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1.
Population dynamics of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia were studied in Charente-Maritime, France from 1978 to 1996, during which time the number of breeding pairs increased from one to 44. Modal age at first return and first breeding were 2.4 and 3.4 years, respectively. White Storks produced an average of 3.2 fledglings per nest. The average number of fledglings per nest decreased with increasing nest density, probably because of an increase in the number of interactions between breeding birds. Nests surrounded by marshes had slightly greater productivity than nests on peripheral sites. Individual White Storks followed an annual breeding cycle and attempted to breed in 97% of seasons once mature. Nest-site and mate fidelity were high (88 and 83%, respectively). Immigration rate was nearly twice that of emigration during the last few years of the study and recruitment was close to 30%, although underestimated. We modelled survival and recapture probabilities using capture-mark-recapture methods. Adult survival was found to be dependent on age, but not sex. Survival of younger birds varied greatly over the years, whereas survival of older birds was relatively constant and averaged 78%. Survival rates of young birds wintering in the Sahel zone were positively linked to the amount of rainfall in their wintering area. The proximate reason for the population increase was probably immigration of birds from other European countries, probably encouraged by a high adult survival rate. Ringing recoveries indicate that some birds winter in Spain and the high adult survival rate may reflect a change in migratory pattern in recent years. Finally, reproductive success was relatively high during the study. 相似文献
2.
The diet of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia was studied at El Merdja, Algeria, from 1997 to 1999 and in 2007 by analysing 240 regurgitated pellets. A total of 12 234 prey types were identified and classified into six categories. Insects dominated during each month and year of the study. Three orders of insects were mainly consumed. Coleoptera species were the most frequently consumed prey during all months and years, followed by Dermaptera species, except in 1998 when Orthoptera were more frequent. The frequency of families of prey insects varied considerably depending on the year: Carabidae were dominant in 2007, Tenebrionidae in 1999 and Carcinophoridae in 1997. 相似文献
3.
The White Stork ( Ciconia ciconia) has an extensive European breeding distribution. There have been significant demographic changes since the 1930s, with country-specific extinctions throughout the western distribution since the mid-1940s. Following various reintroduction programs significant concerns have been raised about the geographic origins of introduced storks, and the effect this may have on individual biology, particularly breeding success. Here we report on seven new microsatellite markers developed for C. ciconia that have been successfully combined in a series of multiplex PCR’s with six markers previously described for the Wood Stork. 相似文献
4.
To understand how a large soaring bird, the White Stork Ciconia ciconia , copes with energy constraints, we compared changes in body mass in 14 captive adult storks with the body composition of 12 free-ranging adult storks found dead from accidents. The captive storks, already in an enclosure for several years, were fed ad libitum . They were weighed daily for 1.53.5 years using an automatic device. The bodies of the accidentally killed storks were analysed to determine total water, lipid, protein and ash contents, and to assess the biochemical composition of certain organs. Females were on average 20% lighter and 24% smaller than males, but the body mass of the sexes varied in parallel throughout the year. Body mass peaked in December and January (2530% above minimal body mass), due essentially to large fat stores in subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissues. Body mass and body lipid rapidly decreased from February to June, whether the storks reared chicks successfully or not, and remained minimal for a few days into July. In contrast to birds using flapping flight, no variation in body protein or pectoral muscle protein was observed while breeding, even though the moult occurred then, nor in August, before the time when wild storks migrate. An endogenous regulation of body fuels is discussed. 相似文献
5.
CapsuleFood independently affects both laying date and clutch size, suggesting that seasonal decline in clutch size is related to a decrease in food availability. Aim To test the effect of food abundance on laying date and clutch size of the White Stork and identify the cause of seasonal decline in the number of eggs laid. Methods During 1991 and 1996 we recorded clutch size and laying date of pairs breeding next to rubbish dumps (food abundant and constant throughout the breeding season) and birds breeding far from rubbish dumps (using natural food sources). Results In 1991 there was no difference in mean laying date between pairs nesting at rubbish dumps and control pairs. Clutch size was significantly larger at rubbish dump nests. In contrast, mean laying date was earlier in control pairs in 1996 and there was no significant differences in clutch sizes, even when controlling for laying date effect. Conclusion The results support the hypothesis that food availability independently affects both laying date and clutch size. The seasonal decline in clutch size close to rubbish dumps was negligible (1991) or much smaller than in the control zone (1996) suggesting that a progressive deterioration of natural food sources is the most probable reason for a decline in clutch size as the season advances. 相似文献
6.
