Combined influence of magnesium concentration and polymerase chain reaction specificity enhancers

Abstract The importance of an optimal magnesium concentration (6.5 mM), as well as the inclusion of a specific polymerase chain reaction enhancer, to obtain the correct fragment after amplification was examined during this study. In contrast to tetramethylammonium chloride, dimethyl sulphoxide did not enhance the specificity of amplification at different magnesium concentrations, but rather altered the specificity, resulting in the amplification of a larger fragment.     

Dicarboxylic acid esters as transdermal permeation enhancers: Effects of chain number and geometric isomers

A series of transdermal permeation enhancers based on dicarboxylic acid esters was studied. Single-chain amphiphiles were markedly more effective than the double-chain ones. Monododecyl maleate, that is a cis derivative, was a more potent enhancer than its trans isomer, while the activity of succinates strongly depended on the donor vehicle. No difference between diastereoisomeric tartaric and meso-tartaric acid derivatives was found.     

Downstream intronic splicing enhancers

Alternative splicing leads to multiple proteins from individual genes and the most common deviation from the norm is precise exon omission. Mutations that cause this can be found deep in introns, especially downstream of the cassette exon. This review summarises what is known about these intronic splicing enhancers and their RNA-binding proteins that cause spliceosome assembly on the upstream exon.