多类群水鸟共存栖息地网络结构稳定性及其优化方案——以盐城滨海湿地为例

作为新设立的世界自然遗产地,盐城滨海湿地水鸟栖息地保护受到广泛关注。鉴于该区域在全球生物多样性与水鸟栖息地保护中重要性,针对具有空间隔离特征的水鸟栖息地开展网络稳定性研究,对提高遗产地栖息地保护质量具有重要的示范意义。基于此,利用复杂网络理论、生态踏脚石原理和电流模型,分析了盐城滨海湿地多类群水鸟栖息地网络结构现状及不同情景下网络鲁棒性。研究结果显示,三类水鸟重要生境区主要分布在各栖息地内部以及大丰至条子泥栖息地一带,其中,北部生境区数量为18个,南部生境区6个。北部生境区总面积相当于南部生境区的1/2,而平均面积仅相当于1/6。从踏脚石分布来看,其主要分布在重要生境区附近,不同栖息地存在差异。研究区踏脚石网络由35个重要节点和153个一般节点组成,南北部网络结构要素存在差异。最佳保护情景下,网络鲁棒性表现较好,中心度值大的节点对整个网络连通性的支撑作用良好。提出了栖息地网络优化方案。     

顾及城郊农田生态服务价值的中心城区生态安全网络重构

针对中心城区日益凸显的农业、生态、城镇三类空间冲突问题,借鉴田园城市理论,创新性地提出一种利用城郊高生态价值农田细化城市生态安全网络,构建"三生"空间协调有序的国土空间格局的方法。利用防城港市遥感影像、国土调查和社会经济数据,在城郊耕地综合评价的基础上,采用评价结果修正的当量因子法评估其农田生态价值。进一步利用InVEST、MSPA及MCR模型初步构建市域生态安全网络,再将高生态价值农田作为临时生态节点完成网络重构,并进行对比分析。以重构的新网络指导中心城区的规划分区优化,并对市域和中心城区两级生态网络要素的空间管控规则及联合管理机制进行了探索。结果表明:(1)防城港市区单位面积农田生态价值为35540元/hm²,高生态价值农田较均匀的环城分部。(2)重构后的网络新增34个临时节点和51条绿带,延长48.425 km,增加808.89 hm²生态源。(3)新网络能有效引导中心城区形成圈层发展结构,较原网络在连通性、有效性、稳定性上均有所提升。研究结果为注重协调发展的国土空间规划背景下区域空间格局优化提供了新的思路。     

城市化下平原河流水系变化及空间响应

针对平原河网地区水系形态难以刻画并且受城市化的空间影响难以定量等问题,以太湖平原杭嘉湖地区为例,基于地形图获取的1980s与2010s水系数据和遥感影像等资料,运用多重分形理论及地理加权回归模型,定量揭示了20世纪80年代以来城市发展对河网水系演变的影响。结果表明：（1）杭嘉湖地区河网密度和水面率均呈减小趋势,衰减率分别为10%、13%;区内水系分布集中,均匀性下降;河流曲度降幅为0.5%,干流面积长度比在中、高城市化区域增幅较大。（2）水系变化对城市化的响应在空间上存在较为明显的异质性。城市化水平越低,水系形态演变越剧烈,空间分布不规则性越明显。（3）杭嘉湖地区存在"低-低"、"低-中"、"低-高"、"中-高"4种不同的城市化水平转变类型。城市化水平未发生转变时,水面率衰减更为剧烈,且水系空间分布均匀性下降,水系形态变化较大;城市化水平转变幅度越大,水系均匀化分布趋势越明显;受政策影响"中-高"发展区域仅河网密度变化较为明显。本研究将为城市河网水系保护和生态环境可持续发展提供科学参考。     

利用廊道网络构建城市绿地生态系统——以东营市西城区为例

阐述了城市绿色廊道系统在城市绿地系统中的应用及生态价值,并在分析东营市西城区绿地系统现状的基础上,提出了建设西城区绿地廊道系统的方法,以加强城市孤立绿地斑块之间以及城市绿地与城郊外围自然环境的联系,优化城市绿地系统的结构,提高城市生态系统的稳定性.通过合理构建绿色廊道网络系统,西城区将新增绿地面积1400hm²,人均绿地面积将达到66m²,城市与郊区的绿地生态系统将贯通为一体,绿地生态系统的服务范围将扩展到整个城区,为提高西城区居民的生活质量,增强西城区生态敏感区的生态稳定性提供有力支持.     

