部分中国传统月季花粉形态研究

利用扫描电镜观察了15个中国传统月季品种的花粉形态。结果表明:传统月季花粉为单粒花粉,呈长球形或超长球形（P/E为1.92～2.25）,大小为37.59～51.95 μm×17.02～25.33 μm。赤道面观椭圆形或长矩形,极面观三裂圆形,具三孔沟,沿极轴方向等间距环状分布。外壁纹饰条纹型,覆盖层具穿孔,在品种间具有相似性,但变异丰富,划分为4种类型。聚类分析结果表明,花粉大小和外壁纹饰特征在反映传统月季品种的类别上与形态分类基本一致。根据花粉形态演变规律可推断,样品中‘四面镜’可能为最原始的品种类型,‘月月粉’、‘月月红’及‘匍匐红’等品种较为进化。     

中国特有属牛筋条属的花粉形态与其系统位置

从发育的角度研究了中国特有单种属DichotomanthesKurz及与其系统学研究有关的外类群Prinsepiautilis的花粉形态 ,扫描电镜观察显示Dichotomanthes花粉粒自脱离四分体胼胝质膜开始至成熟二核花粉粒不同发育时期 ,花粉形态和外壁纹饰未见变化 ,仅花粉体积随成熟度增加而有所增大。而Prinsepiautilis ,其花粉粒刚脱离四分体时形状和成熟花粉明显不同 ,成熟花粉极面观为三裂圆形 ,赤道面观为圆形 ,外壁具清晰的平行条纹 ,但幼嫩花粉粒的形状很特别 ,极面观为深三裂圆形 ,赤道面观亦见花粉在两条沟之间下陷而沟部外突 ,明显为角萌发孔花粉 ,且花粉体积较成熟者小 ,而外壁纹饰同成熟者相比无根本性差异。前述两种植物花粉在不同成熟期体积有明显差异 ,而外壁纹饰在不同成熟期不存在质的变化并相对稳定 ,说明花粉外壁纹饰这一性状在蔷薇科中具有较为重要的分类学意义。DichotomanthesKurz具典型Rosaceae花粉的三孔沟结构 ,外壁具条纹 -穴状纹饰。将其孢粉学特征同Rosaceae 4个亚科有关类群的同类资料相比较 ,并结合其它形态解剖与细胞学等研究结果 ,支持将Dichotoman thes置入Maloideae下而不赞同将其另立亚科或置于Prunoideae之下。此外 ,由于Prinsepiautilis的花粉在其发育初期具角萌发孔花粉 ,与Cunoniacea     

新疆胡颓子属三种植物的花粉形态及其分类学意义

该文采用主成分分析和聚类分析方法,运用扫描电镜对新疆胡颓子属(Elaeagnus Linn.)落叶组大果沙(E. moorcroftii)、尖果沙枣(E. oxycarpa)和沙枣(E. angustifolia)共计18个样品的花粉形态进行了观察和研究;全面描述了新疆胡颓子属3个种花粉的极轴长、赤道轴长、极面观、赤道面观、孔沟形态和外壁纹饰等形态特点,并对其进行数据分析,通过对聚类结果的比较,讨论不同孢粉学特征对分类结果的影响。结果表明：(1)3个种的花粉均为中等大小;萌发孔类型均为三孔沟型。(2)花粉极面观形状从三角形、钝三角形到圆三角形;赤道面观形状从菱角形、半圆形到扁圆形;外壁纹饰从皱波状到穴状。(3)以筛选出的5个反映花粉形态的主成分指标进行聚类,结果显示所选指标不能区分种;以代表花粉形态的极面观形态和赤道面观形态为指标进行聚类同样也无法区分3个种;以花粉粒大小为指标进行聚类发现,大果沙枣的花粉大小可以区别于其他2个种。研究表明除了大果沙枣花粉的大小,尖果沙枣和沙枣的花粉形态不宜直接应用于种的划分。该研究结果为新疆胡颓子属落叶组植物花粉的种间鉴定和品种划分以及进化关系的研究提供了孢粉学依据。     

