Streamlining genomes: toward the generation of simplified and stabilized microbial systems

1. Download : Download high-res image (115KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? Top-down and bottom-up approaches to genome streamlining. ? Computational support for constructing and refactoring streamlined genomes. ? From genome engineering to metabolic reprogramming. ? Perspectives in applied genome engineering.     

Structure of a bacteriophytochrome and light-stimulated protomer swapping with a gene repressor

1. Download : Download high-res image (98KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? Bacteriophytochrome structure containing photosensory and output transducing domain ? RpBphP1 binds to the cognate repressor RpPpsR2 on illumination with far-red light ? HOS domain is distantly related to Dhp and is essential for binding to the repressor ? Light-induced protomer swapping mechanism between dimers     

Multiple Epigenetic Modifiers Induce Aggressive Viral Extinction in Extraembryonic Endoderm Stem Cells

1. Download : Download high-res image (699KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? Mouse ESCs, TSCs, and XEN cells have different capacities to suppress retroviral activity ? RNAi screens identified epigenetic factors that mediate silencing of retroviruses ? Candidates modulate integrated, as well as endogenous, retroviral element silencing ? An Argonaute protein binds integrated provirus and may mediate retroviral extinction     

Olig2 Targets Chromatin Remodelers to Enhancers to Initiate Oligodendrocyte Differentiation

1. Download : Download high-res image (213KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? Activation of the Brg1 chromatin-remodeling complex drives OPC differentiation ? Olig2 prepatterns and directs Brg1 targeting to oligodendrocyte-specific enhancers ? Functional and stage-dependent Olig2/Brg1 targeting in oligodendrocyte development ? Olig2/Brg1 targeting coupled with epigenetic marking defines oligodendrocyte identity     

A three-state model of telomere control over human proliferative boundaries

1. Download : Download high-res image (241KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? Human telomeres are protected from the DDR by a higher-order structure. ? Intermediate-state telomeres are susceptible to a DDR and regulate senescence. ? Uncapped-state telomeres are susceptible to fusions and induce crisis. ? Intermediate-state telomeres regulate the prolonged mitosis checkpoint. ? Telomeres may serve as epigenetic sensors of cellular stress.     

The Helicobacter pylori virulence effector CagA abrogates human β-defensin 3 expression via inactivation of EGFR signaling

1. Download : Download high-res image (308KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? H. pylori is highly susceptible to the bactericidal activity of hBD3 ? hBD3 is initially induced by H. pylori via activation of EGFR/MAPK/JAK signaling ? H. pylori evades killing by downregulating hBD3 via CagA-mediated SHP-2 activation ? CagA virulence factor is a potent inhibitor of an immune effector mechanism     

Different Roles for Tet1 and Tet2 Proteins in Reprogramming-Mediated Erasure of Imprints Induced by EGC Fusion

1. Download : Download high-res image (228KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? EGCs can erase DNA methylation at ICRs in somatic cells after fusion ? EGCs selectively induce 5hmC accumulation at ICRs in the somatic genome ? Conversion of 5mC to 5hmC at these imprinted domains requires Tet1 ? Tet2 depletion results in delayed reprogramming by EGCs     

Replacement of Oct4 by Tet1 during iPSC Induction Reveals an Important Role of DNA Methylation and Hydroxymethylation in Reprogramming

1. Download : Download high-res image (350KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? Tet1 facilitates iPSC induction by promoting Oct4 demethylation and reactivation ? Tet1 can replace Oct4 to generate fully pluripotent TSKM iPSCs ? Both 5mC and 5hmC increase on the genome during TSKM 2° reprogramming ? 5hmC promotes the demethylation of pluripotency genes during reprogramming     

Trachea-Derived Dpp Controls Adult Midgut Homeostasis in Drosophila

1. Download : Download high-res image (217KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? Trachea-derived Dpp/Bmp is required for midgut homeostasis ? Dpp expressed in tracheal cells reach intestinal cells through visceral muscles ? Dpp signaling is activated in enterocytes (ECs) in the Drosophila adult midgut ? Dpp signaling stabilizes ECs to restrict intestinal stem cell proliferation     

