叶用芥菜种质表型性状的遗传多样性分析

为有效利用叶用芥菜种质资源,对筛选出的24份叶用芥菜品系资源的11个表型性状,应用相关系数、聚类分析和主成分分析等多元统计方法进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:叶用芥菜种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性;11个表型性状平均变异系数为44.74%,叶片数的变异系数最大,为150.80%;净菜率变异系数最小,仅为9.54%。通过系统聚类,将参试的24份品系分为3个类群,第Ⅰ类群有14份材料,第Ⅱ类群有5份材料,第Ⅲ类群有5份材料,各类群性状之间的差异较明显,明确了品系类群间存在的亲缘关系。在主成分分析中,可选取方差累计贡献率为86.62%的前5个主成分来评价24份叶用芥菜品系资源。本研究揭示了叶用芥菜不同品系的表型特异性和遗传多样性,筛选出一些特异品系资源,为高产优质叶用芥菜新品种(系)的选育提供重要的科学依据。     

我国主栽一串红资源的表型多样性分析

为了提高一串红品种资源的利用效率,从20个数量性状和5个质量性状方面对我国主栽的20份一串红种质资源的表型遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明一串红表型多样性丰富,品种间表型性状变异程度较高。外引与中国两个类群间表型变异程度及丰富性都比较相似。25个表型性状的Shannon-Weaver多样性指数变化于0.23~1.97之间,数量性状中以主茎直径、花冠直径、叶柄长、始花时间和花间长的多样性指数较高,质量性状中则以叶面泡状突起程度及叶柄显色强度多样性指数较高。主成分分析筛选出对总体方差累计贡献率达83.96%的前5个主成分,可反映一串红资源的总体形态表现。20份资源间平均遗传距离约为7.0,在欧氏距离约为8.5时,参试的20份资源可分为高生种和矮生种两大类,前者仅包含1个品种(篝火),而后者包含19个品种,且在欧氏距离约为7.2处又可进一步分为4个亚类。     

扬州芍药栽培品种表型多样性分析

于2015年对扬州大学芍药种质资源圃中170个芍药(Paeonia lactiflora Pall.)栽培品种进行了全面调查,记录和分析了11种性状多样性。结果表明,芍药栽培品种具有丰富的表型多样性,平均多样性指数为1.538,总体上数量性状形态多样性指数大于质量性状。通过主成分分析,筛选出特征值大于1的前5个主成分,贡献率大小依次为花瓣宽度、株高、雄蕊数量、叶色和茎粗。聚类分析结果表明,不同芍药栽培品种间的平均遗传距离约为10.0,其聚类组群结果与芍药的株高有较大的相关性。     

湿加松无性系表型遗传多样性研究

以35个湿加松（Pinus elliottii×P.caribaea Morelet var.hondurensis）无性系为试验材料,对其8个表型性状进行相关性分析、聚类分析及主成分分析研究,并深入探讨了遗传多样性水平,为湿加松无性系利用及良种选育提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）生长性状变异系数介于12.31~29.28%,均值为22.90%;多样性指数介于1.61~1.80,均值为1.69。形质性状变异系数介于13.34~47.25%,均值为26.86%;多样性指数介于1.50~1.94,均值为1.77。表明湿加松无性系遗传变异较为丰富,遗传多样性水平较高。（2）8对表型性状两两间有11对呈极显著正相关,5对呈显著正相关。选定材积为该材料育种选择的主要指标,其次为树高。（3）采用系统聚类法在欧式距离为12的时候将35个无性系分为6大类群,部分来源相同或父本相同的聚为一类,说明它们在表型上的变异较小。（4）针对8个表型性状做主成分分析提取了3个主成分,累积贡献率达86.00%,主要代表了6个性状,以此来表达所有供试材料的综合变异情况。     

