TWO NEW SPECIES OF CONIDIOBOLUS FOUND IN PLANT DETRITUS

Drechsler , Charles . (Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville, Md.) Two new species of Conidiobolus found in plant detritus. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(5) : 368—377. Illus. 1960.–By canopying Petri plates of maize-meal agar with small quantities of friable or mealy plant detritus 2 new species of Conidiobolus, both of moderate dimensions, were isolated. They are described as C. incongruus and C. multivagus. The former, obtained from leaf mold collected in Colorado, produces zygospores which with respect to their internal organization differ markedly from those of congeneric species but resemble rather closely the globuliferous zygospores of Basidiobolus haptosporus and B. meristosporus. Conidiobolus multivagus, obtained from decayed twigs of Casuarina equisetifolia gathered in western Florida, forms a mycelium that soon becomes conspicuously disconnected. The disconnected condition here results partly from the production of many detached slender filaments, which, by constantly withdrawing protoplasmic materials from the posterior end while elongating at the tip, migrate through the slated substratum apparently without any intake of nutrients. The detached conidia of C. incongruus are provided with a more prominent basal papilla than those of C. multivagus, though both species show equally sharp demarcation between the globose main contour of the conidium and the dome-shaped contour of the papillia.     

Screening the keratinolytic activity of dermatophytes in vitro

A case of rhinofacial zygomycosis with of years duration, caused by Conidiobolus coronatus is described. The patient, a 72-years-old woman, presented with a bilateral distortion of the subcutaneous tissue and disfigurement of the face. Treatment with ketoconazole and potasium iodide did not prevent several relapses. At present she is still under treatment with fluconazole with clinical healing. Histopathological and mycological examination confirmed the dermatological diagnosis. An increasing number of cases of zygomycosis caused by fungi of the order Entomophthorales have also been reported in the Northern and Northeastern States of Brazil.     

Comparative levels of amphotericin B in the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue after cutaneous application of amphotericin ointment by phonophoresis and with preliminary treatment by dimethyl sulfoxide]

A comparative study of the amphotericin B contents in the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue was performed on guinea pigs after local application of amphotericin ointment by phonophoresis and with preliminary treatment of the skin by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). When the amphotericin ointment was used in combination with ultrasound the content of amphotericin B in the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue 1, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the application was much higher than that after the ointment local application without the ultrasonic treatment. When the amphotericin ointment was applied locally after the preliminary treatment with DMSO the maximum content of the antibiotic in the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue was observed 3 hours after the application which was significantly higher than the content observed after the ointment application by phonophoresis and especially locally without the ultrasonic treatment. In 24, 48 and 72 hours the amphotericin B concentration in the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue under any conditions lowered and in 24 hours had a tendency to level in the areas treated with ultrasound and DMSO. In 48 and 72 hours the highest concentrations of the antibiotic were in the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue after the ointment application by phonophoresis.     

Development of the Mouse Dermal Adipose Layer Occurs Independently of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue and Is Marked by Restricted Early Expression of FABP4

The laboratory mouse is a key animal model for studies of adipose biology, metabolism and disease, yet the developmental changes that occur in tissues and cells that become the adipose layer in mouse skin have received little attention. Moreover, the terminology around this adipose body is often confusing, as frequently no distinction is made between adipose tissue within the skin, and so called subcutaneous fat. Here adipocyte development in mouse dorsal skin was investigated from before birth to the end of the first hair follicle growth cycle. Using Oil Red O staining, immunohistochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR and TUNEL staining we confirmed previous observations of a close spatio-temporal link between hair follicle development and the process of adipogenesis. However, unlike previous studies, we observed that the skin adipose layer was created from cells within the lower dermis. By day 16 of embryonic development (e16) the lower dermis was demarcated from the upper dermal layer, and commitment to adipogenesis in the lower dermis was signalled by expression of FABP4, a marker of adipocyte differentiation. In mature mice the skin adipose layer is separated from underlying subcutaneous adipose tissue by the panniculus carnosus. We observed that the skin adipose tissue did not combine or intermix with subcutaneous adipose tissue at any developmental time point. By transplanting skin isolated from e14.5 mice (prior to the start of adipogenesis), under the kidney capsule of adult mice, we showed that skin adipose tissue develops independently and without influence from subcutaneous depots. This study has reinforced the developmental link between hair follicles and skin adipocyte biology. We argue that because skin adipocytes develop from cells within the dermis and independently from subcutaneous adipose tissue, that it is accurately termed dermal adipose tissue and that, in laboratory mice at least, it represents a separate adipose depot.     

