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1.
LEED v4: Where Are We Now? Critical Assessment through the LCA of an Office Building Using a Low Impact Energy Consumption Mix
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Yannick Lessard Chirjiv Anand Pierre Blanchet Caroline Frenette Ben Amor 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2018,22(5):1105-1116
Various green building rating systems (GBRSs) have been proposed to reduce the environmental impact of buildings. However, these GBRSs, such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) v4, are primarily oriented toward a building's use stage energy consumption. Their application in contexts involving a high share of renewable energy, and hence a low‐impact electricity mix, can result in undesirable side effects. This paper aims to investigate such effects, based on an existing office building in Quebec (Canada), where more than 95% of the electricity consumption mix is renewable. This paper compares the material impacts from a low‐energy context building to material considerations in LEED v4. In addition to their contributions to the building impacts, material impacts are also defined by their potential to change impacts with different material configurations. Life cycle assessment (LCA) impacts were evaluated using Simapro 8.2, the ecoinvent 3.1 database, and the IMPACT 2002+ method. The building LCA results indicated higher environmental impact contributions from materials (>50%) compared to those from energy consumption. This is in contrast with the LEED v4 rating system, as it did not seem to be as effective in capturing such effects. The conclusions drawn from this work will help stakeholders from the buildings sector to have a better understanding of building environmental profiles, and the limitations of LEED v4 in contexts involving a low‐impact energy mix. In addition, this critical assessment can be used to further improve the LEED certification system. 相似文献
2.
Microfacies controls on weathering of carbonate building stones: Devonian (northern Sauerland,Germany) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dr. Andreas May 《Facies》1994,30(1):193-208
Summary The Beisinghausen Limestone (Upper Givetian to Frasnian) in the Eslohe-Reiste area (northern Sauerland), used in the past
as building stone, corresponds to proximal carbonate turbidites which have been derived from the Attendom-Elspe ‘reef’ complex.
The particles of this allodapic limestone originated in different parts of the carbonate complex as shown by facies-diagnostic
microfossils (foraminifera, calcisphaeres, calcareous algae, microproblematica). The fossils as well as the other dominating
grain types (lumps, peloids) point to source areas located within lagoonal and slope environments. Reef-derived material is
rare.
The turbidites exhibit four microfacies types, differentiated by composition and size of the grains as well as by micrite
content and corresponding to the common vertical and lateral textural variation of limestone turbidites.
These MF types were recognized in outcrops as well as from building stones used in building the St. Pankratius church in Eslohe-Reiste
(northern Sauerland) in 1849 and in the renovation of the church in 1963/64.
The comparison of microfacies and the degree of the destruction of ‘old’ and ‘new” building stones by weathering (macroscopically
described by the ◂Fabric Index’: Product of the ‘Rock Destruction Risk’ and the ‘Rock Preparation Destruction Degree’) shows
that intrabioclastic rudstones (MF type 1) and bioclastic grainstones (MF type 2), both characterizing the basal parts of
the turbidite beds, are more resistant to weathering destruction originating from freezing and thawing than packstones (MF
type 4). Weathering of micritic facies types (e.g., MF 4) is more intensive due to the stronger development of joint systems
affecting not only the surface of the building stones but the entire dimension stone.
Porosity or the existence and amount of stylolites seem to have had no significant impact on the weathering of the building
stones studied. The stronger weathering of building stones used in the original construction of the church as compared with
the stones applied in this century is caused by the greater time interval available for mechanical weathering connected with
freezing and thawing.
The consideration of microfacies of limestone turbidites should facilitate the exploitation of weathering-resistant carbonate
building stones. 相似文献
3.