公园绿地可达性的客观影响因素

公园绿地可达性是衡量城市现代化发展水平、和谐人地关系的一个重要指标.了解公园绿地可达性客观影响因素及作用程度,对有效提高公园绿地可达性、充分发挥公园绿地的服务功能、促进城市健康发展具有重要意义.本文基于ArcGIS 9.3软件平台,运用网络分析法评价了沈阳市三环以内公园绿地服务面积及其服务效率,并分析了公园绿地服务面积及其服务效率随公园绿地面积、公园绿地形状、路网密度的变化规律.结果表明: 公园绿地面积与其服务面积呈显著正相关,与其服务效率呈显著负相关;公园绿地形状与其服务面积及服务效率呈显著正相关;路网密度与公园绿地服务面积呈显著负相关,与其服务效率没有显著相关关系;3个影响因子中,对公园绿地服务面积的影响程度依次为:公园绿地面积>路网密度>公园绿地形状,对公园绿地服务效率的影响程度依次为:公园绿地面积>公园绿地形状>路网密度;公园绿地面积是其服务面积及服务效率的最重要影响因子.     

基于尺度嵌套与复合功能视角的高强度城市化地区生态网络体系研究——以江阴市为例

城市化进程带来经济社会快速发展的同时,也造成资源环境耗损和生态系统退化,对区域生态系统长久稳定产生威胁,针对性构建区域生态网络对缓解城市化的负面生态影响,提升区域生态安全水平具有重要意义。通过解析不同情形生态网络构建目标,以及高强度城市化地区生态需求和生态网络构建要点,基于尺度嵌套与复合功能视角,以江苏省江阴市为例,与环太湖地区和无锡市形成尺度嵌套生态网络,统筹考虑热岛效应、雨洪调节及景观游憩服务供给构建复合功能生态网络,形成高强度城市化地区生态网络体系。研究结果表明：（1）在尺度嵌套生态网络方面,江阴市核心生态源地共4个,保育生态源地共26个,两类生态源地总面积占比4.76%,大多分布于江阴市北部和中部;完全位于江阴市范围内的基础生态廊道共39条,通过与江阴市外部生态源地形成内外联结的无锡-江阴生态廊道共11条,环太湖-江阴生态廊道共3条,生态廊道总体分布均匀;（2）在复合功能生态网络方面,江阴市共有11个复合功能生态源地,总面积4755.31hm²,占市域面积的4.78%,主要分布于北部长江沿线以及中部的定山、花山;兼具复合功能的功能型生态战略点共88个;所提取的三类单一生态功能网络要素包括,热缓解生态源地31个,热缓解生态廊道51条,雨洪调节生态源地26个,雨洪调节生态廊道52条,游憩资源点56个,景观游憩廊道85条;（3）依托由尺度嵌套生态网络和复合功能生态网络构成的生态网络体系,建议江阴市采取包含保护建设、管控维护以及联动修复等多方面的生态保护修复措施。研究工作为高强度城市化地区进行差异化生态网络构建提供了思路,可为相关地区开展国土空间生态修复工作借鉴参考。     

Correspondence of two nuclear networks observed in situ with the nuclear matrix

In resting lymphocytes, three well defined networks are observed and attempts were made to superimpose them upon the networks described in isolated nuclear matrices. These three nuclear structures are seen after DNase and RNase treatment. They are digested by pepsin but their sensitivity to this enzyme is different. The more resistant network corresponds to the outer lamina of the isolated nuclear matrix. The second network is located in the inter-chromatin area. It is more sensitive to pepsin than the lamina and this sensitivity is increased ten-fold when digestion with pepsin is preceded by RNase digestion. This network corresponds to the internal network of isolated nuclear matrices. The third network is located in the intrachromatin area and is the most sensitive to pepsin action.     