Anatomical study of the venous drainage architecture of the scapular skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Venous anatomy of the skin and subcutaneous adipofascial tissue in the scapular region was examined in 14 specimens of 12 fresh cadavers that had been injected systemically with contrast medium. Three-dimensional analysis was performed by radiographing the specimens stereoscopically and splitting them into the skin and subcutaneous adipofascial tissue layers. From the architecture, most of the venous blood that had perfused the dermis was considered to pool in a polygonal venous network, located in the skin layer; to flow chiefly through some large communicating veins; and to enter the scapular, parascapular, or circumflex scapular veins. Most of the venous blood that had perfused the subcutaneous adipofascial tissue was considered to enter the scapular or parascapular veins directly.     

吻合皮下静脉的带蒂皮瓣修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损的效果分析

摘要 目的：探讨与分析吻合皮下静脉的带蒂皮瓣修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损的效果。方法：选择2018年12月到2021年12月在本院创伤造成的四肢皮肤软组织缺损60例患者作为研究对象,将其随机分为吻合皮下静脉带蒂皮瓣组与传统带蒂皮瓣组各30例。吻合皮下静脉带蒂皮瓣组给予吻合皮下静脉的带蒂皮瓣修复治疗,传统带蒂皮瓣组给予常规直接覆盖创面修复治疗。结果：所有患者都顺利完成手术,吻合皮下静脉带蒂皮瓣组围手术指标时间均较传统带蒂皮瓣组少（P<0.05）。吻合皮下静脉带蒂皮瓣组术后3个月的总有效率为96.7 %,高于传统带蒂皮瓣组的76.7 %（P<0.05）。吻合皮下静脉带蒂皮瓣组术后3个月的并发症发生率较传统带蒂皮瓣组低（P<0.05）。吻合皮下静脉带蒂皮瓣组术后6个月的感觉功能恢复情况好于传统带蒂皮瓣组（P<0.05）。结论：吻合皮下静脉的带蒂皮瓣能促进患者的创面愈合,提高治疗效果,减少并发症,加快恢复患者的四肢皮肤软组织缺损。     

Direct evidence of the vasodilator action of carbon dioxide on subcutaneous microvasculature in rats by use of intra-vital video-microscopy

The therapeutic effects of carbon dioxide (CO₂) on cutaneous tissue blood flow in the human have long been well recognized. Although CO₂ has vasodilator action, in-vivo evidence of its action on the microcirculation of the skin, and of its mechanism, has rarely been reported. We studied the direct effects of CO₂ on in-vivo microvasculature and blood flow rate by using an intra-vital video-microscopic system. Brown Norway rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal administration of alpha-chloralose and urethane. In order to measure inner diameter and red blood cell velocity (Vrbc) for a microvessel, the dorsal skin window was draped on an observation box placed inside a bath. Vrbc was derived from the cross-correlation function of paired segments of dual-window intensity in the video of microvascular images of the subcutaneous tissue. We measured pH in subcutaneous tissue by making a dorsal skin tube. After topical application of CO₂ dissolved in water via the skin of the rat, we observed both vasodilatation and an increase in blood flow of the micro vessels. The pH of subcutaneous tissue also decreased after CO₂ application. The CO₂ reduced the pH of subcutaneous tissue and inhibited vascular smooth muscle contraction, resulting in dilatation of the vasculature of the skin microcirculation.     