Janneke van Oorschot Benjamin Sprecher Bart Rijken Pieter Witteveen Merlijn Blok Nico Schouten Ester van der Voet 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2023,27(2):535-547
Buildings are an important part of society's environmental impacts, both in the construction and in the use phase. As the energy performance of buildings improve, construction materials become more important as a cause of environmental impact. Less attention has been given to those materials. We explore, as an alternative for conventional buildings, the use of biobased materials and circular building practices. In addition to building design, we analyze the effect of urbanization. We assess the potential to close material cycles together with the material related impact, between 2018 and 2050 in the Netherlands. Our results show a limited potential to close material cycles until 2050, as a result of slow stock turnover and growth of the building stock. At present, end-of-life recycling rates are low, further limiting circularity. Primary material demand can be lowered when shifting toward biobased or circular construction. This shift also reduces material related carbon emissions. Large-scale implementation of biobased construction, however, drastically increases land area required for wood production. Material demand differs strongly spatially and depends on the degree of urbanization. Urbanization results in higher building replacement rates, but constructed dwellings are generally small compared to scenarios with more rural developments. The approach presented in this work can be used to analyze strategies aimed at closing material cycles in the building sector and lowering buildings' embodied environmental impact, at different spatial scales. 相似文献
4.
ABSTRACT. When grown in culture, the soil testate amoeba Phryganella acropodia constructs a shell with or without mineral grains, but of identical morphology. The availability of organic shells, from these cultures, allows for detailed examination of the formation of organic building units in the cytoplasm and their subsequent use as a network in the shell matrix. Organic building units are initially formed as spherical membrane bound vesicles at the margins of dictyosomes, but mature in the cytoplasm by incorporating additional material, some have an electron dense core. These units remain pliable until they are moulded into the shell matrix. Another series of vesicles indistinguishable during initial formation from the organic building units, when mature contain a mass of small elements. This material is discharged at the same time as the building units and is thought to be the binding cement. Inorganic chemical elements appear to be incorporated within the inner lining of the matrix and the alveoli of the organic building units; manganese being preferentially absorbed under culture conditions. 相似文献
5.
LCA of concrete and steel building frames 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Asa Jonsson Thomas Bjorklund Anne -Marie Tillman 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1998,3(4):216-224
The effects on the external environment of seven concrete and steel building frames representative of present-day building
technology in Sweden were analysed using LCA methodology. Objects of the study included frame construction and supplementary
materials. Several-storey offices and dwellings were studied. The functional unit was defined as one average m2 of floor area during the lifetime of the building. Inventory data were elaborated for concrete and steel production, the
building site, service life, demolition and final disposal. Parameters included were raw material use, energy use, emissions
to air, emissions to water and waste generation. The inventory results were presented and evaluated as such, in addition to
an interpretation by using three quantitative impact assessment methods. Parameters that weighed heavily were use of fossil
fuels, CO2, electricity, SOx
2 NOx
2 alloy materials and waste, depending on what assessment method was used. Over the life cycle, building production from cradle
to gate accounted for about the same contribution to total environmental loads as maintenance and replacement of heat losses
through external walls during service life, whereas demolition and final disposal accounted for a considerably lower contribution. 相似文献
6.
This article describes research conducted for the Japanese government in the wake of the magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami that struck eastern Japan on March 11, 2011. In this study, material stock analysis (MSA) is used to examine the losses of building and infrastructure materials after this disaster. Estimates of the magnitude of material stock that has lost its social function as a result of a disaster can indicate the quantities required for reconstruction, help garner a better understanding of the volumes of waste flows generated by that disaster, and also help in the course of policy deliberations in the recovery of disaster‐stricken areas. Calculations of the lost building and road materials in the five prefectures most affected were undertaken. Analysis in this study is based on the use of geographical information systems (GIS) databases and statistics; it aims to (1) describe in spatial terms what construction materials were lost, (2) estimate the amount of infrastructure material needed to rehabilitate disaster areas, and (3) indicate the amount of lost material stock that should be taken into consideration during government policy deliberations. Our analysis concludes that the material stock losses of buildings and road infrastructure are 31.8 and 2.1 million tonnes, respectively. This research approach and the use of spatial MSA can be useful for urban planners and may also convey more appropriate information about disposal based on the work of municipalities in disaster‐afflicted areas. 相似文献
7.
