链孢粘帚霉几丁质酶的诱导及其抗真菌活性研究

链孢粘帚霉HL-1-1菌株在不同培养条件下产几丁质酶活性不同,核盘菌菌核对其几丁质酶的诱导作用高于几丁质;首次用菌核配制培养基成功诱导了几丁质酶的产生,其产酶的最适初始pH值为4.5,最适培养时间为6d。几丁质酶对10种病原菌都有不同的抑制作用,对小麦雪腐病、葡萄白腐病、玉米黄斑病及斑点落叶病等病原菌的孢子萌发具有明显的抑制作用;该几丁质酶还能明显抑制核盘菌和立枯丝核菌的菌核萌发。     

木霉和粘帚霉的生物防治研究进展

化学农药的大量使用,严重破坏农业生态系统,并对环境造成污染。而生物防治制剂可以克服这些问题,具有广阔的应用前景。目前已发现不少微生物具有生物防治作用。木霉（Trichoderma）和粘帚霉（Gliocladium）是其中一类可抑制土传植物病原菌的真菌,其作用机理主要是：抗菌、溶解、竞争、寄生和促进植物的生长[1].迄今为止,有关木霉和粘帚霉在生物防治方面的研究已开展近60年。早在1932年,Weindling观察到木素木霉（T.lignorum）和立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctoniasolani）同时培养时,木素木霉的菌丝缠绕着立枯丝核菌的菌丝,使其菌丝原生质凝…     

粘帚霉属真菌代谢物的研究进展

从化合物分类角度综述了国内外学者对粘帚霉属真菌代谢物50多个化学成分及其生物活性的研究,提出了今后可能的研究方向。     

粉红粘帚霉菌丝体化学成分研究

用柱层析色谱进行分离,光谱和化学方法进行结构的鉴定,从一种明显促进花叶开唇兰Anocetochilus roxburghii(Wall.)Lindl。生长的粘帚霉属真菌－粉红粘帚霉Gliocladium roseum(Link)Bani。的菌丝体分离鉴定了1,3－二棕榈酰基－2－（4,4－二甲基庚二酸单酰基）甘油酯（1）,4,4－二甲基庚二酸（II）等4个化合物,其中,Ⅰ为新化合物,Ⅱ为首次从本属分离得到的天然产物。     

粉红粘帚霉化学成分的研究

粉红粘帚霉对名贵药用植物金线莲有明显的促进作用,为了从物质角度探讨其可能的促生机理,对该菌的化学成分进行了初步研究,从该菌的菌丝体中共分离到5个化合物,通过结构解析,确定它们是：化合物1,6,22－二烯－3－羟基－5,8－过氧麦角甾,2,麦角甾醇;3,阿拉伯糖醇;4,甘露醇,另外一个化俣物的结构正在鉴定中。     

粘帚霉属真菌代谢物的研究进展*

从化合物分类角度综述了国内外学者对粘帚霉属真菌代谢物50多个化学成分及其生物活性的研究,提出了今后可能的研究方向。     

帚霉属的一个新种

从云南省哀牢山土样分离到一株帚霉属(Scopulariopsis Bainier)菌株 Y82-922,进行了它的形态学研究。它兼具瓶形和柱形并且可以层出的环痕瓶梗,分生孢子小,多为球形,直径2—3μm,有1—3个芽孔,可在原位上产生短侧分生孢子链并以其末端与亲本主链相接合。它的分类学位置介于细微帚霉(Scopulariopsis parvula Morton et Smith)与寡见拟沃德霉(Wardomycosis inopinatus Udagawa et Furuya,)之间,但具有不同于二者的特性,故定名为新种,云南帚霉 Scopulariopsts yunnanensis Chen et Jiang,sp nov.     

盾壳霉产生几丁质酶的条件研究

本实验采用摇瓶培养研究了盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans)产生几丁质酶的条件。改良的天然马铃薯葡萄糖培养基(mPDB)较合成培养基(SMCS)更适宜作为盾壳霉产生几丁质酶的基础培养基。添加9种不同碳源试验表明葡萄糖较适宜于盾壳霉产几丁质酶;氮源试验表明硝酸钾是产酶的较适宜氮源。盾壳霉形成几丁质酶的培养时间以15 d为佳,培养的适宜pH值为6.5。     

融粘帚霉对葛根素的生物转化研究

采用融粘帚霉AS3.3987对葛根素进行微生物转化,生成的主要产物经分析鉴定是3′-羟基葛根素.采用高效液相色谱方法,以XDB-C18为色谱柱,甲醇:水(27∶73)为流动相,检测波长为254 nm,测得在160 r/min、30 ℃的转化条件下,底物加量为400 μg/mL,转化时间为36 h时,3′-羟基葛根素得率...     

