芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)特性的研究进展*

芜菁花叶病毒 (TuMV)是世界范围内广泛分布的重要病毒。从生物学和理化特性、基因组结构、侵染和繁殖、变异及利用转基因技术提高病毒抗性等方面对TuMV的国内外研究现状进行了阐述。     

芜菁花叶病毒分子生物学研究进展

芜菁花叶病毒(Turnip mosaic virus,TuMV)是马铃薯Y病毒属(Potyvirus)的一个重要成员, 在世界上分布广泛,主要危害十字花科植物。本文对芜菁花叶病毒的分子生物学相关研究,如基因组结构和功能、株系变异与进化、寄主植物抗性以及抗病毒转基因工程等的研究进展作一阐述。     

侵染菠菜的芜菁花叶病毒鉴定

菠菜病毒分离物Ta-1可侵染甘蓝等8科25种植物,但不侵染心叶烟。病汁液和芜菁花叶病毒抗血清呈阳性反应。光学显微镜下观察到受病毒侵染的细胞内有不定形内含体。从超薄切片见到细胞质中有风轮状内含体存在。电镜观察其粒子形态为均一的线状病毒,大小为700—760×10—12.5nm。部分提纯病毒紫外吸收呈典型核蛋白吸收曲线。SDS—PAGE法测得病毒外壳蛋白亚基分子量为35,500。     

萝卜种质资源对芜菁花叶病毒的抗性鉴定与评价

病毒病是危害萝卜作物的主要病害之一,芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)作为萝卜病毒病的主要毒源,给萝卜生产造成严重经济损失。由于缺乏精准鉴定,萝卜育种中缺乏稳定可靠的抗TuMV材料。本研究就国家蔬菜种质资源中期库提供的来自中国25个省份125个县市和其他3个国家的150份代表性萝卜种质资源对TuMV的抗性进行了苗期鉴定和ELISA检测,筛选出23份抗病材料,其中1份表现免疫。这些材料对萝卜抗病毒病基因定位和新品种培育具有重要意义。     

芜菁花叶病毒（广州油菜株）生化性质的研究

我们对芜菁花叶病毒广州油菜株(TuMV—G.Z)进行了生化性质的研究。结果表明,纯化的病毒外壳蛋白经10％SDS-聚丙烯胺酰胶电泳出,现一个组份,其分子量为1.4×10~4d;氨基酸组份分析表明,TuMV—G.Z外壳蛋白亚基由约107个氨基酸残基组成,其中包括1个色氨酸和5个酩氨酸;DNS—C1末端法测其N端,结果显示为苏氨酸,且其氨基是游离的。     

大豆花叶病毒研究进展

大豆花叶病毒（Soybean mosaic virus,SMV）病是在世界范围内广泛分布并普遍发生的病毒病害之一,导致大豆严重减产和种质衰退。这引起了国内外许多学者的科研兴趣,研究内容涉及SMV株系划分与发生分布、传播流行方式、寄主上的症状和影响因素、基因组结构组成及各基凶功能、植物生理生化抗性、大豆SMV抗性遗传育种等各方面。本文综述了近年来国内外SMV的科研方向和进展,旨在为进一步的研究提供依据。     

芜菁花叶病毒（TUMV）核酸cDNA的合成与克隆

从接种芜菁花叶病毒后发病芥菜(Brassica Juneaen)中提取病毒,然后提取其核酸(TuMV-RNA)。以纯化的TuMV-RNA为模板,以Oligo(dT)_(12-18)及小牛胸腺DNA水解物为引物,合成双链cDNA,双链cDNA长度约500—4300bp。将双链cDNA补齐后,钝端连接到pUC19质粒的Smal位点,转化E.coli DH,获得500多个白色克隆。菌落原位杂交及酶切分析表明,重组质粒中的插入片段大多数为芜菁花叶病毒RNA的互补DNA,长度为500—4000bp。     