珠三角河网区典型生境植物群落构成特征及生态修复

如何实现生态文明建设与三生空间高度混杂地区的高质量协同发展是珠三角河网区新时期面对的重要难题。以2018—2021年间积累的第一手田野调查资料为基础,针对广佛地区20处样地202个样点,综合生态学数量分析与风景园林学空间分析方法,研究河网区典型生境的植物群落构成特征及应用。结果表明：(1)珠三角河网区植物物种丰富,维管束植物共122科382属551种;植物群落“乔、灌、草、藤本”垂直结构完整,但乡土植物占比较低、外来入侵较严重;(2)动物友好植物种类丰富,共有鸟类友好植物88种、昆虫类友好植物90种、鱼类两栖类友好植物34种,但缺乏针对动物友好生境的科学配置;(3)河网区包括滨水、坑塘、农田、聚落四类典型生境以及9个稳定的植物群系,但在长期人为干扰下其生态功能和水乡风貌特征被严重削弱。最后,以佛山大美公园为例,探讨了以恢复河网区生物多样性和特色景观风貌为目标的生态修复实践。研究为珠三角河网区地域性景观恢复和三生空间混杂区域的近自然生态修复提供了重要的规划设计蓝本和实践示范。     

城市生态网络空间评价及其格局优化

合理的城市生态网络空间格局对于保障城市生态环境可持续发展具有重要意义。以哈尔滨中心城区为研究区,基于景观生态学"斑块-廊道-基质"理论,识别研究区生态源、生态廊道、生态节点和生态基质,分析生态网络连接度强弱的空间分布情况,运用GIS技术和CA-Marcov模型对生态网络格局进行模拟优化。研究结果表明:(1)研究区内部生态源较外部生态源与外界联系较密切;周边地区生态源或生态节点与生态廊道连接数目较少;中北部与西南部生态廊道连接度较差,东部生态廊道连接度处于中等水平,中部个别生态廊道连接度较好;转入的大型生态用地大片集中,转入的小型生态用地零星分布。(2)优化后的生态源地在东西方向与南北方向形成集中连片态势,大型生态源地间彼此连接程度较高;大型生态源之间,以及大型生态源与小型生态源之间构成大型生态廊道,是研究区内主要生态廊道网络;研究区小型生态源之间构成小型生态廊道,是研究区内次要生态廊道网络;研究区周边及研究区中心处60%的区域为生态节点盲区,应加强生态节点盲区生态建设;新增加的大部分生态用地,主要集中分布在水域生态源地周边,还有部分分布在绿地生态源地和风景区生态源地周边,其余少量新增加的生态用地零星分布在林地生态源地周边。研究成果为中心城区尺度的生态环境保护和城市规划提供科学的依据。     

基于生物多样性与生态系统服务功能的秦岭山系自然保护体系规划

生物多样性与生态系统服务是目前生态保护的两大主要目标,在保护区体系规划设计中兼顾两个保护目标有助于发挥自然保护区的综合效益。以生物多样性与生态系统服务功能都重要的秦岭山系为研究区域,在生物多样性、水源涵养和土壤保持重要性评估的基础上,通过空缺分析,提出了秦岭山系的保护区体系优化方案。研究结果表明,现有的自然保护区保护了33.5%的生物多样性极重要区,22.9%的水源涵养极重要区,但是只保护了7.4%的土壤保持极重要区;建议在秦岭主峰、秦岭西部和东南部分别建立自然保护区群和生态功能保护区,保护区面积占秦岭山系总面积的31.4%,使生物多样性、水源涵养、土壤保持的极重要区的保护比例达76.2%、70.5%和41.5%,生态保护效益得到提升。研究结果可以为秦岭山系生态保护政策的制定提供参考,同时对于其他地区自然保护体系规划、以及国家公园构建也具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Changes in network topology during the replication of kinetoplast DNA.