披碱草属野生居群表型多样性及其与环境关系研究

以来自8省区38个披碱草属野生居群的22个表型性状为调查对象,利用变异系数及多样性指数法对性状内和性状间及种间的表型变异进行分析,并对表型性状与地理气象因子间的关系进行相关性分析,用平均聚类法对38个居群进行分类,以揭示不同来源披碱草属种质资源表型多样性。结果显示:(1)营养器官性状中旗叶至穗基部长变异系数最高(44.695%),穗部性状中的每穗小穗数变异系数最高(77.005%)。(2)披碱草、麦宾草、圆柱披碱草与老芒麦这4个种间总体平均多样性指数为0.920～1.560,披碱草最高,麦宾草次之,圆柱披碱草最低。(3)表型性状变异受海拔、经度及年均温的影响较大。(4)UPGMA聚类结果将所有材料分成4组,披碱草属植物性状的表型特征没有严格按地理距离而聚类。研究表明,披碱草属植物野生种质材料具有丰富的表型多样性,表型性状与环境之间关系密切,采集过程中应尽量保持居群的完整性,最大程度地保护中国披碱草属牧草的遗传多样性。     

南荻野生居群的表型多样性及土壤养分对其表型的影响

为明确中国南荻(Miscanthus lutarioriparius)野生居群的分布及其表型多样性,该研究对54个南荻野生居群的8种表型性状的多样性进行分析,并测定其土壤pH和肥力指标,分析土壤对南荻部分重要表型的影响及其相互关系。结果表明:(1)8种表型性状在居群间和居群内都存在极显著差异(P0.01),且差异主要来自于居群内。(2)8种表型性状相互间具有明显的相关性,节数和茎粗与株高均呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),分枝数和株高与干物质产量均呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),茎密度与大部分性状呈负相关关系,而最大节长与除株高外的其他表型性状都无显著相关性。(3)8种表型性状可降维成4个主成分因子(产量因子、株型因子、茎密度因子和最大节长因子),其累计贡献率为84.436%。(4)54个南荻野生居群可聚为两类,第Ⅰ类材料包含23个居群,材料来自长江下游及长江东北部,其株高较矮、产量较低,但茎密度、最大节长较大;第Ⅱ类材料包含31个居群,材料来自洞庭湖及长江中下游和长江西北部,其植株高大、产量高,而茎密度和最大节长较小。(5)大多数南荻生长的土壤pH接近中性且肥力较差,土壤有机质含量、速效钾含量对南荻株高和产量的影响最大,其直接通径系数分别为0.443、0.318及0.429、0.259。     

贵州野生猕猴桃表型遗传多样性分析

通过对146份贵州猕猴桃种质资源表型遗传多样性的研究,为贵州猕猴桃品种选育打下基础,对146份不同区域猕猴桃种质资源48个质量性状进行描述、赋值,并结合单果重等9个数量性状,使用主成分分析、聚类分析等进行综合评价。结果表明,57个质量性状和数量性状均存在丰富的多样性和变异性;146份资源的Shannon’s遗传多样性指数为1.28,从各区域遗传多样性指数可以看出,演化进程上从遗传多样性指数高的地区向低的地区进行演化;主成分分析结果显示,前14个主成分累计贡献率达75.076%,其中前6个主成分的累计贡献率达51.911%,为提高品种选育和评价的工作效率,可将猕猴桃种质资源的描述指标简化为新梢被毛、果实被毛等18个性状;聚类结果显示,贵州猕猴桃种质的欧氏距离为1.00~25.00之间,在D=19.25处,146份野生猕猴桃分为6个类群。本文有效揭示了贵州省猕猴桃种质资源丰富的多样性和亲缘关系,明确野生猕猴桃各种群间性状区分特征和部分优良资源性状的地理分布,对贵州猕猴桃种质资源的种质鉴定、保护利用和品种选育有重要意义。     