抗芜菁花叶病毒转基因甘蓝型油菜的研究

以子叶柄为材料,建立了甘蓝型油菜（ＢｒａｓｓｉｃａｎａｐｕｓＬ．）双低品种的再生体系。通过子叶柄与农杆菌（ＡｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓＬＢＡ４４０４）共培养,将表达载体ｐＢＴｕ中芜菁花叶病毒外壳蛋白（ＴｕＭＶ－ＣＰ）基因以整合方式导入甘蓝型油菜,然后用卡那霉素进行筛选,获得了油菜再生植株。经ＰＣＲ特异性扩增、点杂交和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹分析,证明再生植株基因组ＤＮＡ中整合了ＴｕＭＶ－ＣＰ基因。攻毒实验表明,有ＴｕＭＶ－ＣＰ基因插入的工程油菜对ＴｕＭＶ均有不同程度的抗性。     

芜菁花叶病毒单克隆抗体的制备及检测应用

先以芜菁花叶病毒（TuMV）免疫BAL B/C小鼠,然后取其脾细胞使之与SP2/0鼠骨髓瘤细胞融合,经筛选、克隆,获得4株能稳定传代并分泌抗TuMV单克隆抗体（Mab）的杂交瘤细胞,并以之制备腹水单抗。4株单克隆抗体腹水ELISA效价在10-5～10-6之间,仅对TuMV起特异性反应。Western blot分析表明,4株单抗都能与TuMV 34kD的外壳蛋白亚基起特异反应。利用TuMV的多抗兔血清和单抗腹水建立了三抗体夹心ELISA检测TuMV的方法,检测病叶的灵敏度为1∶5120倍,检测提纯TuMV病毒绝对量为21.9 ng。利用三抗体夹心ELISA测定出7种作物上有TuMV侵染。      

Characterization of Turnip mosaic virus from the Asian‐BR Population in Iran

Brassicaceae crops in eight provinces of the North‐west Iran were surveyed for Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection during 2011 and 2012. Many symptomatic plants (38%; 226 of 598) were found to be infected with TuMV. The highest frequency was in turnip (61%), followed by radish (55%), oilseed rape (38%), and brassica weeds including annual bastard cabbage (42%), small tumbleweed‐mustard (50%) and wild radish (45%), but not Brassica oleracea and Lepidium sativum. Using biological assays, Iranian TuMV isolates grouped in three [B], [B(R)] and [BR] host‐infecting types. Phylogenetic analysis using complete coat protein (CP) gene nucleotide sequences showed that the Iranian isolates belonged to the Basal‐B and Asian‐BR populations. No evidence of recombination was found in these isolates using different recombination‐detecting programmes. To our knowledge, our study shows for the first time the occurrence of TuMV Asian‐BR subpopulation in the mid Eurasian region of Iran. The data suggest that the Asian‐BR subtype population is found across southern Eurasia and might be a continuous population in East Asia (mostly Japan and China) and Minor Asia (Turkey), the places considered to be one of the origins of TuMV populations.     

黄瓜花叶病毒（CMV）运动蛋白基因介导的抗病性

利用Ｆｎｙ＿ＣＭＶ株系ＲＮＡ３ｃＤＮＡ克隆,构建了含有全长和编码区缺失５０１个核苷酸的运动蛋白（ＭＰ）基因植物表达载体ｐＢＭＰＲ和ｐＢＭＰＫ。在土壤农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ（ＳｍｉｔｈｅｔＴｏｗｎｓｅｎｄ）Ｃｏｎｎ）ＬＢＡ４４０４介导下转化烟草（ＮｉｃｏｔｉａｎａｔａｂａｃｕｍＬ．）品种“ＮＣ８９”,分别经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｉｎｇ、ＲＴ＿ＰＣＲ或Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｉｎｇ分析,外源基因已整合到再生植株中并得到表达。抗病性分析表明,含有缺失型ＭＰ基因的Ｒ０代转基因植株抗性较好,接种５０ｄ后,１０株转化植株中仍有５株不表现症状。在自然发病条件下,这５个含有缺失型ＭＰ基因转基因株系在Ｒ１代都表现了一定的抗病性。抗性主要表现为症状出现推迟,严重度减轻。利用ＰＣＲ筛选、种子卡那霉素抗性试验和温室抗病性测定等方法,初步认为Ｒ２代转基因烟草Ｋ＿６＿５株系为转基因抗病纯合系。而含有全长ＭＰ基因的Ｒ０代转化植株,前期没有表现明显的抗病性,但在接种４０ｄ后部分发病植株有恢复健康的趋势。     

Virus Movement Protein Gene Mediated Resistance Against Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infection