Kinetoplast DNA of Crithidia fasciculata is a network containing several thousand topologically interlocked DNA minicircles. In the prereplicative Form I network, each of the 5000 minicircles is intact and linked to an average of three neighbors (i.e. the minicircle valence is 3). Replication involves the release of minicircles from the interior of the network, the synthesis of nicked or gapped progeny minicircles and the attachment of the progeny to the network periphery. The ultimate result is a Form II network of 10,000 nicked or gapped minicircles. Our measurements of minicircle valence and density, and the network's surface area, revealed striking changes in network topology during replication. During the S phase, the peripheral newly replicated minicircles have a density twice that of minicircles in Form I networks, which suggests that the valence might be as high as 6. Most of the holes in the central region that occur from the removal of intact minicircles are repaired so that the central density and valence remain the same, as in prereplicative networks. When minicircle replication is complete at the end of the S phase, the isolated network has the surface area of a prereplicative network, despite having twice the number of minicircles. During the G2 phase, the Form II network undergoes a remodeling in which the area doubles and the valence is reduced to 3. Finally, the interruptions in the minicircles are repaired and the double-sized network splits in two.     

Dynamically Allocated Hub in Task-Evoked Network Predicts the Vulnerable Prefrontal Locus for Contextual Memory Retrieval in Macaques

Neuroimaging and neurophysiology have revealed that multiple areas in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are activated in a specific memory task, but severity of impairment after PFC lesions is largely different depending on which activated area is damaged. The critical relationship between lesion sites and impairments has not yet been given a clear mechanistic explanation. Although recent works proposed that a whole-brain network contains hubs that play integrative roles in cortical information processing, this framework relying on an anatomy-based structural network cannot account for the vulnerable locus for a specific task, lesioning of which would bring impairment. Here, we hypothesized that (i) activated PFC areas dynamically form an ordered network centered at a task-specific “functional hub” and (ii) the lesion-effective site corresponds to the “functional hub,” but not to a task-invariant “structural hub.” To test these hypotheses, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments in macaques performing a temporal contextual memory task. We found that the activated areas formed a hierarchical hub-centric network based on task-evoked directed connectivity, differently from the anatomical network reflecting axonal projection patterns. Using a novel simulated-lesion method based on support vector machine, we estimated severity of impairment after lesioning of each area, which accorded well with a known dissociation in contextual memory impairment in macaques (impairment after lesioning in area 9/46d, but not in area 8Ad). The predicted severity of impairment was proportional to the network “hubness” of the virtually lesioned area in the task-evoked directed connectivity network, rather than in the anatomical network known from tracer studies. Our results suggest that PFC areas dynamically and cooperatively shape a functional hub-centric network to reallocate the lesion-effective site depending on the cognitive processes, apart from static anatomical hubs. These findings will be a foundation for precise prediction of behavioral impacts of damage or surgical intervention in human brains.     

Seed dispersal networks in tropical forest fragments: Area effects,remnant species,and interaction diversity

Seed dispersal interactions involve key ecological processes in tropical forests that help to maintain ecosystem functioning. Yet this functionality may be threatened by increasing habitat loss, defaunation, and fragmentation. However, generalist species, and their interactions, can benefit from the habitat change caused by human disturbance while more specialized interactions mostly disappear. Therefore, changes in the structure of the local, within fragment, networks can be expected. Here we investigated how the structure of seed dispersal networks changes along a gradient of increasing habitat fragmentation. We analyzed 16 bird seed dispersal assemblages from forest fragments of a biodiversity-rich ecosystem. We found significant species–, interaction–, and network–area relationships, yet the later was determined by the number of species remaining in each community. The number of frugivorous bird and plant species, their interactions, and the number of links per species decreases as area is lost in the fragmented landscape. In contrast, network nestedness has a negative relationship with fragment area, suggesting an increasing generalization of the network structure in the gradient of fragmentation. Network specialization was not significantly affected by area, indicating that some network properties may be invariant to disturbance. Still, the local extinction of partner species, paralleled by a loss of interactions and specialist–specialist bird–plant seed dispersal associations, suggests the functional homogenization of the system as area is lost. Our study provides empirical evidence for network–area relationships driven by the presence/absence of remnant species and the interactions they perform.     