Ultrasound tomography of soft tissues and venous vessels in secondary edema of the upper limbs

The paper is concerned with ultrasound investigation that permits obtaining objective data on changes in the thickness, structure, borders and density of soft tissues in upper limb lymphedema. Moderate thickening of the skin and subcutaneous fat with slight thickening of the latter was noted in patients with mild edema. The thickness of the group of muscles at the shoulder level was decreased in each 3rd patient. Thickening of the skin and subcutaneous fat more than 1.5-fold was noted in edema of average severity. In severe edema the skin and subcutaneous tissue got thicker 2-2.5 times and acquired a dense regular spotty pattern. Echogeneity of the skin was reduced, and it often became merged with the subcutaneous fat. Cavities filled in with edematous fluid were found in the zone of maximum edema. Ultrasound phlebography made it possible to determine the state of major veins in upper limb edema and to abandon roentgenocontrast investigation of veins in a majority of cases.     

Subcutaneous metastasis from transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy. A case report

BACKGROUND: Metastasis of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder to the skin and subcutaneous tissue is an uncommon finding. CASE: A 58-year-old man with a known case of high grade TCC of the bladder, presented with a right paraspinal mass. Clinically an abscess was suspected. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) showed many clusters and isolated malignant cells in an inflammatory background. The smears were diagnosed as positive for malignancy. CONCLUSION: It is essential to differentiate tumors metastatic to the skin and subcutaneous tissue from inflammatory lesions. FNA helped with the diagnosis in this case and prevented unnecessary biopsy.     

Anatomic study of the venous drainage architecture of the forearm skin and subcutaneous tissue

The venous anatomy of the forearm skin was examined radiographically in 15 fresh cadavers that had been injected systemically with a lead oxide-gelatin mixture. In 10 specimens, the forearm skin was divided into the skin and superficial adipofascial layer and the deep adipofascial layer. Five specimens were radiographed stereoscopically. Despite the thinness of the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the forearm, the cutaneous vein was seen three-dimensionally. Judging from the architecture and direction of the venous valves, most of the venous blood that had perfused the dermis was believed to: (1) pool in a venous network located in the superficial zone of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, (2) flow chiefly in the accessory cephalic and median antebrachial veins, and (3) enter the cephalic and basilic veins near the antecubital fossa. Venae comitantes of the septocutaneous and musculocutaneous perforators of the radial or ulnar arteries were thought to be only bypasses to the deep vein.     

Prestress as an optimal biomechanical parameter for needle penetration

Drug delivery requires precise intradermal and subcutaneous injections of formulations to clinically relevant penetration depths. However, penetration depth is confounded by skin deflection, which occurs prior to and during penetration as the skin surface deforms axially with the needle, and which varies profoundly due to differing intrinsic mechanical (e.g. viscoelastic) tissue properties, disease state, aging, and ethnicity. Herein, an ex vivo model was utilized to study factors that affect skin deflection and the efficacy of injection, including prestress applied at the tissue surface, needle gauge, velocity, and actuation depth. The application of prestress minimized skin deflection during needle penetration and allowed for needle actuation to the targeted penetration depths with minimum variability. The force required to achieve target penetration depths was found to increase with prestress and decrease with needle gauge. Our findings emphasize the need for prestress applied to the skin surface to minimize variation in skin properties and administer formulations for intradermal and subcutaneous treatments with maximum precision.     

Neuromucosal prelaminated flaps for reconstruction of intraoral lining defects after radical tumor resection

To reconstruct intraoral lining defects after radical tumor resection by reinnervated vascularized mucosa, eight distal radial forearm flaps and two fibula flaps were prelaminated. Prelamination was performed by exposing the vascularized fascia, onto which the split distal end of a sural graft was fixed. The fascia and the sural nerve graft were covered by device-meshed mucosa or small full-thickness mucosa pieces. These structures again were covered by a Silastic sheet as large as the future flap, and the wound was closed by the elevated skin and subcutaneous tissue. Coverage by a Silastic sheet enabled mucosal spreading on the fascia, and the final flaps were thin, mucus-producing, and larger than the originally inserted mucosa. The 10 neuromucosal prelaminated flaps were harvested together with the inserted sural nerve graft after 8 to 10 weeks. During this time, the patient underwent radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Donor sites were closed directly by the preserved skin and subcutaneous tissue. Intraoral defects were reconstructed successfully by eight neuromucosal prelaminated distal radial forearm flaps and two neuromucosal prelaminated fibula flaps. The sural nerve grafts, inserted between the fascia and the mucosa, were coaptated eight times with the lingual nerve and two times with the inferior alveolar nerve. Intended reinnervation of the mucosa could already be proved clinically and histologically in the first two patients after 11 and 9 months. Preservation of skin and subcutaneous tissue considerably lowered donor-site morbidity. Neuromucosal prelamination enables reconstruction of intraoral lining defects by reinnervated mucus-producing tissue. Reconstruction of other mucosa-lined structures by this method seems feasible. Avoidance of skin islands for reconstruction lowers donor-site morbidity.     