新疆阿勒泰地区5个大赖草种群的表型多样性分析

为了解大赖草种群﹝Leymus racemosus ( Lam.) Tzvel.﹞的表型变异规律及多样性特征,对分布于新疆阿勒泰地区的5个大赖草种群(分别位于阿勒泰市、福海县、布尔津县和哈巴河县)的16个表型性状进行了测定;在此基础上,对各表型性状进行了Shannon-Weaver指数( H＇)分析和主成分分析。结果表明：各种群间的16个表型性状均存在较大差异,其中分布于哈巴河县的2个种群各表型性状的平均值均较高。种群内各表型性状的变异系数为5.97%~40.05%,差异较大;其中,穗下第一节间长度的变异系数在各种群内均较大(17.16%~40.05%);总体上看,种群内与营养生长有关的性状(如穗下第一节间长度、剑叶长度和宽度等)变异较大,而与繁殖有关的性状变异较小。在种群间,穗下第一节间长度、剑叶长度和宽度的变异系数均较大,分别为31.85%、26.87%和27.85%;而小穗和外颖长度以及穗节数的变异系数均较小,分别为15.21%、16.53%和16.91%。5个种群间16个表型性状的H＇值均有较大差异,并且,种群内各表型性状的H＇平均值(1.660)明显高于种群间(0.239)。主成分分析结果显示：前5个主成分的累计贡献率为80.210%,其中,第1主成分中与营养器官相关的性状(如株高、穗下第一节间长度、剑叶长度和宽度、茎节数)载荷较大,第2至第4主成分中与繁殖器官相关的性状(如穗长度和宽度、外颖和内颖长度、小穗长度和宽度以及外稃长度)载荷较大,表明这12个性状为大赖草种群表型性状变异的主要因子。研究结果显示：大赖草种群间的表型多样性低于种群内,且营养器官的表型变异是导致大赖草种群表型多样性的主要因子。     

103份亚洲棉表型多样性分析

对103份分别来源于印度、越南、贵州、广西和云南等不同地域的亚洲棉进行了表型遗传多样性分析。结果发现亚洲棉在质量性状和数量性状上均存在不同程度的遗传多样性;质量性状遗传多样性指数在主茎、叶、花、铃等不同部位表现不同;21个质量性状的多样性指数为0.04~1.01,平均0.57,3个数量性状的多样性指数为1.65~1.96,平均1.82,表明数量性状的遗传多样性大于质量性状。研究发现不同地域的亚洲棉遗传多样性不同,并将这103份亚洲棉聚类到8个组群。     

我国现存亚洲棉的表型多样性分析

对我国棉花中期库保存的200份不同地理来源的亚洲棉代表性样本进行了表型遗传多样性分析,结果表明,亚洲棉表型多样性丰富,种质间表型性状差异显著或极显著.19个表型性状的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在0.34 ～2.15间,其大小依次为:衣分＞株高＞生育期＞铃重＞果枝始节=子指＞叶枝数＞短绒色＞黄萎病抗性＞茎色＞...     

Paeonia cathayana D. Y. Hong & K. Y. Pan,a new tree peony,with revision of P. suffruticosa ssp. yinpingmudan

Molecular data and new additional morphological data suggest that the two tree peonies, based on which Paeonia suffruticosa ssp. yinpingmudan was described as new, belong to two entities, the one from Anhui (K. Y. Pan and Z. W. Xie 9701, the type) being a member of P. ostii, while the other from Song Xian, Henan Province (D. Y. Hong et al. H97010) being a new taxon. P. suffruticosa ssp. yinpingmudan is here reduced as a synonym of P. ostii, and P. cathayana D. Y. Hong & K. Y. Pan is described as new based on the specimen from Henan. The new species is closely related to P. ostii and P. jishanensis, but it differs from the former in having lower leaves with 9 leaflets and petals rose, while from the latter in having leaflets glabrous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, less lobed, sepals all caudate at the apex and petals rose. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug. 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牡丹一新种——中原牡丹,及银屏牡丹的订正

