干旱胁迫下葡萄幼苗的抗旱机理。结果显示:(1)与正常生长(对照)相比,干旱胁迫显著提高葡萄幼苗叶片中超氧阴离子自由基(■)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量;与干旱胁迫处理(PEG)相比,不同浓度EBR预处理均可降低叶片中■、H_2O_2和MDA的含量。(2)与对照相比,PEG处理显著降低葡萄幼苗叶片的抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量;与PEG处理相比,各浓度EBR预处理均可显著提高葡萄叶片AsA与GSH的含量,且以0.10mg/LEBR处理效果最好。(3)随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,葡萄幼苗叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)与抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,而在正常生长条件下酶活性基本保持不变;EBR预处理的葡萄叶片SOD、CAT、POD和APX活性均始终高于同期PEG处理。(4)PEG处理条件下,渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白的含量整体高于对照;与PEG处理相比,不同浓度EBR预处理在干旱胁迫中后期均能显著提高葡萄叶片中脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量。研究表明,在干旱胁迫下,外源EBR预处理能够提高葡萄叶片抗氧化系统酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,有效降低干旱胁迫诱导的活性氧过度积累及膜脂过氧化程度,提高葡萄幼苗的抗旱能力,且以0.10mg/L EBR处理效果最佳。     

水分胁迫对刺槐叶和根谷胱甘肽抗氧化系统的影响

在人工控水条件下,采用土壤最大持水量70%、55%、40%的水分处理模拟环境中的正常水分、轻度和重度水分胁迫处理,测定了刺槐叶片和根系中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量以及谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,以探讨水分胁迫条件下刺槐谷胱甘肽抗氧化系统的保护作用.结果显示:各水分处理的刺槐叶片GSH和AsA含量及GR 和SOD活性均明显高于根,根中GSH-Px活性只有在重度水分胁迫处理下大于叶片.随水分胁迫加剧,刺槐GSH含量在叶片中先升高后降低,在根中不断升高;AsA含量在叶中持续降低,在根中先升高后降低;GR活性在叶片和根系中都会降低,GSH-Px和SOD活性在叶中先升高后降低,在根中均持续升高.研究表明,刺槐谷胱甘肽抗氧化系统的GSH和GSH-Px对干旱胁迫诱发的活性氧清除起主要作用,同时提高GSH含量和GSH-Px活性是刺槐应对干旱胁迫的重要措施.     

干旱胁迫下景天植物能量水平与超微弱发光的关系

该试验以德景天幼苗为材料,设计PEG、PEG+H_2O_2、PEG+苯甲酸钠、蒸馏水(CK)4个处理,分析PEG模拟干旱胁迫及活性氧调控干旱胁迫下超微弱发光(ultraweak luminescence,UWL)和能量水平的变化及两者的关系,为揭示UWL的产生及其来源提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)在PEG模拟干旱胁迫过程中,CK和PEG处理德景天叶片的ATP含量、能荷和UWL强度均随着胁迫时间延长呈下降趋势,但PEG处理的上述指标的下降较CK更快、降幅更大。(2)进一步采用H_2O_2和苯甲酸钠调控活性氧的PEG干旱胁迫过程中,PEG+H_2O_2、PEG+苯甲酸钠处理的德景天叶片ATP含量、能荷和UWL强度的变化趋势与PEG处理基本一致,均随胁迫时间的延长呈下降趋势;但PEG+H_2O_2处理的上述指标均低于PEG处理,而PEG+苯甲酸钠处理的上述指标却高于PEG处理。(3)相关分析表明,在干旱胁迫及活性氧调控干旱胁迫下,德景天叶片UWL强度均与ATP含量和能荷呈显著正相关。研究发现,在干旱胁迫和活性氧调控干旱胁迫下,德景天叶片ATP含量和能荷较CK均明显下降,UWL强度也随之明显降低;UWL强度随着以ATP为代表的能量水平的下降而降低,说明植物中UWL的产生与其能量水平的高低显著相关。     

