硝态氮异化还原机制及其主导因素研究进展

硝态氮(NO_3~-)异化还原过程通常包含反硝化和异化还原为铵(DNRA)两个方面,是土壤氮素转化的重要途径,其强度大小直接影响着硝态氮的利用和环境效应(如淋溶和氮氧化物气体排放)。反硝化和DNRA过程在反应条件、产物和影响因素等方面常会呈现出协同与竞争的交互作用机制。综述了反硝化和DNRA过程的研究进展及其二者协同竞争的作用机理,并阐述了在NO_3~-、pH、有效C、氧化还原电位(Eh)等环境条件和土壤微生物对其发生强度和产物的影响,提出了今后应在产生机理、土壤环境因素、微生物学过程以及与其他氮素转化过程耦联作用等方面亟需深入研究,以期增进对氮素循环过程的认识以及为加强氮素管理利用提供依据。     

土壤氮素转化的关键微生物过程及机制

微生物是驱动土壤元素生物地球化学循环的引擎.氮循环是土壤生态系统元素循环的核心之一,其四个主要过程,即生物固氮作用、氨化作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用,均由微生物所驱动.近10年来,随着免培养的分子生态学技术和高通量测序技术等的发展,在硝化微生物多样性及其作用机理、厌氧氨氧化过程和机理等研究方面取得了突破性进展.本文重点阐述了我国有关土壤硝化微生物方面的研究进展,在此基础上,简要介绍了反硝化微生物和厌氧氨氧化及硝酸盐异化还原成铵作用的研究进展,并对今后的研究工作提出了展望.今后土壤氮素转化微生物生态学的研究,应瞄准国际微生生态学发展的前沿,加强新技术新方法的应用,结合我国农业可持续发展、资源环境保护和全球变化研究的重大需求,重点开展以下几方面的工作:(1)开展大尺度上土壤硝化作用及氨氧化微生物分布的时空演变特征及驱动因子的研究;(2)加强氮素转化关键微生物过程与机理的研究,并与相关过程的通量(如氨挥发、N2O释放)和反应速率(如矿化速率、硝化速率)关联起来;(3)在特定生态系统中系统研究各个氮转化过程的耦合关系,构建相关氮素转化和氮素平衡模型,为定向调控土壤氮素转化过程,提高氮素利用效率并减少其负面效应提供科学依据.     

氨氮和硝酸盐氮对沙雷氏菌S2还原Cr(Ⅵ)能力的影响

【目的】研究氨氮(AN)与硝酸盐氮(NN)对沙雷氏菌S2还原Cr(Ⅵ)能力的影响。【方法】在实验室中模拟常见的环境中氮污染,S2在含Cr(Ⅵ)培养的同时在培养体系中加入不同剂量的AN或/和NN,每隔一定时间测定培养体系的菌量(A600)、Cr(Ⅵ)还原率、AN含量、NN含量。【结果】低、中浓度AN能缓解Cr(Ⅵ)对S2生长的抑制作用;高浓度NN和AN可加快S2的衰亡。AN独立作用时,各组间Cr(Ⅵ)去除率和氨氮含量无显著关联。NN独立作用时,S2的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率在低浓度组降低10.0%以上(P0.05),在高浓度组增高7.1%(P0.05);S2能在4 h内使200 mg/L的NN降至对照组水平。双氮联合作用时,低浓度组对菌株除Cr(Ⅵ)能力的影响与AN单独作用类似,而高浓度组则类似NN单独作用。【结论】AN的存在对S2的Cr(Ⅵ)还原能力无明显影响,NN浓度高低对S2的Cr(Ⅵ)还原能力有不同影响,S2具有很强的除NN能力,可同时去除环境中Cr(Ⅵ)和硝酸盐氮污染。     

微生物异化硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐产铵研究进展

异化硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐还原产铵是氮转化附属途径,为生态系统中氮的重复利用提供了依据,已成为近年来的研究热点。据报道,氮源的种类及浓度不同异化还原产铵的发生机制及强度具有差异性,决定着微生物产铵的效率,因此,有必要明确不同氮源异化还原产铵的代谢机制。本文详细论述了参与硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐异化还原产铵过程的相关微生物种类、产铵途径及其机理;系统分析了单一氮源和混合氮源对不同微生物产铵的影响和差异,比较了放线菌与其他微生物产铵的优势,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,旨在为微生物异化硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐还原产铵提供理论基础。     