Luca Trappolin 《Dialectical Anthropology》2005,29(3-4):335-348
In this article I will try to analyse the transformation regarding the italian regulation of prostitution on the grounds of
another issue, that is the building up of cultural borders for the definition of “national” and “european” gender identities.
The creation of cultural borders allows to outline the differentiation traits between social groups, while escaping plurality
and internal contradictions which on the other hand could only show continuity and vicinity traits. In my point of view, the
italian current debate on prostitution is a discoursive process that produces a “western” pattern of relation between men
and women, while referring internal tensions and contradictions to other cultures. The following analysis will use data and
information coming from national official statistics on immigration, estimates on prostitutions and findings from national
researchers on prostitution carried out by the research group called “Migration & Prostitutions” based at the Department of
Sociology of the Padua University. 相似文献
8.
Heping Huang Jun Bi Xiangmei Li Bing Zhang Jie Yang 《Frontiers of Biology in China》2008,3(3):367-374
The economic and ecological aspects of a social system are coherently linked and can be examined by its material and energy
flows. In this study, we used the material flow analysis (MFA) to model the material input and output of the Wujin District
of Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province in China. It was revealed that: (1) total material input and material input per capita
increased with economic development, while the total material output and material output per capita decreased consistently;
(2) except for water, the total material input continued to increase. Input of solid materials grew faster than that of gaseous
materials, while the total material output declined. The gas output accounted for the largest proportion of the output resulting
in primary environmental pollution as burned fossil fuel; (3) water use in agriculture continued with an increasing trend
while that in industrial and residential sectors decreased per capita. The total wastewater discharge and wastewater discharge
per capita decreased with a faster decreasing rate of residential wastewater discharge followed by industrial wastewater discharge;
(4) material input per unit GDP fluctuated and material output per unit GDP decreased. A decreasing trend in both water use
and wastewater discharge per unit GDP was disclosed. These results suggest that the efficiency of resource use in the Wujin
District has improved. This weakened the direct link between economic development and environmental deterioration. Additionally,
we discussed the harmonic development between environment and economy. Potential limitations of MFA’s application were also
discussed. It is suggested that effective measures should be taken for the enforcement of circular economic strategies and
the construction of a resource-saving economy
__________
Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, (8): 2578–2586 [译自:生态学报] 相似文献
9.
Construction material plays an increasingly important role in the environmental impacts of buildings. In order to investigate impacts of materials on a building level, we present a bottom‐up building stock model that uses three‐dimensional and geo‐referenced building data to determine volumetric information of material stocks in Swiss residential buildings. We used a probabilistic modeling approach to calculate future material flows for the individual buildings. We investigated six scenarios with different assumptions concerning per‐capita floor area, building stock turnover, and construction material. The Swiss building stock will undergo important structural changes by 2035. While this will lead to a reduced number in new constructions, material flows will increase. Total material inflow decreases by almost half while outflows double. In 2055, the total amount of material in‐ and outflows are almost equal, which represents an important opportunity to close construction material cycles. Total environmental impacts due to production and disposal of construction material remain relatively stable over time. The cumulated impact is slightly reduced for the wood‐based scenario. The scenario with more insulation material leads to slightly higher material‐related emissions. An increase in per‐capita floor area or material turnover will lead to a considerable increase in impacts. The new modeling approach overcomes the limitations of previous bottom‐up building models and allows for investigating building material flows and stocks in space and time. This supports the development of tailored strategies to reduce the material footprint and environmental impacts of buildings and settlements. 相似文献
10.