刺五加、无梗五加花粉的亚显微形态学研究

用扫描电子显微镜观察了刺五加和无梗五加花粉的亚显微形态特征。花粉粒的赤道面观呈近圆形,极面观呈三裂圆形,具三孔沟。无梗五加、刺五加雄株的花粉表面纹饰为网状;刺五加两性株的花粉的表面纹饰亦呈网状,但有些花粉网脊不连续。无梗五加的花粉粒大小为26.5μm×27.4μm;刺五加雄株的花粉粒大小为21.1μm×22.1μm;刺五加两性株的花粉粒大小约为21.6μm×23.9μm。研究结果表明,无梗五加和刺五加雄株花粉的亚显微形态特征支持传统的属级和种级水平的分类;刺五加两性株某些花粉粒亚显微形态的独特表现可能与其发育不正常有关。     

木兰科16种含笑属植物的花粉形态

该研究对含笑属5组16种植物(其中:峨眉含笑、多脉含笑、蔼和含笑、毛果含笑、南亚含笑、展毛含笑、阔瓣含笑和壮丽含笑等8种为首次报道)的花粉样品进行了扫描电子显微镜观测,并对其花粉粒形态及大小性状进行统计分析,以揭示木兰科含笑属植物的花粉形态特征,探讨其系统分类学意义。结果显示:含笑属植物的花粉粒形态均为两侧对称,异极,具1远极单沟萌发孔,沟长几乎达两端,极面观为椭圆状,赤道面观为舟状,表面无脊或具脊;含笑属花粉粒表面小穿孔的密度为0.002 5~1.500 0个/μm~2,最长轴长为30.69~58.02μm、变异系数为2.85%~8.20%,最短赤道轴长为15.29~31.29μm、变异系数为4.29%~15.53%,轴比值为1.43~2.69、变异系数为2.53%~13.00%。经组间、种间和种内比较,含笑属植物的花粉粒仅在小穿孔密度和3个大小性状上存在一定的种间分类学价值。     

几种党参属植物及其近缘种花粉形态的比较

对6种桔梗科（党参属Codonopsis4个种以及桔梗属Platycodon和风铃草属Campanula各1种）花粉进行了光镜及扫描电镜的观察比较,发现党参属不同种花粉的形态特征很不相同,易于区别,如党参花粉极面观多为7裂圆形,外壁形面具乳突状的短刺,川党参花粉极面观圆形,刺在沟的两旁排成两列,小花党参花粉极面观近圆形至7裂圆形,外壁表面的刺比其它种的都大,鸡蛋参花粉外壁表面的刺柔软而稍为弯曲,其长度为上述各种刺的数倍,桔梗属和风铃草属花粉与党参属花粉的差异更大,桔梗属花粉粒扁球形,极面观五角形,少数四或六角形,风铃草属花粉粒更为特殊,极面观近圆三角形,具3孔,花粉外壁的刺不仅锐利而且很粗,花粉形态在党参属不同种间以及党参属与桔梗属和风铃草属之间的差异为其分类学提供了进一步的孢粉学资料。     

凤仙花属总状花序组的花粉形态及其分类学意义

总状花序组隶属于凤仙花亚属凤仙花属,以具多花的总状花序、侧生萼片2枚、子房5室、果实为线状圆柱形、种子多数、迈卵形、种皮表面具指状突起等特征区别于该亚属的其他类群。前人对凤仙花花粉形态的研究表明凤仙花属的花粉形态对于属下分类及种间界定具有重要的分类学价值。而对于总状花序组来说,有关花粉形态方面的研究少有报道,为了进一步探讨该组花粉S的形态特征及其分类学意义,该研究应用扫描电镜技术对总状花序组的21种植物的花粉进行了观察。结果表明:总状花序组植物的花粉粒均具4条萌发沟,两侧对称,极面观为矩圆形、长矩圆形或近方形;长赤道面观多为椭圆形至矩圆形,短赤道面观为椭圆形;长、短赤道轴比值多在1.4~2.4范围内;表面具网状纹饰,网眼在花粉粒表面均匀分布或赤道面的网眼较极面观的小,网脊边缘光滑或具波状突起,网眼内具不同密度的颗粒状突起。该组的花粉形态与宏观形态性状相关性较小,但花粉极面观形状、长短赤道轴的比值、网眼的分布、网脊边缘形状、网眼内颗粒物密度等特征具有种水平上的稳定性和特异性,对该组植物种间界定具有重要的意义。     