一株耐盐的卓贝儿氏菌(Zobellella sp.)的分离鉴定及其硝酸盐还原能力

【背景】好氧反硝化是指在有氧条件下进行反硝化作用,使得硝化和反硝化过程能够在同一反应器中同时发生,是废水脱氮最具竞争力的技术。红树林湿地中蕴藏着丰富的微生物资源,分布着大量好氧反硝化微生物。【目的】了解耐盐微生物的脱氮机制,为含盐废水生物脱氮的工程实践提供理论依据,对一株分离于红树林湿地中的耐盐好氧细菌A63的硝酸盐异化还原能力进行分析。【方法】利用形态学特征及16S rRNA基因序列测定分析,对其种属进行了鉴定,采用单因子实验测定该菌在不同环境因子下的硝酸盐还原能力,并对其反硝化脱氮条件进行了优化。【结果】初步判定该菌株为卓贝儿氏菌(Zobellellasp.),其能在盐度0%-10%、pH5.0-10.0、温度20-40°C范围内进行反硝化脱氮和硝酸盐异化还原为氨(dissimilatorynitratereductiontoammonium,DNRA)作用。菌株A63最适生长碳源为柠檬酸钠(1.2 g/L),适宜脱氮盐度为3%、pH 7.0-7.5、温度30-35°C,且C/N为10。在最适脱氮条件下,该菌株12h内能将培养基中208.8mg/L硝态氮降至0,且仅有少量铵态氮生成...     

A meta‐analysis of soil salinization effects on nitrogen pools,cycles and fluxes in coastal ecosystems

Salinity intrusion caused by land subsidence resulting from increasing groundwater abstraction, decreasing river sediment loads and increasing sea level because of climate change has caused widespread soil salinization in coastal ecosystems. Soil salinization may greatly alter nitrogen (N) cycling in coastal ecosystems. However, a comprehensive understanding of the effects of soil salinization on ecosystem N pools, cycling processes and fluxes is not available for coastal ecosystems. Therefore, we compiled data from 551 observations from 21 peer‐reviewed papers and conducted a meta‐analysis of experimental soil salinization effects on 19 variables related to N pools, cycling processes and fluxes in coastal ecosystems. Our results showed that the effects of soil salinization varied across different ecosystem types and salinity levels. Soil salinization increased plant N content (18%), soil NH₄⁺ (12%) and soil total N (210%), although it decreased soil NO₃^? (2%) and soil microbial biomass N (74%). Increasing soil salinity stimulated soil N₂O fluxes as well as hydrological NH₄⁺ and NO₂^? fluxes more than threefold, although it decreased the hydrological dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) flux (59%). Soil salinization also increased the net N mineralization by 70%, although salinization effects were not observed on the net nitrification, denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in this meta‐analysis. Overall, this meta‐analysis improves our understanding of the responses of ecosystem N cycling to soil salinization, identifies knowledge gaps and highlights the urgent need for studies on the effects of soil salinization on coastal agro‐ecosystem and microbial N immobilization. Additional increases in knowledge are critical for designing sustainable adaptation measures to the predicted intrusion of salinity intrusion so that the productivity of coastal agro‐ecosystems can be maintained or improved and the N losses and pollution of the natural environment can be minimized.     

极端酸性矿山环境微生物基于CRISPR系统的适应性免疫机制

【目的】通过对酸性矿山环境中嗜酸硫杆菌属(Acidithiobacillus)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、钩端螺旋菌属(Leptospirillum)、硫化杆菌属(Sulfobacillus)、酸原体属(Acidiplasma)和铁质菌属(Ferroplasma)的100株冶金微生物基因组中CRISPR-Cas系统的结构特征和同源关系进行生物信息学分析,在基因组水平上解析冶金微生物基于CRISPR系统对极端环境的适应性免疫机制。【方法】从NCBI网站下载基因组序列,采用CRISPR Finder定位基因组中潜在的CRISPR簇。分析CRISPR系统的组成结构与功能:利用Clustal Omega对重复序列(repeat)分类;将间隔序列(spacer)分别与nr数据库、质粒数据库和病毒数据库比对,获得注释信息;根据Cas蛋白的种类和同源性对酸性矿山环境微生物的CRISPR-Cas系统分型。【结果】在100株冶金微生物基因组中共鉴定出415个CRISPR簇,在176个c CRISPR簇中共有80种不同的重复序列和4147条间隔序列。对重复序列分类,发现12类重复序列均能形成典型的RNA二级结构,Cluster10中的重复序列在冶金微生物中最具有代表性。间隔序列注释结果表明,这些微生物曾遭受来自细菌质粒与病毒的攻击,并通过不同的防御机制抵抗外源核酸序列的入侵。冶金微生物细菌的大部分CRISPR-Cas系统属于I-C和I-E亚类型,而古菌的CRISPR-Cas系统多为I-D亚类型,两者基于CRISPR-Cas系统的进化过程中存在显著差异。【结论】酸性矿山环境微生物的CRISPR结构可能采用不同免疫机制介导外源核酸序列与Cas蛋白的相互作用,为进一步揭示极端环境微生物的适应性进化机理奠定了基础。     