为西北荒漠灌区高产、优质紫花苜蓿新品种的选育提供基础材料。以甘农3号、甘农5号、游客为亲本进行多元杂交,选择了16个优良株系为研究材料,通过大田比较试验,对其干草产量和粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)3个饲用品质性状进行评价分析。结果表明,16个苜蓿株系的干草为西北荒漠灌区高产、优质紫花苜蓿新品种的选育提供基础材料。以甘农3号、甘农5号、游客为亲本进行多元杂交,选择了16个优良株系为研究材料,通过大田比较试验,对其干草产量和粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)3个饲用品质性状进行评价分析。结果表明,16个苜蓿株系的干草产量和营养品质性状均存在一定变异,干草产量性状变异最大,为23.80%;酸性洗涤纤维性状变异最小,为6.00%。单个性状比较发现,白花1#为高产株系,干草产量为22.72t/hm2;速生4 #为高蛋白株系,CP含量为22.74%;白花3#为低纤维株系,NDF和ADF含量分别为37.85%和31.17%。从单个性状考虑,白花1#可能为高产材料,速生4#可能为高蛋白材料,白花3#可能为低纤维材料,这三个株系的优良特性是否稳定遗传,尚需参与下一步的继代检测。合并4个指标的聚类分析结果并运用灰色关联度理论,综合产量和各营养品质性状,初步筛选出速生4 #和白花3#为高产高蛋白及低纤维材料,速生12 #为高产高蛋白材料,速生1 #和白花1#为高产中蛋白材料,速生15 #为高产低纤维材料,白花2#为中产高蛋白材料,以上材料通过进一步的继代筛选后可作为优良苜蓿育种材料。 相似文献
11.
Background
Fungi from environmental samples are typically identified to species level through DNA sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for use in BLAST-based similarity searches in the International Nucleotide Sequence Databases. These searches are time-consuming and regularly require a significant amount of manual intervention and complementary analyses. We here present software – in the form of an identification pipeline for large sets of fungal ITS sequences – developed to automate the BLAST process and several additional analysis steps. The performance of the pipeline was evaluated on a dataset of 350 ITS sequences from fungi growing as epiphytes on building material. 相似文献12.
The abundance of Stipa remains in material dated to the Middle Neolithic (ca. 4400–4000 b.c.) from Kujawy (central Poland) and their presence in a storage pit at Vliněves (Czech Republic) dated to the Early Bronze
Age (ca. 2300–1600 b.c.) are most probably connected with gathering of the plant. Stipa grains are edible and the whole plant could have been used as insulation, for making mattresses and for a range of similar
purposes. Nowadays spikelets of Stipa are used for decoration. They are dangerous to herbivores because of the sharpness of the basal part of the spikelet and
the tendency of the awns to unroll in wet conditions. Already in the first half of the 20th century the plant was regarded
as a weed of meadows. The gathering and use of Stipa, as suggested by the abundance of its archaeological macro-remains, was most probably prompted by changes in the local environment.
These latter arose from intensive human activity, mostly deforestation and grazing by domestic animals, leading to the formation
of steppe-like vegetation. This process is documented by a pollen diagram from a peat section located near the Vliněves site. 相似文献
13.
14.
Wood charcoal analysis from Kovacevo in southwest Bulgaria, one of the earliest Neolithic sites in southeastern Europe, provided
information about the first stages of anthropogenic impact on vegetation during the Early Neolithic (6159–5630 cal b.c.). Deciduous oak was the most abundant and frequently used taxon in the wood charcoal assemblages. Cornus charcoal was also abundant, probably connected with the use of its twigs as building material in wattle and daub structures.
The dominant deciduous oak forest was opened during the Kovacevo I period, as shown by evidence from the Kovacevo Ia and Kovacevo
Ib occupation phases. Other types of vegetation, like Black pine (Pinus nigra) woodland, riverine forests and some sub-Mediterranean elements, were used only sporadically, indicating high and sustained
availability of wood resources in the oak forests. Anthropogenic impacts were gradual, a pattern that matches contemporary
studies elsewhere in the region. 相似文献
15.
Macroscopic plant remains found in pisé material (clay or mud used in building), used as lining in pits at the Upper Egyptian Predynastic site of Adaïma were investigated. Comparison with assemblages from the sediment fills of these pits and with assemblages from other contexts in the same site demonstrated the taphonomical importance of pisé as a building material for the formation of the sites archaeological sediment. In particular, the influence of the pisé plant temper on the composition of plant assemblages in the sediment fills of the pits was brought to the fore. The choice of specific plant materials for their use as temper in pisé or mud bricks is shown, in particular that of barley (Hordeum vulgare) threshing remains. The importance of cereal processing by-products as construction material is also assessed in a wider economic context and compared with later Egyptian mud brick plant contents. 相似文献
16.