11个观赏海棠品种花粉形态扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察11个观赏海棠品种的花粉形态特征,根据花粉形状、纹饰、孔频等性状用类平均法(UPGMA)对不同海棠品种进行聚类分析,研究其亲缘关系及类群。结果表明,11个观赏海棠品种的花粉粒侧面观均为长椭圆形,极面观为三角形或近圆形,属于N3P4C5型花粉;花粉外壁均具条嵴。不同品种花粉粒形状、条嵴、纹饰、穿孔形态差异显著。聚类分析表明,在相似距离3.30水平上,将11个品种聚为3个类群,‘红双'、‘红纱'、‘红波'3个品种花粉条纹束分枝长、条脊较疏而整齐聚为第一类群;‘红粉'、‘红亮'、‘雪莱'、‘雪球'、‘红艳'、‘雪倩'6个品种条脊疏、整体呈极轴平行,分叉少,穿孔密度中等聚为第二类,‘道格'、‘雪开'因条脊无规则排列、花粉粒小、穿孔直径较小聚为第三类,且处于进化的最先端。     

杜鹃属马银花亚属花粉形态的研究

首次报道了杜鹃属马银花亚属四组 2 0种 2变种植物的花粉形态。本亚属植物的花粉均为四合花粉 ,呈正四面体排列 ,四合体直径为 35 .85～ 6 0 .72 μm。单粒花粉球形或近球形 ,具三孔沟。在四合花粉上 ,相邻花粉粒上的沟相连 ,花粉粒表面或多或少具粘丝。在扫描电镜下 ,花粉粒呈现出粗糙、不明显聚颗粒状至致密的聚颗粒状等不同的纹饰 ,在不同的组间存在或多或少的差异 ,具有一定的分类学意义。对某些种的分类处理也能够提供某些孢粉学证据。     

黄牡丹远缘杂交后代花粉粒特征

为揭示牡丹远缘杂交后代花粉粒的特征,测定了以肉质花盘亚组黄牡丹为母本,革质花盘亚组栽培品种‘日月锦’、‘层中笑’、‘百园红霞’等为父本的10个远缘杂交组合,共计11个亲本、25个后代的花粉畸形率和萌发率,用扫描电镜观察了花粉粒形态,同时也观察了花和叶的形态特征。结果表明:与双亲相比,杂交后代的花粉量极少,花粉粒萌发率极低,畸形率极高,畸形花粉粒扭曲、破碎或粘成团块状。25个杂交后代的花粉粒均为超长球形,具三拟孔沟,与母本黄牡丹和绝大多数父本一致;但杂交后代的花粉粒小于双亲,外壁纹饰类型受父本影响较大,为小穴状、穴状、网状和粗网状。结合前人的观察结果,25个杂交后代中15个与父本的纹饰类型一致,与母本纹饰类型一致的杂交后代仅有6个,与父母本纹饰类型均不同的杂交后代有4个。形态观察发现杂交后代具有父本的花盘革质、心皮被毛的特征,而小叶分裂程度较母本减轻但小叶裂片较母本加宽;花径则介于父母本之间。其中,心皮被毛、小叶裂片加宽可以结合花粉粒特征作为以黄牡丹为母本的远缘杂交后代的形态识别标记。     

两种广西特有报春苣苔属(苦苣苔科)植物传粉生物学研究

通过野外观察和室内试验,对两种广西特有的桂林小花苣苔和阳朔小花苣苔的传粉生物学进行比较研究。结果表明:两种报春苣苔属植物花期从7月底至8月初;单花花期内花粉具有较高的活性,最高可达92.6%和94.5%;柱头可授性最高时可达90%和95%;花粉/胚珠比率(P/O)分别为110.28±17.45和229.65±18.00;柱头与花药之间存在着空间隔离,可防止自花授粉;在单花花冠裂片张开后第3天,花药开始散粉,但雌蕊在花朵刚开始开放时已伸长,待第3天时柱头已伸长到位于花冠筒口部,高于花药,便于接受异花花粉;该两种植物均不存在无融合生殖现象;两种报春巨苔属植物均高度自交亲和,但很难发生自发的自花授粉,必须依靠外力,因此传粉媒介对于结实率有重要影响,自然条件下基本不发生自花授粉;在自然状态下结实率明显低于两种人工授粉的结实率;小蜂和淡脉隧蜂是目前已知仅见的两种传粉者。     

Feijoa sellowiana derived natural Flavone exerts anti-cancer action displaying HDAC inhibitory activities