分子证据和新增加的形态证据显示,银屏牡丹Paeonia suffruticosa ssp．yinpingmudan作为新亚种发表时所依据的两份标本实为两个实体,产自安徽巢湖的（潘开玉和谢中稳9701,模式）实为凤丹户P.ostii的成员,而产自河南嵩县的（洪德元等H97010）实为一个新分类群。本文把P.suffruticosa ssp．yinpingmudan处理为P．ostii的异名,并依据河南的标本描述了一个新种——中原牡丹P.cathayana D．Y Hong＆K．Y.Pan。中原牡丹与风丹和矮牡丹P.jishanensis近缘,区别在于前者下部叶有ll-15片小叶,花白色：后者小叶背面有毛,裂片多,萼片顶端圆钝,花白色。     

花楸树种源间表型性状的地理变异分析

为揭示花楸树[ Sorbus pohuashanensis (Hance) Hedl.]表型性状的地理变异规律,对来源于山东、山西和河北的7个花楸树种源171个家系2年生幼苗的株高、地径、复叶长、复叶宽、叶柄长、小叶长、小叶宽、复叶长宽比和小叶长宽比9个表型性状进行了比较,并进行了方差分析、主成分分析(PCA)及聚类分析;在此基础上,分析了各种源株高和地径与主要地理-气候因子的相关性.结果表明:在种源间及种源内家系间 9个表型性状均有极显著差异;7个种源幼苗的平均株高和平均地径变幅分别为54.21～ 63.07 cm和8.12 ～8.45 mm;叶片各项指标的变幅相对较小,变幅最大的为叶柄长,为1.87 ～3.05 cm;9个性状在种源间的表型分化系数为12.98％～54.04％,其中小叶长的表型分化系数最大(54.04％),株高的表型分化系数最小(12.98％),种源间各性状的平均表型分化系数为34.38％.主成分分析结果表明:花楸树表型性状之间的差异主要表现在小叶长和宽,其次是复叶长和宽.通过聚类分析可将7个种源划分为2组,其中,山东崂山和泰山种源聚为I组;山西庞泉沟及河北白石山、驼梁山、雾灵山和塞罕坝5个种源聚为Ⅱ组.相关性分析结果表明:花楸树株高与纬度呈显著负相关、与降雨量呈显著正相关(P=0.05);地径则与经度、年均温和年降雨量呈显著正相关(P=0.05).研究结果显示:花楸树的各项表型性状在种源间以及种源内家系间存在丰富的变异、遗传分化显著,其中种源内家系间的变异是花楸树表型变异的主要来源.初步判断花楸树表型性状的变异为经纬向双重变异模式,其中纬度起主要作用.     

暴马丁香不同种源种子和幼苗的表型性状变异及其与地理-气候因子的相关性

为探究不同产地暴马丁香﹝Syringa reticulata subsp. amurensis ( Rupr.) P. S. Green et M. C. Chang〕种子和幼苗的表型性状变异规律及其与地理-气候因子的关系,以来源于黑龙江、河北、北京、内蒙古、青海和山西的10个种源(包括6个野生种源和4个栽培种源)的种子和幼苗为实验材料,对种子长和宽、种翅长和宽、百粒质量、发芽率、叶长和宽、叶长与叶宽的比值、叶柄长、株高和地径12个表型性状进行测量;在此基础上,进行了方差分析、变异系数分析、主成分分析、聚类分析及相关性分析。结果显示：暴马丁香不同种源间种子和幼苗的表型性状均有极显著差异(P=0.01),差异较大的表型性状为发芽率、百粒质量、种翅长和种翅宽。种源内和种源间各表型性状的变异系数(CV)均差异较大,种源内CV值为1.39%~45.56%,种源间CV值为6.45%~42.76%;其中,种源内种翅长和种翅宽的CV平均值较大,发芽率和百粒质量的CV平均值均较小,而种源间发芽率和百粒质量的CV值则较大。主成分分析结果表明：暴马丁香表型性状间的差异主要体现在种子长、种子宽和叶长,其次为株高、发芽率、地径、叶宽和种翅宽。根据聚类分析结果,供试的10个种源被划分为4类,其中,来源于北京和内蒙古及3个来源于河北的种源聚为Ⅰ类,来源于黑龙江哈尔滨的2个种源聚为Ⅱ类,来源于山西的2个种源聚为Ⅲ类,来源于青海的1个种源单独聚为Ⅳ类,聚类结果与各种源的地理分布有关。相关性分析结果表明：各表型性状间及表型性状与地理-气候因子间均存在不同的相关性,其中,种子发芽率与种子的其他5个表型性状均无显著相关性;经度和纬度与各表型性状均无显著相关性,而海拔、年均温和无霜期则是影响表型性状变异的主要因子。综合分析结果显示：暴马丁香各种源间存在明显的地理遗传分化,地理隔离和生态因子的大幅变化导致其种子和幼苗的表型性状变异丰富。根据研究结果,对暴马丁香的保护和利用提出了一些建议。     