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 induced in skin and subcutaneous tissue by implanted chitin in rats

Chitin was found to induce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity in rat skin and subcutaneous tissue. Sponge type chitin (22.5 mg) was implanted in subcutaneous tissue of 8-week-old rats by skin incision. MMPs activity was more pronounced in the chitin-treated group than only incision group until on day 2.5 postoperatively. Gelatin zymography revealed that the induced MMPs had a molecular mass of 92 and 82 kDa corresponding to MMP-9 and pro MMP-9, respectively. We here discuss the mechanism of MMP induction by chitin.     

Tissue basophils in thermal damage to the skin in an experiment (morphometric analysis and statistical modelling)

By means of quantitative morphological analysis tissue basophils (TB) (mast cells) in the derm and in the subcutaneous loose connective tissue have been studied at various degree of thermal lesion of the skin. Average diameter, amount of the cells per 0.1 mm2 of the slice area and distance between them serve as criteria for estimation of the TB functional activity. Certain differences have been revealed in the TB state at a weak and severe thermal lesion of the skin. At a threshold thermal action, metabolic processes in the TB become active. Burns of the skin of the II and IIIa degree result in an increased discharge of the granular component from cytoplasm and often in death of the cells. By means of multiple linear regression equations certain dependence of the degree of the thermal skin lesion on the state of the TB population in various dermal layers and in the subcutaneous loose connective tissue is stated.     

Measurement of subcutaneous tissue fluid pressure using a skin-cup method

We developed a new method for measuring tissue fluid pressure in subcutaneous tissue. Porous Teflon cylinders were permanently implanted subcutaneously into the inguinal area of 10 dogs, and after several weeks a skin concavity formed in the center of each of the cylinders. A small needle attached to a recording system was inserted into the free tissue fluid lining the concavity, and the tissue fluid pressure averaged -8.8 +/- 2.7 (SD) mmHg. Next, a hollow Plexiglas cup was placed over the concavity and glued to the skin. The air pressure in the skin cup was continually adjusted (using an electromechanical servo-control system) to pull the skin upward and to hold it perfectly flat across the upper ridge of the Teflon cylinder. The simultaneously recorded needle and cup pressures averaged -9.1 +/- 2.4 and -8.6 +/- 2.6 mmHg, respectively, during steady-state conditions with the skin in a flat position. Both pressures also responded appropriately to dynamic changes in tissue fluid pressure caused by increasing and decreasing the volume of the free tissue fluid. Because the skin was flat, the equivalences of pressures above and below the skin is consistent with the hypothesis that the skin was not tethered significantly to the underlying tissues and that cup pressure accurately estimates the tissue free fluid pressure.     

Anterior cervicoplasty in the male patient

Most men develop visible redundant tissue in the anterior neck with aging. Some seek surgical improvement. If the patient does not wish to have a conventional face/neck lift, anterior cervicoplasty is a good option. The procedure accomplishes tightening in the horizontal direction by excising a midline vertical ellipse of skin and subcutaneous fat. The surgeon tightens and lengthens the platysma muscles by suturing the anterior borders of the muscle to each other and by performing one or more Z-plasties in the muscle. A Z-plasty in the skin and subcutaneous tissue predictably creates a mental/cervical crease or angle with precise planning of the location of the horizontal limb. It also provides added length to the vertical skill closure. Every patient has thought that the improved contour of his neck more than offset the presence of a visible scar. In fact, no patient has indicated that his scar has been noticed by others, nor has any patient requested scar revision.     