Curative properties of some medicinal plants such as the Feijoa sellowiana Bert. (Myrtaceae), have been often claimed, although the corresponding molecular mechanism(s) remain elusive. We report here that the Feijoa acetonic extract exerts anti-cancer activities on solid and hematological cancer cells. Feijoa extract did not show toxic effects on normal myeloid progenitors thus displaying a tumor-selective activity. In the Feijoa acetonic extract, fractionation and subsequent purification and analyses identified Flavone as the active component. Flavone induces apoptosis which is accompanied by caspase activation and p16, p21 and TRAIL over-expression in human myeloid leukemia cells. Use of ex vivo myeloid leukemia patients blasts confirms that both the full acetonic Feijoa extract and its derived Flavone are able to induce apoptosis. In both cell lines and myeloid leukemia patients blasts the apoptotic activity of Feijoa extract and Flavone is accompanied by increase of histone and non-histone acetylation levels and by HDAC inhibition. Our findings show for the first time that the Feijoa apoptotic active principle is the Flavone and that this activity correlates with the induction of HDAC inhibition, supporting the hypothesis of its epigenetic pro-apoptotic regulation in cancer systems.     

菲油果LEAFY基因的表达模式及启动子克隆

LEAFY(简称LFY)是植物花分生组织特征基因,在植物由营养生长向生殖生长转变过程中起着重要作用,是启动开花的枢纽。菲油果是一种新兴的果树资源,为研究菲油果LFY基因(FsLFY)的表达调控规律,本研究通过实时荧光定量PCR技术研究了FsLFY基因的时空表达模式,并通过染色体步移技术克隆了该基因的启动子序列。荧光定量PCR结果表明,FsLFY基因在菲油果花蕾不同发育阶段以及其他组织器官中均有表达。在花蕾中,小蕾期最高,中蕾期最低;组织器官中,营养枝茎段最高,花瓣最低。FsLFY基因启动子序列长度为2436 bp(GenBank登录号:KF766536),运用PLACE、PlantCARE等在线软件对其序列进行顺式作用元件分析,结果显示该序列不仅含有CAAT-box、TATA-box等核心启动子元件,而且还具有响应水分、光、赤霉素(GA)以及其他功能未知的顺式调控元件,表明FsLFY基因的表达受多种外界环境条件的调控。本研究为阐明菲油果的开花机理,以及通过分子育种手段使菲油果早花早果奠定了理论基础。     

A consensus ‘Honeycrisp’ apple (Malus × domestica) genetic linkage map from three full-sib progeny populations

The apple cultivar Honeycrisp is emerging in North American markets due to its outstanding eating quality. A set of three ‘Honeycrisp’ progeny populations from the University of Minnesota apple breeding program were utilized to construct parental and consensus ‘Honeycrisp’ linkage maps to enable marker-assisted breeding. Two populations were segregated for fruit texture traits and a third was of interest in examining disease resistance. All available individuals were genotyped with the International RosBREED SNP Consortium (IRSC) apple 8K SNP array v1, for a total of 318 progeny individuals. Three unique ‘Honeycrisp’ parental maps (‘Honeycrisp’ × ‘Monark,’ ‘Honeycrisp’ × ‘Gala,’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ × MN1764) were developed, consisting of 1,018, 1,042, and 1,041 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, respectively. Among all three ‘Honeycrisp’ parental maps, 951 SNP markers were in common. Combining these maps with the MergeMap tool, a consensus ‘Honeycrisp’ linkage map with 1,091 SNP markers was developed with an average distance of 1.36 cM between consecutive markers. The ‘Honeycrisp’ consensus map was largely in agreement with the physical position of markers in the ‘Golden Delicious’ reference genome sequence (v1.0, as of February 2013). The consensus linkage map is informative for an elite cultivar that is being utilized in breeding programs worldwide for its superb fruit quality traits.     

丹桂和籽银桂花芽分化的研究

采用石蜡切片技术, 对不育的丹桂(Osmanthus fragrans ‘Dangui’ )和可育的籽银桂(Osmanthus fragrans ‘Ziyingui’)花芽分化的过程进行了研究。结果表明, 桂花(Osmanthus fragrans Lour.)花芽形态分化可分为花芽分化初始期、总苞分化期、花原基分化期、顶花花被分化期、雄蕊分化期和雌蕊分化期6个阶段。雄蕊的发育在丹桂和籽银桂之间基本没有区别, 都能形成完整的花粉囊和成熟的花粉粒。但是, 雌蕊的发育在可育的籽银桂与不育的丹桂之间存在明显差异。根据花芽分化的过程证明, 丹桂的不育是由于雌蕊发育不正常导致的。     