主成分分析不同浓度CaCl_2对NaCl胁迫下‘达米娜’葡萄的缓解效应

为探讨钙对葡萄盐害的缓解效应,研究了200 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl胁迫下,不同浓度CaCl_2对‘达米娜’葡萄沙培一年生自根苗的影响。结果显示:NaCl胁迫下,‘达米娜’葡萄根系、叶片相对电导率、叶片超氧阴离子自由基(O_2ˉ·)产生速率和过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量显著升高,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性显著降低,新梢长度和总生物量显著降低。5和10 mmol·L~(-1) CaCl_2显著降低了NaCl胁迫下根系、叶片相对电导率、叶片O_2ˉ·产生速率和H_2O_2含量。CaCl_2显著缓解了NaCl胁迫下SOD和CAT活性的下降,15 mmol·L~(-1) CaCl_2显著缓解了POD活性的下降,而10、15和20 mmol·L~(-1) CaCl_2显著缓解了APX活性的下降。高浓度(25 mmol·L~(-1))CaCl_2处理的叶片相对电导率、O_2ˉ·产生速率和H_2O_2含量显著高于NaCl胁迫的,而POD、APX活性、新梢长和植株总生物量与NaCl胁迫的差异不显著。主成分分析表明10 mmol·L~(-1)是CaCl_2缓解200 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl胁迫对‘达米娜’葡萄的最适浓度,可能与叶片中较高的抗氧化酶活性和较少的活性氧积累有关。     

成年侧柏和刺槐对春季干旱的适应策略

本研究以成年侧柏和刺槐为对象,分析春季干旱胁迫对叶片、根系形态和生理特性的影响,比较2树种在干旱胁迫下的适应策略。结果表明:春季干旱胁迫下,侧柏叶片脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量及SOD和POD活性显著低于刺槐叶片(P0.05),可溶性糖含量和CAT活性显著高于刺槐叶片(P0.05),两树种叶片丙二醛含量无显著差异(P0.05);侧柏根系脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量及POD和CAT活性显著低于刺槐根系(P0.05),可溶性糖和丙二醛含量显著高于刺槐根系(P0.05)。侧柏比叶重和根系活力显著高于刺槐(P0.05),刺槐根长密度和根面积指数显著高于侧柏(P0.05)。这说明春季干旱胁迫下成年侧柏和刺槐的渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性不同,春季干旱对两树种叶片伤害程度相似,而对侧柏根系伤害更大;成年侧柏主要采取耐旱策略,刺槐主要采用避旱策略。     

红桦幼苗根系对水-氮耦合效应的生理响应

采用两因素随机区组设计,设置了5个水分梯度,即40%(W_1)、50%(W_2)、60%(W_3)、80%(W_4)、100%(W_5)的土壤田间持水量(FC)和3个施氮梯度,即模拟氮沉降施加0(对照,N_0)、20(N_1)、40(N_2)g N m~(-2)a~(-1)的硝酸铵,研究了水-氮耦合效应对川西亚高山主要阔叶树种红桦(Betula albosinensis)幼苗根系生理活性的影响及根系在土壤水、氮胁迫下的生理调控机制。结果表明:1)随土壤含水量降低,根系活力和根系呼吸速率显著降低,膜脂过氧化产物(丙二醛)、渗透调节物质(脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖)含量及抗氧化物酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶)活性显著升高。2)水-氮耦合效应对红桦幼苗根系生理特征影响显著:施氮(N_1和N_2)在土壤水分良好(W_4和W_5)时使根系活力和根系呼吸速率显著升高,而在土壤水分不足(W_1和W_2)时显著降低了根系活力和根系呼吸速率;且在水分不足时,施氮浓度越大根系活力、MDA含量、脯氨酸及可溶性蛋白质含量变化越显著;在W_3条件下,只有N_1对根系生理功能促进作用显著。3)根系活力和根系呼吸速率与丙二醛含量呈显著负相关性。因此,一定范围内的氮沉降在土壤水分状况良好时对植物根系生理特征具有显著正效应,而在土壤水分不足时则使根系细胞膜系统受损,抑制根系生理活性,但根系可通过增加渗透调节物质含量和增强抗氧化物酶活性来抵御一定范围的环境胁迫。     