绿色木霉内切几丁质酶cDNA的克隆及其编码蛋白的序列分析

根据已克隆的内切几丁质酶基因序列的同源性比较,设计引物,采用PCR技术从绿色木霉基因组中分离出一个大小为1467bp的特异DNA片段,采用RT．PeR技术从绿色木霉总RNA中分离出大小约1276bp的eDNA片段。序列对比后发现该内切几丁质酶DNA含有三个内含子,大小分别为52bp,69bp,64bp。同源性分析表明其全长eDNA序列和已经报道的内切几丁质酶序列的同源性高达95％以上,预测其编码蛋白的氨基酸序列含424个氨基酸残基,分子量为46kDa,氨基酸序列分析表明该内切几丁质酶164～172位氨基酸是其活性中心,用同源建模法模拟其空间结构模型,为进一步研究其作用机制奠定了良好基础。     

桑氏链霉菌几丁质酶ChiKJ40基因的克隆表达及其抑菌作用

【背景】目前关于桑氏链霉菌(Streptomyces sampsonii)生防基因的研究不多,仅从其基因组中克隆了2个几丁质酶基因片段,其单个几丁质酶的完整基因序列相关研究未见报道。【目的】克隆S.sampsonii KJ40的几丁质酶基因Chi KJ40并进行原核表达,纯化重组蛋白并研究其抑菌作用。【方法】采用PCR扩增法从S.sampsonii KJ40中克隆几丁质酶基因Chi KJ40,连接到表达载体p ET-32a,导入Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)进行诱导表达。使用His标记蛋白质微量纯化试剂盒对重组几丁质酶进行纯化,Bradford蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定粗酶液和纯化酶液的浓度,几丁质酶试剂盒测定粗酶液和纯化酶液的几丁质酶活性。观察重组几丁质酶对桉树焦枯病菌(Cylindrocladium scoparium)、栗疫病菌(Cryphonectria parasitica)、链格孢菌(Alternaria alternate)、紫丝核菌(Rhizoctonia violacea)几种致病真菌的抑菌作用。【结果】Chi KJ40基因(登录号为MF434484)在E.coli中经IPTG诱导表达,获得42 k D的重组几丁质酶,不同浓度IPTG在37°C诱导3 h,蛋白产量无明显变化。0.2 mmol/L IPTG 16°C诱导过夜,重组几丁质酶主要以可溶性形式存在于上清,小部分以包涵体存在于沉淀中。粗酶液几丁质酶活性为0.080 U/m L,酶比活力为0.041 U/mg,纯化酶液几丁质酶活性为0.046 U/m L,酶比活力为0.115 U/mg,纯化倍数为2.8,酶活回收率为57.5%。重组几丁质酶处理后,C.scoparium、C.parasitica和A.alternata菌丝细胞出现分节、膨胀,R.violacea菌丝溶解且部分被破坏成碎片。【结论】Chi KJ40基因的研究补充了S.sampsonii的生防背景,为几丁质酶基因找到了新的来源,并为其应用奠定了理论基础。     

A high-throughput matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based assay of chitinase activity

A high-throughput matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF MS) assay is described for determination of chitolytic enzyme activity. The assay uses unmodified chitin oligosaccharide substrates and is readily achievable on a microliter scale (2 μl of total volume containing 2 μg of substrate and 1 ng of protein). The speed and sensitivity of the assay make it potentially well suited for the high-throughput screening of chitinase inhibitors. The mass spectrum is acquired in approximately 2 min, as opposed to typically 30–40 min for a single run with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based assay. By using the multiple-place MALDI MS targets, we estimate that 100 assays could be run in approximately 2–3 h without needing to remove the target from the instrument. In addition, because the substrate and product chitomers are visualized simultaneously in the TOF spectrum, this gives immediate information about the cleavage site and mechanism of the enzyme under study. The assay was used to monitor the purification and transgenic expression of plant class IV chitinases. By performing the assay with chitomer substrates and C-glycoside chitomer analogs, the enzyme mechanism of the class IV chitinases is described for the first time.     

丽蝇蛹集金小蜂几丁质酶基因鉴定与表达分析

几丁质酶是降解几丁质的糖苷水解酶,参与昆虫蜕皮、器官发育、免疫等重要生理过程。目前,寄生蜂等膜翅目昆虫中几丁质酶的鉴定以及功能研究仍较少。本研究基于生物信息学分析,在丽蝇蛹集金小蜂Nasonia vitripennis基因组中鉴定到14个几丁质酶基因,氨基酸个数介于312~2 682之间。系统进化分析表明丽蝇蛹集金小蜂几丁质酶分为9个亚家族,其中Group Ⅳ、Ⅶ亚家族可能通过基因串联复制而发生基因家族扩增。qRT-PCR分析结果表明几丁质酶基因的表达具有多样性,其中NvCht1、NvCht5、NvCht6、NvCht7 4个基因在1.5 d幼虫表达量最高,NvCht3在5 d幼虫表达量最高,NvCht8在幼虫期高表达。此外,幼虫组织中的表达分析结果表明NvCht4、NvCht5、NvCht10、NvCht12在表皮中高表达,NvCht7、NvCht8、NvCht13在肠道中高表达,NvCht9在脂肪体和表皮中高表达,NvCht11在唾液腺中高表达。本研究为寄生蜂几丁质酶的进化分析以及功能研究提供理论基础。     

Purification and characteristics of cytosolic chitinase from Piromyces communis OTS1

Abstract A chitinase was purified from the cytosolic fraction of the anaerobic rumen fungus Piromyces communis OTS1 by affinity chromatography using regenerated chitin, gel filtration and chromatofocusing. The chitinase was most active at pH 6.2 and at 60 °C in a 20-min assay. The molecular mass of the purified protein was estimated by SDS-PAGE to be 42 kDa and its pI was 4.9. The enzyme activity, which was of the 'endo' type, was inhibited by A⁺, Hg²⁺ and allosamidin. N -Acetyl- β -glucosaminidase and 'exo' type chitinase activity were absent from the purified preparation.     