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabactum L. ) "NC89" plants were transformed with deletion mutant of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) movement protein (MP) gene and full-length CMV MP gene, respectively. The transformed plants were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), PCR-Southem, Southern and Western blots. R0 generation of the transgenic plants were inoculated with CMV. Five out of 10 lines of tobacco plants (BMPK) transformed with CMV MP deletion mutant gene showed high resistance to CMV infection and remained symptomless for up to 50 days post-inoculation. In contrast, tobacco plants (BMPR) transformed with full-length CMV MP gene did not show resistance to CMV infection. However, most of the infected full-length CMV MP gene transgenic plants recovered by showing none or very mild mosaic symptoms in 40 days post-inoculation. The results of R1 generation of the BMPK transgenic plants tested under field conditions showed that all 5 lines of transgenic plants could delay the virus disease development.     

应用免疫电镜技术快速检测菜豆黄花叶病毒、马铃薯M病毒和燕麦花叶病毒

应用免疫吸附电流技术(ISEM)可有效地检测腐汁液中的菜豆黄花叶病毒(BYMV)、马铃薯M病毒(PVM)和燕麦花叶病毒(OMV)。BYMV,PVM和OMV三种抗血清的适宜工作浓度和对铜网的适宜包被时间均为1000倍和1小时,对同源病毒的适宜捕获时间分别为4℃下2、2和8小时。PVM和OMV的病汁液检测灵敏度均为稀释4000倍,而BYMV病汁液稀释16000倍时还能检测到少量病毒料子。ISEM捕获法和修饰法的结果表明,这三种病毒之间无血清学交叉反应。     

Variation between Turnip mosaic virus Isolates in Zhejiang Province,China and Evidence for Recombination

The 3′‐terminal sequences (c. 1700 nt) of the RNA genome of 10 Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates from different hosts in Zhejiang province, China, were determined. Phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein nucleotide sequences revealed that most TuMV sequences fell into two distinct clusters. The Chinese isolates B1‐B4 (from Brassica spp.) were similar and placed in the largest group (Group 1), while the isolates R1‐R6 (from Raphanus) were usually placed in a distinct but smaller group (Group 2). There were only approximately 90% identical nucleotides between the two groups. However, one isolate (R5) showed evidence of recombination in that the region between nucleotides 430 and 450, from the start of the coat protein gene and its 3′‐terminus, was a Group 1 type.     

Molecular Characterization of a Chinese Soybean Mosaic Virus Isolate by RT-PCR,cDNA Sequence Analysis and Direct Expression of PCR Products in Bacteria

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) causes one of the most severe viral diseases in soybean ( Glycine max L. ) and is known to contain many pathogenically and serologically related isolates. In the present study, the authors have obtained cDNAs to all cistrons of a Chinese SMV isolate, SMV-ZK, by RT-PCR. By analyzing the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the HC-PRO, Nib and CP cistrons, it was found that SMV-ZK was highly homologous to the G2 strain of SMV, thus confirming the existence of G2-1ike isolates in soybean crop in China. The amplified cDNAs were directly cloned into a bacterial expression vector. With the exception of the P3 cistron, expression of the cDNAs of all other cistrons in bacteria gave rise to polypeptides of expected molecular weight. The expressed viral proteins were subsequently purified by gel elution. The preparation of viral-specific cDNAs and gene products will be useful in future functional study of the SMV genome.     

Molecular Characterization of the 3'-Terminal Region of Turnip mosaic virus Isolates from Eastern China

Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV; genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) causes great losses to cruciferous crop production worldwide. The 3′‐terminal genomic sequences of eight TuMV isolates from eastern China were compared with those of 74 other Chinese TuMV isolates of known host origin in the GenBank and isolated during the past 25 years. The reported sequences of the eight TuMV isolates are 1125 or 1126‐nucleotides (nt) long excluding the poly(A) tail. They all contain one partial open reading frame of 912 nt, encoding 304 amino acids, followed by a stop codon and a non‐translated region of 209–210 nt. Results of phylogenetic analyses showed that Chinese TuMV isolates clustered into three groups: basal‐BR, Asian‐BR and world‐B. The ratios of non‐synonymous and synonymous substitutions and results of amino acid alignment provided evidence for purifying or negative selection in TuMV populations of China.