Characteristics of Anopheles arabiensis larval habitats in Tubu village,Botswana

Documented information on the ecology of larval habitats in Botswana is lacking but is critical for larval control programs. Therefore, this study determined the characteristics of these habitats and the influences of biotic and abiotic factors in Tubu village, Botswana. Eight water bodies were sampled between January and December, 2013. The aquatic vegetation and invertebrate species present were characterized. Water parameters measured were turbidity (NTU), conductivity (μS/cm), oxygen (mg/l), and pH. Larval densities of Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes and their correlation with abiotic factors were determined. Larval breeding was associated with ‘short’ aquatic vegetation, a variety of habitats fed by both rainfall and flood waters and sites with predators and competitors. The monthly mean (± SE_mean) larval density was 8.16±1.33. The monthly mean (±SE_mean) pH, conductivity, oxygen, and turbidity were 7.65±0.13, 1152.834±69.171, 5.59±1.33, and 323.421±33.801, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between larval density and conductivity (r = ‐0.839; p < 0.01), while a significant positive correlation occurred between turbidity and larval density (r = 0.685; p < 0.05). Oxygen (r = 0.140; p > 0.05) and pH (r = 0.252; p > 0.05) were not correlated with larval density. Floods and diversified breeding sites contributed to prolonged and prolific larval breeding. ‘Short’ aquatic vegetation and predator‐infested waters offered suitable environments for larval breeding. Turbidity and conductivity were good indicators for potential breeding places and can be used as early warning indices for predicting larval production levels.     

Seasonal changes in serum dehydroepiandrosterone,androstenedione, and testosterone levels in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)

The squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) has a well-defined breeding season during which adult males undergo androgen-dependent morphological changes, with acquisition of active spermatogenesis. To assess the hormonal events of this annual cycle, blood samples were obtained weekly from ten adult males, and serum was assayed for testosterone (T), androstenedione (ΔA), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). A significant seasonal variation was noted in mean serum T (P < 0.02), ΔA (P < 0.02), and DHEA (P < 0.001) concentrations. Mean ΔA concentrations increased from a nonbreeding season nadir of 91.4 ± 12.9 ng/ml (mean ± standard error) to a prebreeding concentration of 139 ± 10.5 ng/ml and breeding season peak of 167.5 ± 15.4 ng/ml (P < 0.05). Mean DHEA concentrations increased from a nonbreeding season nadir of 8.3 ± 0.8 to a breeding season peak of 14.3 ± 1.2 (P < 0.001). Mean T levels in the nonbreeding (52.2 ± 11.6 ng/ ml) and prebreeding season (48.6 ± 7.4) were similar. However, T significantly increased during the breeding season to 103.5 ± 12.8 ng/ml (P < 0.05). Progressive changes in body weight and morphology paralleled the rise in serum ΔA levels. The pattern of peripheral serum androgen concentrations throughout the year would suggest annual activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and/or hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes.     

The use of digital video recorders in pollination biology

1. Digital video recording (DVR) devices, such as the GoPro Hero, have the potential to greatly benefit pollination ecology, but the advantages of digitally recording pollinator activity over direct human observation have not been formally assessed. 2. Two plant taxa, Lavandula angustifolia and Canna ‘sp.’, with differing floral morphology, were used to compare the value of DVR and direct observations in estimating honeybee (Apis mellifera) visitation, flower density and number of flowers visited per foraging bout. 3. The two methods yielded identical results when observing the structurally simple L. angustifolia at both high (10.54 ± 0.52 per plant) and low honeybee density (2.24 ± 0.20 per plant). However, DVR underestimated the number of flowers scored in the field of view (28.7 ± 1.8 direct vs. 22.7 ± 0.9 DVR), the number of honeybees observed (5.3 ± 0.8 direct vs. 3.7 ± 0.7 DVR) and the number of flowers visited during foraging bouts (8.3 ± 1.2 direct vs. 5.5 ± 1.0 DVR) on the more complex Canna ‘sp.’ 4. It is concluded that portable weatherproof DVR devices such as the GoPro Hero are valuable tools for pollination biologists, allowing a single researcher to make simultaneous observations of multiple plants in one or more sites, whilst also allowing the footage to be reviewed. However, DVR devices are limited by their depth and field of view when target plants are large or structurally complex.