干旱胁迫对文冠果幼苗生长和生理生化特征的影响

以文冠果1年生盆栽苗为材料,采用称重控水的方法,设置土壤含水量分别为7.5%～9.4%(重度干旱)、11.3%～13.1%(中度干旱)、15.0%～16.9%(轻度干旱)、22.5%～24.4%(对照)4个处理,研究了水分胁迫对文冠果幼苗生长过程中的生长和生理生化指标的影响.结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,文冠果幼苗单株鲜重、干重和株高逐渐降低,主根和一级侧根长度逐渐增加,叶面积和叶片数逐渐减少,并在重度胁迫下达到显著水平.(2)随着胁迫时间的延长,文冠果幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶活性在对照和轻度干旱胁迫条件下保持相对稳定,而在重度干旱胁迫下逐渐升高;各胁迫处理叶片的过氧化物酶活性逐渐升高,而过氧化氢酶活性则表现为逐渐下降趋势.(3)在整个干旱胁迫过程中,叶片丙二醛含量在对照中始终稳定在0.045 μmol·g-1FW左右,而轻度干旱处理于胁迫21 d后趋于稳定(0.056 μmol·g-1FW),中度和重度胁迫处理则表现出逐渐升高的趋势;随着干旱胁迫加剧,各处理叶片可溶性蛋白含量先降低后升高,根系活力逐渐增强.可见,文冠果幼苗能通过增强保护酶活性及提高可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力来缓解土壤干旱胁迫的伤害,从而表现出较强的抗干旱特性.     

栓皮栎幼苗对土壤干旱胁迫的生理响应

以栓皮栎一年生盆栽苗为实验材料,采用称重控水的方法,设置不同土壤水分胁迫梯度,系统分析其幼苗在不同干旱胁迫条件下的生理生化响应特征,以探索栓皮栎耐旱特性.结果显示:(1)栓皮栎幼苗叶片中3种保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性在对照(CK,土壤相对含水量19.5％～21.5％)条件下保持稳定,而中度干旱(T2,9.5％～11.5％)和重度干旱(T3,5.5％～7.5％)条件下,随着胁迫时间的延长呈先增高后降低的趋势,且变化的幅度在不同胁迫强度下存在差异.(2)在整个干旱胁迫过程中,各胁迫处理叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈上升趋势,不同胁迫强度的变化幅度不同;叶片中的可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力随着干旱胁迫程度的增强呈先增高后降低的趋势.(3)栓皮栎幼苗叶片的脯氨酸含量随着干旱胁迫时间的延长表现出先增加后降低的趋势;叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量以及叶绿素a/b值均呈逐渐降低的趋势.研究表明,栓皮栎幼苗在短期和轻度干旱胁迫下通过提高自身的保护酶活性、增加可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量、提高根系活力等来抵御干旱环境的伤害,从而表现出较强的耐旱特性;而在重度干旱胁迫条件下,栓皮栎幼苗自我调节能力丧失,体内代谢紊乱,导致保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量和根系活力等下降,从而受到干旱伤害.     

ABA对盐胁迫下侧柏活性氧代谢及其相关基因表达的研究

以侧柏幼苗为试验材料,采用水培方式,研究不同浓度NaCl(0、100、200、300和400mmol·L~(-1))以及ABA(0、0.5、1、10、100和200μmol·L~(-1)处理对盐胁迫下侧柏幼苗活性氧代谢的影响。结果显示:(1)随着NaCl处理浓度增加,侧柏幼苗叶片过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和脯氨酸含量,以及抗氧化物酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性呈上升趋势,而可溶性蛋白含量降低。(2)于300mmol·L~(-1)NaCl胁迫处理48h后进行ABA(1和10μmol·L~(-1))处理,分析发现侧柏幼苗叶片的SOD、POD和CAT活性提高,GSH、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量增加,H_2O_2和MDA的积累减少。(3)NaCl胁迫后,侧柏幼苗叶片活性氧代谢相关基因(Cu/Zn-SOD、CAT、GR、APX、MDAR和GST)的表达水平随ABA浓度增加呈先升后降的趋势,并于10μmol·L~(-1) ABA处理48h时达到峰值。研究表明,适宜浓度ABA通过促进盐胁迫下侧柏幼苗叶片的抗氧化物酶活性,提高渗透调节能力,增加GSH含量,降低H_2O_2和MDA积累,从而有效降低活性氧对侧柏叶片的伤害,保护细胞膜结构的完整,增强其抗盐性。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.