A novel aux/IAA28 signaling cascade activates GATA23-dependent specification of lateral root founder cell identity

1. Download : Download high-res image (281KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? GATA23 is involved in lateral root founder cell specification ? A coordinated migration of pericycle nuclei precedes the first asymmetric division ? An Aux/IAA28-dependent auxin signaling cascade controls GATA23 expression     

Allosteric Mechanism Controls Traffic in the Chaperone/Usher Pathway

1. Download : Download high-res image (229KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? Allosteric mechanism controls traffic in the chaperone/usher pathway ? Usher-binding site in free chaperone is conformationally locked ? Subunit binding opens the lock in the chaperone, allowing usher targeting     

Dissection of DNA Damage Responses Using Multiconditional Genetic Interaction Maps

1. Download : Download high-res image (256KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? A resource of genetic modules and networks induced by distinct types of DNA damage ? Networks distinguish DNA damage response pathways with high statistical power ? Rtt109, a histone acetyltransferase, affects the mutagenic bypass of DNA lesions ? The neddylation machinery and Irc21 affect cell-cycle control and genome stability     

The CDK9 Tail Determines the Reaction Pathway of Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b

1. Download : Download high-res image (156KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? The CDK9 C-terminal tail is important for the catalytic mechanism ? CDK9 phosphorylates the CTD in a nonprocessive manner ? The CDK9 tail folds over the ATP binding site during the catalytic cycle     

bantam miRNA Promotes Systemic Growth by Connecting Insulin Signaling and Ecdysone Production

1. Download : Download high-res image (104KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? bantam is required in ecdysone-producing cells to promote body growth ? bantam inhibits ecdysone biosynthesis ? Insulin signaling regulates ecdysone production by repressing bantam activity ? Both the systemic and tissue-autonomous activities of bantam promote organ growth     

Snx3 Regulates Recycling of the Transferrin Receptor and Iron Assimilation

1. Download : Download high-res image (201KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? Snx3 is highly expressed in vertebrate hematopoietic tissues ? Silencing of Snx3 results in anemia and hemoglobin defects in vertebrates ? Snx3 and Vps35 physically interact with Tfrc ? Snx3 is required for endosomal recycling of Tf-Tfrc complex     

Mucin Biopolymers Prevent Bacterial Aggregation by Retaining Cells in the Free-Swimming State

1. Download : Download high-res image (289KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? Mucin biopolymers reduce bacterial adhesion to underlying substrates ? Bacterial motility is maintained or increased in the presence of mucins ? Mucins block aggregate formation by motile bacteria ? Immotile Pseudomonas aeruginosa can form alginate and Psl-dependent flocs in mucus     

Variable lymphocyte receptor recognition of the immunodominant glycoprotein of Bacillus anthracis spores

1. Download : Download high-res image (274KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? VLRBs use their C-terminal LRRs and the LRRCT-loop to interact with antigen ? Sequence-related VLRBs exhibit differential recognition of their BclA epitopes ? VLR4 binds a conserved protein epitope, yet is specific for B. anthracis spores     

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis very-long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase: structural basis for housing lipid substrates longer than the enzyme

1. Download : Download high-res image (131KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? M. tuberculosis FadD13 is a peripheral membrane protein ? Mutagenesis reveals an arginine-rich patch as the site for membrane interaction ? A hydrophobic tunnel extends from the active site to the positively charged patch ? The architecture lets substrates reside partly in the membrane during catalysis     

Targeting the Cell Wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Structure and Mechanism of L,D-Transpeptidase 2

1. Download : Download high-res image (171KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? The structure of Mtb Ldt_Mt2 shows the binding of a peptidoglycan fragment ? The structure of the complex maps the interaction between acyl donor and enzyme ? Ldts show a conserved C-terminal ykuD domain with a divergent N-terminal domain ? Based on the structure of this complex, a reaction mechanism is proposed