Chemical composition and characterization of a galactomannoglucan from Gliocladium viride wall material

The following fractions were obtained from the wall material of Gliocladium viride : F1 (27.5%), a glucan, containing xylose, mannose and galactose, coluble in 1 M NaOH at 20°C; F2 (6.7%), a β-glucan-chitin complex, solubilized with 1 M NaOH at 20°C from the previous residue left overnight at −20°C; F3 (8.1%), a glucan, containing mannose and galactose solubilized with 1 M NaOH at 70°C; and F4, the insoluble residue, a β-glucan-chitin complex similar to F2, amounting to 31.3% of the wall material.
F1 was extracted with distilled water. The soluble material (F1S) was a galactomannoglucan (54.7%) and the inscluble (F1P) a glucan (45.3%). Periodate oxidation revealed the presence of glycerol, erythritol, threitol, ribitol, arabitol, mannose, galactose and glucose in F1S, and glycerol and glucose as the main components in F1P. The fractions obtained when F1S was purified through Sepharose CL6B, were methylated.     

Isolation,purification and de novo sequencing of TBD‐1, the first beta‐defensin from leukocytes of reptiles

A novel peptide with antimicrobial activity was isolated from leukocytes of the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis and purified to homogeneity by preparative gel electrophoresis followed by reversed phase chromatography. It was highly active in vitro against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The isolated peptide was sequenced de novo by tandem mass spectrometry using both collision‐induced and electron‐transfer dissociation in combination with different chemical derivatization techniques. The 40‐residue peptide, called TBD‐1 (turtle β‐defensin 1), represents the first defensin isolated from reptilian leukocytes. It contains three disulfide bonds and shows high structural similarities to β‐defensins isolated from birds and mammals.     

粉红黏帚霉67-1菌株寄生核盘菌菌核的酶学动态研究

对粉红黏帚霉67-1菌株侵染核盘菌菌核过程的多种细胞壁降解酶活性进行了连续测定,以研究几丁质酶等在这一寄生互作体系中的可能作用。结果表明:葡聚糖酶活性变化表现活跃,且随寄生过程呈增加趋势,配对法T检验结果表明,第10d的处理与对照酶活性差异达到最大;几丁质酶、蛋白酶活性变化表现较低,而纤维素酶未检测得到。酶学动态变化与之前石蜡切片显微观察的结果在时间上表现一致;认为葡聚糖酶可能是粉红黏帚霉67-1菌株寄生核盘菌菌核的关键酶。     

转异源chi基因的Bt工程菌株的生防潜力评价

【目的】构建增强抑制真菌能力兼杀虫的苏云金芽胞杆菌多功能生防菌株。【方法】将含有组成型高效表达启动子、地衣芽胞杆菌chi MY基因的重组质粒p DM,转化进杀虫活性高且有一定抑菌活性的Bt519-1菌株。酶谱分析方法确认Bt519(p DM)组成型异源表达几丁质酶。室内测定工程菌株抑菌谱,计算抑菌效率,确定最敏感的植物病原真菌,进行植物盆栽病害防治的应用潜力评价。将不同浓度的Bt粗酶液灌入甜椒幼苗根部,12 h后接种辣椒疫霉孢子液,接种2 d后开始观察,记录发病株数。自7 d起调查植株发病情况统计并分析防治效果。【结果】SDS-PAGE及酶谱分析证明,Bt519(p DM)能够特异表达68 k D蛋白,该蛋白为异源几丁质酶Chi MY。抑菌谱测定证明,工程菌抑制效率达到90%以上的有5种真菌,其中最明显的是辣椒疫霉。盆栽实验证明,Bt519(p DM)7 d的防效为73.2%。工程菌株对棉铃虫的半致死浓度(LC50)为121.26 mg/L。【结论】Bt519(p DM)是一株有应用潜力的生防菌株。     

Termite pathogens: Effects of ingested Metarhizium,beauveria, and Gliocladium conidia on worker termites (Reticulitermes sp.)

Separate groups of subterranean termites (Reticulitermes sp.) were exposed to whole cultures of Beauveria bassiana, Gliocladium virens, or Metarhizium anisopliae. Individuals were removed after varying time intervals and hindgut contents were plated onto potato dextrose agar. Viable spores first appeared in the hindguts within 8 hr of exposure. Fungi reisolated from the hindguts of diseased termites were pathogenic of healthy termites. Histological examination showed that invasion of the hemocoel by M. anisopliae occurred exclusively through direct invasion of the integument ca. 24 hr after death. B. bassiana invaded, primarily through the alimentary tract, ca. 12 hr prior to termite death.