野生植物甜菜树嫩茎叶的营养成分分析

甜菜树[Yunnanopilia longistaminea(W.Z.Li)C.Y.Wuet D.Z.Li]为山柚子科(Opiliaceae)甜菜树属(YunnanopiliaC.Y.Wu et D.Z.Li)植物,小乔木,主要分布于云南红河谷地区海拔1 000～1 400 m的河谷密林中,邻近的云南东南部和广西西南部也有分布[1].每年3-8月间当地民众主要采食其嫩茎叶,炒食、做汤或腌制都鲜甜爽口,一直是当地非常受欢迎的特色野菜,鲜菜市场价格远高于一般栽培蔬菜和野生蔬菜的价格,且供不应求,具有广阔的市场开发前景.本文对甜菜树可食部分嫩茎叶的水分、灰分、总酸、总糖、碳水化合物、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、Vc、氨基酸及矿物质含量进行了分析,为甜菜树的开发利用提供科学依据.     

基于SSR标记的荷花品种遗传多样性及群体结构分析

采用SSR标记技术对42个荷花品种( Nelumbo spp.)的基因组DNA进行扩增,在此基础上,对供试品种进行UPGMA聚类分析、群体结构分析和主坐标分析( PCoA)。结果表明：采用17对SSR引物从42个荷花品种的基因组DNA中扩增出77个位点,多态性位点百分率为88.31%;每对引物可扩增出1~9个多态性位点。根据Nei's遗传距离,供试的42个荷花品种可被分成Ⅰ和Ⅱ两组,分别包含3和39个品种;在Nei's遗传距离0.150处,Ⅱ组被进一步分成Ⅱa、Ⅱb和Ⅱc 3个亚组,分别包含3、16和20个品种。群体结构分析结果表明：组分概率高于等于0.80时,供试的42个荷花品种被分成Pop1、Pop2和混合群3个亚群,分别包含17、16和9个品种。 PCoA分析结果表明：在F1水平上,供试的42个荷花品种被分成2个部分;其中,Pop1亚群的品种均分布在第二和第三象限,而Pop2亚群的品种则分布在第一和第四象限。总体来看,聚类分析、群体结构分析和PCoA分析的结果基本一致。综合分析结果表明：玉组包含美洲黄莲( N. lutea Pers.)品种‘艾江南',且与传统中国莲( N. nucifera Gaertn.)品种的亲缘关系最远,故认为该组为美洲黄莲;Ⅱ组为中国莲,其中,Ⅱc亚组以传统中国莲品种为主,而Ⅱb亚组则偏重于美洲黄莲。总体上看,供试的42个荷花品种主要被分为中国莲和美洲黄莲两组,而中美杂交莲并没有独立成组,其成因有待进一步研究。     