In the mid 1970s, the breeding populations of the migrant White Stork Ciconia ciconia were close to extinction in the northeastern region of France (Alsace). A re-introduction project was implemented, resulting in the year-round settlement of some individuals in the region, which rely on additional food supplied by humans during the winter. Today, both resident and migrant birds breed in the same areas and take food from rubbish dumps and humans (farmers). The effects of these anthropogenic influences, altering Stork behaviour, on Stork reproductive success are not known. The aim of this study was to test the influence of bird status (resident vs. migrant) and food availability (control nests vs. nests that benefit from high food supply) on reproductive success. In control nests, the mean laying date was earlier in resident than in migrant White Storks. There was also a clear seasonal decline in clutch size. For all nests, the numbers of eggs and hatchlings were higher in resident birds than in migrants, which can be attributed to the earlier breeding of resident Storks. The large broods of resident birds showed a high mortality rate, leading to the same fledgling success (fledglings/hatchlings) and number of fledglings as in migrants. Fledgling success and the number of fledglings were higher for nests close to a reliable food supply. In summary, although resident birds can breed earlier and produce more eggs than migrants, we found no advantage in terms of number of fledglings. The higher mortality rate of chicks found in pairs with a large brood could be caused by the deterioration of their habitat. Thus, the year-round settlement of Storks may not present a biological advantage if the quality of their habitat is not guaranteed by the conservation of their grasslands. 相似文献
7.
Capsule Accessing extra food from waste dumps increases egg volume and hatching mass in White Storks. Aim To test how White Storks vary their investment in egg size, especially in last laid eggs, in relation to food availability, and to improve our understanding of the importance of extra feeding on intra-clutch variation. Methods The study was carried out in three White Stork breeding colonies in northern Algeria. Breeding performance was recorded in 70 nests over three years. White Stork colonies situated close to chicken farms were considered to be part of a ‘pseudo experiment’ where parents had access to extra food. Egg volume, laying order, hatching order and hatching weight were recorded. Results Egg volume and hatching mass in White Storks was significantly greater when they had access to extra food. The reproductive value of last laid eggs (fourth and fifth) doubled when females had access to extra food. Conclusion Laying smaller last eggs within a clutch provides a mechanism to facilitate early brood reduction in the White Stork, and so should be advantageous when food is scarce. On the contrary, when females had access to extra food, last laid eggs were as big as first eggs which suggests egg size variation is adaptable to local conditions. 相似文献
10.
Mating calls of animals are often detected by unintended receivers which use sexual signals to obtain information about the signaller. We investigated whether white storks Ciconia ciconia can eavesdrop mating calls of moor frogs Rana arvalis . White storks are dependent on moor frog abundance in early breeding season. Interspecific eavesdropping by predators is common and well documented in tropical anurans, whereas it is less known in temperate zone. We compared the frequency of approaches of white storks to loudspeakers when frog calls and the song thrush Turdus philomelos songs were simultaneously played back using the later as controls. The loudspeaker broadcasting the calls of male moor frogs clearly attracted white storks at 22 out of 84 nests. The bird songs attracted white storks in only one case. In 19 cases birds left the nest for unknown reasons which were considered as potential foraging movements. The results of this field experiment report a new case of eavesdropping on acoustic signals showing that advertisement calls of temperate moor frogs are an important stimulus for white storks. 相似文献
11.
Storm's Stork Ciconia stormi is one of the rarest of the storks, regarded as globally endangered and found only in parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. Prior to this study, its breeding biology was unknown and the population status in Indonesia was not well understood. Its breeding habitat, prey, behaviour, voice, eggs and the development of the young are described here for the first time. Breeding biology was studied in 1989 at a nest in south Sumatra, Indonesia. The nest was in the transition zone between mangrove and freshwater swamp forest. Incubation took less than 29 days, and two eggs hatched. Fish 2–7 cm long comprised 67% of the prey for feeding young. The chick was fully feathered at 52–57 days and was seen flying when 57–62 days old. The species is rare in south Sumatra. It occurs in low numbers and flocks of up to seven birds were observed. The density is estimated at 20–40 birds within 110,000 ha of primary swamp forest. At this density, the population would be below 100 birds in south Sumatra and between 100 and 300 in Indonesia. The species is threatened by development and conversion of primary swamp forest. 相似文献
13.
Hemolysate from white stork displayed a single hemoglobin component, thus resulting into two bands and two globin peaks in dissociating PAGE and reversed phase-HPLC, respectively. Stripped hemoglobin showed an oxygen affinity higher than that of human HbA, a small Bohr effect, and a cooperative oxygen binding. A small decrease of oxygen affinity, of the same extent in all the pH range examined, was observed by addition of chloride, thus indicating an unusual chloride-independent Bohr effect (DeltalogP50/Deltalog pH=-0.24). Saturating amounts of inositol hexakisphosphate, largely decreased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity (DeltalogP(50)=1.17 at pH 7.0), and increased the extent of its Bohr effect (DeltalogP50/DeltalogpH=-0.45). The phosphate binding curve allowed to measure a very high overall binding constant (K=1.18 x 10(5) M(-1)). The effect of temperature on the oxygen affinity was measured, and the enthalpy change of oxygenation resulted almost independent on pH. Structural-functional relationships are discussed by considering some amino acid residues situated at alpha1/beta1 and alpha1/beta2 interfaces, such as alpha38 and alpha89 positions. The presence of only one hemoglobin component, a rare event among birds, and its functional properties have been related to the physiological oxygen requirements of this soaring migrant bird and to its technique of flight during migration. 相似文献
14.