17.
Chihiro Kayo Sbastien M.R. Dente Chika Aoki‐Suzuki Daisuke Tanaka Shinsuke Murakami Seiji Hashimoto 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2019,23(3):635-648
In this study, we used material flow analysis and life cycle assessment to quantify the environmental impacts and impact reductions related to wood consumption in Japan from 1970 to 2013. We then conducted future projections of the impacts and reductions until 2050 based on multiple future scenarios of domestic forestry, wood, and energy use. An impact assessment method involving characterization, damage assessment, and integration with a monetary unit was used, and the results were expressed in Japanese yen (JPY). We found that environmental impacts from paper consumption, such as climate change and urban air pollution, were significant and accounted for 56% to 83% of the total environmental impacts between 1970 and 2013. Therefore, reductions of greenhouse gas, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur oxide emissions from paper production would be an effective measure to reduce the overall environmental impacts. An increase in wood use for building construction, civil engineering, furniture materials, and energy production could lead to reductions of environmental impacts (via carbon storage, material substitution, and fuel substitution) amounting to 357 billion JPY in 2050, which is equivalent to 168% of the 2013 levels. Particularly, substitution of nonwooden materials, such as cement, concrete, and steel, with wood products in building construction could significantly contribute to impact reductions. Although an increase of wood consumption could reduce environmental impacts, such as climate change, resource consumption, and urban air pollution, increased wood consumption would also be associated with land‐use impacts. Therefore, minimizing land transformations from forest to barren land will be important. 相似文献
18.
Carbon isotopes and water use efficiency: sense and sensitivity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We revisit the relationship between plant water use efficiency and carbon isotope signatures (δ13C) of plant material. Based on the definitions of intrinsic, instantaneous and integrated water use efficiency, we discuss
the implications for interpreting δ13C data from leaf to landscape levels, and across diurnal to decadal timescales. Previous studies have often applied a simplified,
linear relationship between δ13C, ratios of intercellular to ambient CO2 mole fraction (C
i/C
a), and water use efficiency. In contrast, photosynthetic 13C discrimination (Δ) is sensitive to the ratio of the chloroplast to ambient CO2 mole fraction, C
c/C
a (rather than C
i/C
a) and, consequently, to mesophyll conductance. Because mesophyll conductance may differ between species and over time, it
is not possible to determine C
c/C
a from the same gas exchange measurements as C
i/C
a. On the other hand, water use efficiency at the leaf level depends on evaporative demand, which does not directly affect
Δ. Water use efficiency and Δ can thus vary independently, making it difficult to obtain trends in water use efficiency from
δ13C data. As an alternative approach, we offer a model available at to explore how water use efficiency and 13C discrimination are related across leaf and canopy scales. The model provides a tool to investigate whether trends in Δ indicate
changes in leaf functional traits and/or environmental conditions during leaf growth, and how they are associated with trends
in plant water use efficiency. The model can be used, for example, to examine whether trends in δ13C signatures obtained from tree rings imply changes in tree water use efficiency in response to atmospheric CO2 increase. This is crucial for predicting how plants may respond to future climate change.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
19.
The vegetables germplasm conservation programme in Poland was started in 1982, activities under this program resulted up to
this date in building up a tomato germplasm collection of 782 accessions that are available for distribution to breeders and
researchers in Poland and abroad. Between 1990 and 1999 we distributed 651 tomato seed samples to breeders and scientists
in Poland, and 95 samples to users abroad. During 1990 – 1999 the 652 tomato accessions were evaluated for 43 traits of plants
and fruits. Work is in progress to expand the collection and identify useful characteristics of the collected material, and
to make use of them in breeding and other research works. 相似文献
20.
Silu Bhochhibhoya Massimo Pizzol Wouter M. J. Achten Ramesh Kumar Maskey Michela Zanetti Raffaele Cavalli 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2017,22(11):1851-1863