成渝城市群区域生态与城镇发展双网络格局分析及时空演变

协调生态网络格局与城镇网络格局是城市可持续发展的重要课题。基于2000、2010、2020年成渝城市群3期土地利用数据,应用形态空间格局分析(MSPA)、景观格局指数、景观连通性、最小累计阻力(MCR)模型等方法构建研究区生态源地与生态廊道、经济社会源地与交通廊道形成的区域生态网络格局与城镇发展网络格局,分析节点、廊道、源地、网络等“点、线、面、网”4类空间要素特征与演变趋势,探讨区域双网络格局空间关系与干扰时空变化情况。结果表明：(1)2000—2020年,研究区生态源地与生态廊道受到不同程度城镇化影响,两者总面积分别减少2660.26 km²、1169.9 km²,经济社会源地与交通廊道总面积则分别增长4324.19 km²、2392.14 km²;(2)以重庆中部、四川西南部为核心的高密度区生态关键点在2000—2020年间重心呈现先由东至西南迁移,后又向东及东北回移的趋势,数量减少了311,同时2020年生态干扰点数量达到2000年的3倍;(3)2000—2020年交通廊道对生态源地的干扰不...     

Corridor network design in hinterland transportation systems

In this paper the design of the service network in intermodal barge transport is studied. The network of inland barge terminals is modelled to demonstrate potential cooperations in a corridor network. Cooperation between inland terminals leads to bundling of freight flows in the hinterland of major ports. A service network design model for intermodal barge transport is developed and applied to the hinterland network of the port of Antwerp in Belgium. Selected cooperation schemes are simulated by means of a discrete event simulation model for intermodal barge transport and compared with simulation results of bundling in the port area. Cooperation between inland terminals offers an opportunity to attain economies of scale, but may not be perceived as a sole solution for reducing waiting times of inland barges at sea terminals. A combination of bundling measures in the port area and in the hinterland may be necessary to improve the intermodal transport chain.     

Vasopressinergic neurons in periependymal and periventricular areas of the rostral third ventricle of the rat

On the lateral wall of the rostral third ventricle, an area separates the ependyma from the neurosecretory PVN neurons. Since VP from the latter discharges into the vasculature, the above area may be regarded as constituting an interface between the ventricular and vascular compartments of the CNS. As VP release into the two compartments is integrated, the interface region has been explored for possible existence of a neural infrastructure that would allow such an integration. Immunohistochemical staining for VP following colchicine treatment reveals the presence of an elaborate vasopressinergic network in the interface region that is divisible into a medial periependymal and a lateral periventricular area. A closer examination indicates that the ependymal, periependymal, periventricular and PVN areas (in that order medio-laterally) are all interconnected through this network. The medial area appears to be receptive in nature, while the connectivity of the lateral area points to an effector function. All in all, such a neural network would provide a sound morphological basis for integration of neuroendocrine mechanisms modulating VP release into the ventricular and vascular compartments of the CNS.     

基于生态网络的生态安全格局评价

生态网络可用于描述、评价生境破碎条件下景观空间组织方式与物种存续的关系.本文以青岛市为研究区域,基于最小成本路径方法模拟得到2005年林地、湿地生态网络,并基于廊道累计成本值对得到的生态网络进行分级.利用介数指数、相关长度-逐块筛选指数对生态网络中斑块与廊道等结构要素进行重要性区分,形成生态网络结构体系.并在评价2005—2013年新增建设用地对生态网络影响的基础上,提出应对建设用地变化的生态安全格局.结果表明: 在生态网络框架基础上,图形理论的相关评价方法能够量化评价识别生态用地的具体属性(如生态网络斑块的面积)和生态用地之间的功能联系;2005—2013年间,青岛市新增建设用地对湿地侵占面积较大,且没有考虑具体林地、湿地在整个地区生态系统连通性维护中的作用;基于生态网络的生态安全格局的划定可以优化地区生态基底,为生态保护与恢复提供更加精确的空间决策依据,同时为城市空间扩张提供科学合理的空间指引.     