采用生境套娃方法反映水禽——东方白鹳生境需求的层级系统基础上,利用GIS技术建立定量化分析模型,深入探讨了小三江平原生境丧失对东方白鹳生境空间分布的影响。结果显示:与初始状态1954年相比,东方白鹳繁殖生境丧失了81.9%,平均斑块面积缩小了88%;同时,生境面积的丧失是伴随生境破碎化过程发生的。1983之后生境破碎化明显加剧,到2005年生境连通度显著降低,生境处于高度破碎化状态。研究表明,生境丧失对东方白鹳繁殖生境的影响不仅取决于关键生境要素的变化,生境空间异质性改变更为重要。 相似文献
15.
Adjakpa, J.B. 2000. The breeding biology of Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii in the far north of Benin. Ostrich 71 (1 & 2): 61–63. Little is known about the biology of Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii, in Benin. I studied the nesting of this intra- African migrant in the wet season of 1996. Breeding pairs arrived at the end of March 1996. Seven nest sites were found, involving 92 pairs; the largest colony was of 51 pairs. The storks used five different large tree species for nesting. Egg-laying began in early April and lasted until 2 July. Most clutches were of 3–4 eggs. Incubation lasted 28–29 days. A total of 196 young storks fledged (all of which were ringed), representing a success rate of 76.5% per egg laid and 86.0% per egg hatched. The last storks left the colonies on 9 September 1996, 164 days after the first ones arrived on 30 March. The species is threatened in Benin by human persecution and by widespread pesticide use: it urgently requires official protected status. 相似文献
16.
黑鹳Ciconia nigra是世界濒危鸟类之一,在我国数量稀少,被列为国家I级保护物种.我们通过监测尕海-则岔国家级自然保护区黑鹳活动情况(2005~2007),发现其具有明显的年活动节律和日活动节律.黑鹳的数量在该保护区呈逐年上升的趋势.另外,也对我国近几年黑鹳记录情况进行了总结,发现2007年所记录的最大数量是中国发现的最大黑鹳群体. 相似文献
17.
We intended to describe a case of chaunocephalosis and morphological characteristics of its causative agent, Chaunocephalus ferox, recovered from an oriental white stork, Ciconia boyciana, in the Republic of Korea. An oriental white stork was referred to the Wildlife Center of Chungbuk in Korea in February 2014 for severe depression with cachexia and it died the next day. At necropsy, the stomach was severely expanded and 7 thick-walled nodules were observed in the upper part of the intestine. Although the stomach was filled with full of foreign materials, the intestine was almost empty. The nodules were globular and total 9 flukes were recovered. They were 8,030–8,091 μm in length and 3,318–3,333 μm in maximum width. Because the flukes had bulbous forebody with short narrow subcylindrical hindbody, 27 collar spines, and vitelline follicles not reaching to the posterior end, the specimens were identified as being C. ferox. The cyst formation induced thickening of the intestinal wall with narrowing of the lumen that could have contributed to the gastric impaction to the death of the host. This is the first described case of chaunocephalosis and its causative agent C. ferox found from an oriental white stork in Korea. 相似文献
18.
We examined breeding dispersal directions in the white stork ( Ciconia ciconia), a migratory bird breeding in large parts of Europe. We asked whether and how the direction of the major spring/autumn migration
route (from south-east to north-west and vice versa) affects breeding dispersal directions. Breeding dispersal directions
were clearly nonrandomly distributed and were influenced by the major spring migration direction, leading to a bias toward
south-eastward and north-westward breeding dispersal. 相似文献
19.
The lesser kestrel Falco naumanni is a globally threatened colonial bird that has suffered a generalized population decline in Europe. Recent studies have suggested that the land-use changes linked to agriculture intensification are the main factors accounting for the population regression. However, there has been little analysis of the role of pesticide applications. In this study, we examined the consequences of a malathion treatment in a wild population of lesser kestrels, specifically its effects on breeding performance, adult survival and population size. We found that the larger the area treated with malathion around the colony, the lower the size and the body condition of the fledglings, although no effects were found on the number of fledged chicks per pair or their sex ratio. Survival of adult males, but not females, was lower in the malathion-treated areas. These results show that organophosphorus pesticides applied at standard rates might disrupt the lesser kestrel population dynamics by reducing their breeding performance and increasing adult mortality in a sex-biased way. The proportional area treated around the colony did not affect colony size in the following year, indicating that an increased adult male mortality was not enough to lead to a detectable population size reduction and/or that the arrival of immigrants could have masked it. Both the direct malathion toxic effects and the expected reduction in prey availability due to fumigation are likely to underlie the observed effects. Hence, keeping non-treated buffer areas around kestrel colony centers should be a strictly applied conservation measure to avoid the observed negative side effects of malathion applications. 相似文献
20.
Summary Estimates of survival, migration rates, and population size are developed for a triple catch marking experiment on n (n>-2) areas with migration among all areas and death in all areas occurring, but no recruitment (birth). This repressents the extension to three sampling times of the method of Chapman and Junge (1956) for estimates in a stratified population. The method is further extented to allow for ‘losses on capture’. 相似文献
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