吉林省天然黄檗种群遗传多样性ISSR分析

黄檗(Phellodendron amurense Rupr.)是吉林省长白山林区珍贵用材树种和主要建群树种,由于过度采伐和利用,其资源数量和质量明显下降。依据其资源自然分布现状,选择了10个具有代表性的天然黄檗分布种群,应用ISSR标记技术对其进行了遗传多样性的分析,以期为黄檗种群资源的收集、保存和保护提供依据和支持。研究结果表明:从60条ISSR引物中筛选出扩增99条带,多态性条带数为54条,多态性比率为54.5%。10个种群的多态位点比率分布在18.52%—37.96%范围内,其中珲春种群的多态位点比率最高,为37.96%,吉林省露水河种群的多态位点比率最低为18.52%,种群的平均多态位点百分比为26.02%。利用Shannon指数与Nei指数可较好的估算黄檗种群间的遗传变异,Shannon指数的变化范围在0.1103—0.1949之间,Shannon指数总体平均值为0.1522。Nei指数的变化范围在0.0759—0.1327之间,平均为0.1043。根据Nei法计算黄檗10个种群遗传多样性是Dst=0.1586,分化指数Gst=0.6183,基因流系数Nm为0.3086,总的遗传变异中有61.83%的变异存在于群体间,群体内的变异只占38.17%,种群间存在明显分化。黄檗的10个种群可分为两个大群,即:1松江河、露水河、湾沟、集安、辉南2白石山、汪清、安图、延吉、珲春。根据黄檗的遗传结构提出了保护措施:适度引导营造药用或用材林;开展本地黄檗资源的本底调查并进行资源汇总(包括林班、小班,每株的树龄、树高、胸径、枝下高和冠幅等数据),筛选本地的优势群体进行原地保存;迁地保护策略中要增加样本的数量,白山地区迁地保护的种源应选择松江河、露水河种源,通化地区迁地保护的种源应选择集安种源,而延边地区应选择白石山和汪清种源;人工促进黄檗的天然林更新改造,逐步恢复黄檗种群规模,并且进行人工更新的资源登记。     

浙江南麂列岛大檑山屿水仙自然居群的物种多样性、环境解释及空间分布格局分析

在野外调查基础上,对浙江南麂列岛大檑山屿水仙(Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis M.Roem.)自然居群5个典型生境(乔木林地、林缘、弃耕地、荒坡和灌木林地)的物种组成和α多样性指数进行分析,并采用典范对应分析(CCA)、最小生成树(MST)分析和空间点格局分析(SPPA)分别研究水仙自然居群物种分布与主要环境因子的关系、水仙与其伴生种的种间关系及空间分布格局.结果表明:浙江南麂列岛大檑山屿水仙自然居群5个生境共有植物28种,其中,乔木林地、林缘、弃耕地、荒坡和灌木林地分别有16、13、9、8和8种.5个生境中水仙的重要值均最高.弃耕地和乔木林地的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数较高,灌木林地和林缘其次,荒坡最低.5个生境的聚类分析结果显示:弃耕地和乔木林地聚为一组,其他3个生境聚为另一组.CCA排序结果显示:水仙的分布与坡度呈负相关,与土壤的电导率、含水量和温度以及坡向和海拔呈正相关,说明水仙适宜生长于坡度平缓以及土壤的含水量、电导率和温度适中的生境.MST分析结果显示:水仙与其伴生种羊蹄(Rumex japonicus Houtt.)、鬼针草(Bidens pilosa Linn.)、野艾蒿(Artemisia lavandulifolia DC.)的种间关系最近,这3个伴生种应作为水仙自然居群恢复生物治理的重点防控对象.SPPA分析结果显示:荒坡中水仙群丛分布数量相对较多,集中分布于东北角,西部和南部较少;在0.0~0.1 m尺度时,水仙群丛表现为随机分布;在大于0.1 m尺度时,表现为集中分布.研究结果显示:浙江南麂列岛大檑山屿水仙自然居群主要集中分布在东南坡的弃耕地,海岛生境异质性与自身繁殖特性是影响南麂列岛水仙自然居群恢复的关键因素,建议对水仙群落动态进行长期监测和相关研究,并结合岛屿生态系统进行综合管理.