Applying species distribution modelling to improving conservation based decisions: a gap analysis of Trinidad and Tobago’s endemic vascular plants

For the successful conservation of a species, habitat loss and fragmentation must be controlled through a protected area network that adequately covers its habitat. Here the suitable habitats of all of Trinidad and Tobago’s endemic plant species are determined and used to perform a gap analysis of a proposed protected area network. Data from a recently completed botanical survey, the WorldClim 2 environmental parameters, and a range of other sources were used to determine the habitat of each species using the species distribution model MaxEnt. Modelled habitat suitability for each species was combined and used to create maps showing endemic richness, weighted endemism and corrected weighted endemism, and to rank areas by conservation value using Zonation. The coverage of the proposed protected area network and a land use map were overlaid on these modelled distributions. We identified data limitations which meant that more than half of the 66 endemic species could not be modelled with confidence. For the remaining species, we found that the proposed protected area network contains just 13?±?7% of the total modelled habitat of the endemic species. For eight endemic species?>?25% of the suitable habitat is degraded. Model analysis indicated that elevation and temperature seasonality are the most important drivers of endemism. Based on a gap analysis the inclusion of high elevation areas of Trinidad’s Northern Range in the proposed protected area network would expand the coverage to include?>?25% of the total modelled habitat of the endemic species, thus greatly increasing the long-term sustainability of the endemic species populations.     

福建省自然保护区生态网络的构建与优化

自然保护区对维护物种多样性具有重要意义,但城市化的快速发展造成自然保护区不断被蚕食和破坏,保护区日益破碎,生物多样性不断减少.构建生态网络能够有效连接破碎生境,为物种保护提供空间保障.本文基于ArcGIS软件平台,在确定源地斑块和景观阻力面的基础上,采用最小耗费距离模型构建福建省自然保护区潜在生态网络,并基于连通性指数和重力模型对构建网络前后的连通性和廊道重要性进行定量分析和评价,最后提出生态网络优化的措施和对策.结果表明: 林地、草地、湿地是研究区潜在廊道的重要景观构成类型;面积大的生境斑块在网络中的重要性较高;构建网络后,景观整体连通性指数和可能连通性指数显著提高;不同斑块间的相互作用强度差异很大,但相互作用力大的斑块间的廊道在生态网络中的重要性程度较高.本研究结果可为福建省自然保护和规划提供科学参考和依据.     

面向连通性提升的旱区城市生态网络优化情景——以巴彦淖尔市及其周边地区为例

巴彦淖尔市作为典型的干旱区城市,经济发展与生态保护之间的矛盾突出,生态空间的破碎化日益严重。生态网络是景观连通性视角下耦合景观结构、生态过程和功能的有效途径。基于生态系统服务重要性、景观核心区与桥接区、自然保护区、重要湖泊湿地4个层面指标选取生态源地,使用最小耗费距离方法识别巴彦淖尔市及其周边区域的潜在生态网络,并设置了3种网络优化情景进行网络优化,包括情景一增加生态"踏脚石"、情景二清除生态障碍点、情景三保护生态夹点,结合"网络构建成本"及"生境连通效果"选取最佳优化方案。结果表明,研究区当前的生态网络由24处生态源地,44条生态廊道、39个生态障碍点和41个生态夹点组成。3种情景中生态夹点的保护对生态网络连通度的改善最明显,且相对保护成本较低。研究结果对干旱区城市生态网络构建提供了方法支撑。