Potential rates and pathways of microbial nitrate reduction in coastal sediments

Nitrate reduction plays a key role in the biogeochemical dynamics and microbial ecology of coastal sediments. Potential rates of nitrate reduction were measured on undisturbed sediment slices from two eutrophic coastal environments using flow-through reactors (FTR). Maximum potential nitrate reduction rates ranged over an order of magnitude, with values of up to 933 nmol cm(-3) h(-1), whereas affinity constants for NO(3) (-) fell mostly between 200 and 600 microM. Homogenized sediment slurries systematically yielded higher rates of nitrate reduction than the FTR experiments. Dentrification was the major nitrate removal pathway in the sediments, although excess ammonium production indicated a contribution of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium under nitrate-limiting conditions.     

滨海湿地生态系统微生物驱动的氮循环研究进展

滨海湿地生态系统介于陆地生态系统和海洋生态系统之间,其类型多种多样,环境差异极大,微生物种类丰富。近年来,随着人为氮源的大量输入,造成滨海湿地生态系统富营养化污染问题日趋严重。本文主要总结了滨海湿地生态系统微生物驱动的固氮、硝化、反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、NO_3~-还原成铵等主要氮循环过程,并综述了通过功能基因(如nifH、amoA、hzo、nirS、nirK、nrfA)检测微生物群落多样性及其环境影响因素的相关研究,旨在更好理解微生物驱动氮循环过程以去除氮,以期为减轻富营养化和危害性藻类爆发提供科学依据。     

Dissimilatory nitrate and dimethylsulphoxide reduction in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata

Abstract The electron flow to the dissimilatory nitrate reductase (NRII), and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) oxidoreductase in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata strains was studied. Our results support the view that DMSO reduction, like dissimilatory nitrate reduction was linked to the electron transfer chain and probably coupled to energy conservation.     

The influence of glucose and other sources of carbon on nitrate reduction rates in two temperate forest soils

The effects of different sources of organic carbon on the potential NO ₃ ⁻ reduction rates in an acid mull and an anmoor (anmoor is a type of soil which is rich in organic matter, remains water saturated most of the time and where organic and mineral fractions are closely associated) were studied under anaerobic incubation. The disappearance of NO ₃ ⁻ was higher in the anmoor than in the mull in all cases. This contradicts our previous findings where the apparent denitrification was higher in the mull than in the anmoor in the presence of added glucose. This seems to indicate that drying of soil samples might have caused the formation of stable soil aggregates in the case of anmoor (containing 16% of organic matter). Thus a favourable condition was created for securing improved diffusion of nutrients in the anmoor. Glucose, a readily available source of carbon, led to a very high degree of NO ₃ ⁻ disappearance. Among other sources, the cellulose caused higher reduction of NO ₃ ⁻ than litter and lignin. The accumulation although small, of NH ₄ ⁺ which was presumably formed (at least partially) during dissimilatory reduction of NO ₃ ⁻ , and its biological immobilization were more apparent in the anmoor than in the mull.     

冬小麦等4种作物对铵,硝态氮的吸收能力

采用水培试验探讨了冬小麦、大豆、油菜和莴笋４种作物对硝、铵态氮的相对吸收能力以及这两种氮源对它们生长发育的影响。试验表明：（１）不同氮源对供试作物的生长发育影响极大。供给硝态氮,这些作物生长发育良好,供给等量的ＮＯ＾－３和ＮＨ＾－４（１：１）时,蔬菜作物莴笋生长量下降幅度最大;供给铵态氨,莴笋和大豆极为敏感,供给ＮＯ＾－３时莴笋吸氮量显著高于供给等氮量ＮＯ＾－３和ＮＨ＾＋４,莴上麦供给等量ＮＯ＾－