Temperature dependent alterations of the surface-EMG and ECG: an investigation of the electrical transfer characteristics of the human skin (author's transl)

The influence of local heating of the skin on the integrated EMG (registered with surface and subcutaneous electrodes), the amplitude of the ECG, the skin blood flow, the electrode impedance, the electrode-to-skin impedance, and the tissue impedance is investigated. Except for the increasing skin blood flow each of the variables exhibits a significant reduction with an increase in skin temperature. From these results the existence of two mechanisms is deduced mediating thermal influence on bioelectric signals picked up by surface electrodes: 1. An alteration of the signal source. 2. An alteration of the electric transfer characteristics of the tissue between signal source and electrode. Especially in quantitative surface electromyography the temperature dependence of the signal can be a source of error.     

Skin and subcutaneous fat morphology alterations under the LED or laser treatment in rats in vivo

The main objective of this work is to quantify the impact of photodynamic/photothermal treatment by using visible LED and NIR laser irradiation through the skin of subcutaneous fat in vivo followed up by tissue sampling and histology. The optical method may provide reduction of regional or site‐specific accumulations of abdominal or subcutaneous adipose tissue precisely and least‐invasively by inducing cell apoptosis and controlled necrosis of fat tissue. As photodynamic/photothermal adipose tissue sensitizers Brilliant Green (BG) or Indocyanine Green (ICG) dyes were injected subcutaneously in rats. The CW LED device (625 nm) or CW diode laser (808 nm) were used as light sources, respectively. Biopsies of skin together with subcutaneous tissues were taken for histology. The combined action BG‐staining and LED‐irradiation (BG + LED) or ICG‐staining and NIR‐laser irradiation (ICG + NIR) causes pronounced signs of damage of adipose tissue characterized by a strong stretching, thinning, folding and undulating of cell membranes and appearance of necrotic areas. As a posttreatment after 14 days only connective tissue was observed at the site of necrotic areas. The data obtained are important for safe light treatment of site‐specific fat accumulations, including cellulite. This work provides a basis for the development of fat lipolysis technologies and to move them to clinical applications. Schematics of animal experiment.      

一例皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤的报告

目的分析皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤的临床表现及病理组织学特征,探讨其诊断和治疗方法,提高临床医生对该病的认识。方法对1例面部和下肢浮肿及全身多发硬结1月余,发热1周的患者临床表现的演变、确诊时的组织病理学特点、免疫组织化学结果等多方面进行观察。结果皮肤活检发现组织学病变主要局限于皮下脂肪间质内见核深染的异型细胞弥漫分布或环绕脂肪细胞分布。免疫组化示CD3+,CD8+,CD68+,TiA-1+,G-B+,CD20-,CD7-,TDT-,提示为T细胞来源。治疗(环磷酰胺+长春新碱+表阿霉素)1疗程患者自动出院回家。结论皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤是一种特殊类型的原发性皮肤淋巴瘤,对不明原因的全身皮肤多发硬结伴发热的患者应该考虑该病的可能。病损处皮肤活检是确诊该病的主要手段。治疗常用联合化疗,如CHOP方案。本病预后较差。     

Irradiation-induced hypoxia in bones and soft tissues: an experimental study

Bone marrow and subcutaneous tissue pO2 and pCO2 were measured by means of implanted tissue tonometers in irradiated and nonirradiated rabbit hind limbs. The x-ray dose was 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 3000 rads. Tissue gas tensions were measured 1 day and 5 and 11 weeks after radiation. The pCO2 changes in both tissues were slight but not statistically significant. The subcutaneous tissue pO2 decreased during the acute phase of irradiation injury, and the effect of irradiation was dose-dependent. Later on, irradiation had no significant effects on the subcutaneous pO2, although light microscopy of the affected tissues showed fibrosis and blood vessel changes. The response of the subcutaneous pO2 to systemic hyperoxia also increased in the chronic phase of irradiation injury as a sign of improved microcirculation. The bone marrow showed a high radiosensitivity. Irradiation caused a rapid dose-dependent decrease of the marrow pO2, and the marrow pO2 decreased with time during the chronic phase of irradiation injury. The marrow pO2 responded slowly and marginally to an increment of arterial pO2 during breathing 100% oxygen as further evidence of impaired vascular pattern. The results showed that irradiation causes only a transient impairment of tissue perfusion in the skin. However, irradiation-damaged marrow was characterized by progressive tissue hypoxia.