山西霍山森林群落林下物种多样性研究

在野外获得样方的基础上,采用多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数等对山西霍山森林群落林下灌木层和草本层的物种多样性进行了研究,结果表明,多数森林群落林下灌木层多样性指数和均匀度指数均高于草本层,而丰富度指数则相反。灌木层和草本层物种多样性指数的顺序为:针阔叶混交林>针叶林>落叶阔叶林,主要是由于针阔叶混交林兼有针叶林和落叶阔叶林的共同特征,因而具有较高的多样性。灌木层和草本层多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数在海拔梯度上呈单峰曲线变化趋势,即中海拔(1500 m)高度上物种多样性最大,这主要是由于在这一海拔范围内水热条件组合较好,人类活动干扰较少所致。     

Reflectance and transmittance spectra of leaves and shoots of 22 vascular plant species and reflectance spectra of trunks and branches of 12 tree species in Japan

This data paper reports spectral reflectance and transmittance data of leaves from 21 terrestrial vascular plant species (seven herbaceous, and 14 broadleaf and long-needle coniferous tree species) and of shoots from one short-needle coniferous tree species. The reflectance spectra of branches of one tree species, of the trunks of 12 tree species and ground surface of one deciduous broad-leaf forest are also reported. Optical measurements and leaf samplings were made at five sites on Honshu Island, Japan, which are typical vegetation types in East Asia, i.e., grassland, paddy field, and deciduous broad-leaf or coniferous forests. The collection and measurements were conducted for main species in each site. To include other common vegetation types in East Asia, such as evergreen broad-leaf or coniferous forests, the sample collection and the measurements were conducted at gardens and an experimental forest. Leaves of ten deciduous species were measured at different phenological stages from leaf expansion to senescence since those species shows significant seasonal changes in spectral reflectance and transmittance of leaves. Leaves at different position in a canopy (e.g., sunlit versus shaded leaves) were also measured for eight of 21 species. The spectral reflectance and transmittance from both adaxial and abaxial sides of the all leaves or needles, expect Picea abies needles. The measurements of the leaves were conducted with a spectroradiometer attached via an optical fiber to an integrating sphere. Two types of integrating spheres were used: a model LI-1800-12 (Li-Cor) and an RTS-3ZC integrating sphere (Analytical Spectral Devices). A leaf clip accessory was also used instead of an integrating sphere for measuring the leaves of two species. All data were measured within the 350–2,500-nm spectral range with 1-nm steps between measurements but the data obtained by LI-1800 is unavailable in 1,650–1,740, 1,890–1,950, and 2,050–2,500 nm because of a large amount of noise. These data are used as input parameters in a radiative transfer model designed to estimate the leaf area index from radiation reflected from a canopy surface.     

Forest snail diversity and its environmental predictors along a sharp climatic gradient in southern Siberia

Diversity patterns of forest snail assemblages have been studied mainly in Europe. Siberian snail faunas have different evolutionary history and colonization dynamics than European faunas, but studies of forest snail diversity are almost missing from Siberia. Therefore, we collected snails at 173 forest sites in the Russian Altai and adjacent areas, encompassing broad variation in climate and forest types. We found 51 species, with a maximum of 15 and an average of seven species per site. The main gradient in species composition was related to soil pH, a variable that also positively correlates with snail abundances. The second gradient was associated with climate characteristics of winter. We observed significant differences in both species richness and composition among six forest types defined based on vegetation classification. Hemiboreal continental forests were the poorest of these types but hosted several species characteristic of European full-glacial stages of the Late Pleistocene. A high snow cover in Temperate coniferous and mixed forests, protecting the soil from freezing, allowed the frost-sensitive large-bodied (>10 mm) species to inhabit this forest type. In contrast to most of the European snail assemblages studied so far we found that the factors responsible for the variation in species richness differed from those driving species composition. This may be attributed to the sharp climatic gradient and the presence of the cold-adapted species typical of the Pleistocene cold stages. We suggest that southern Siberian forests hosting these species can serve as modern analogues of full-glacial forests in periglacial Central and Eastern Europe.     

Modern analogues from the Southern Urals provide insights into biodiversity change in the early Holocene forests of Central Europe

Aim The diversity changes that occurred in Central European forests during the early Holocene can be better understood using ecological knowledge of modern analogues of these forests, which occur in far Eastern Europe. Here we compare the diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes and snails among different forest types of the Southern Urals to provide insights into the palaeoecology of the vanished Central European forests. Location Southern Ural Mountains, Bashkortostan, Russia. Methods We recorded all species of vascular plants, ground-dwelling bryophytes and land snails, and measured biotic and abiotic variables, in 100-m² plots located in four forest types dominated by different trees: Pinus sylvestris–Larix sibirica, Betula pendula–Populus tremula, Quercus robur and Acer platanoides–Tilia cordata–Ulmus glabra. These types correspond to the chronosequence of forest communities that occurred in Central Europe in the early Holocene. Results The species richness of herb-layer plants was most affected by the canopy-transmitted light. The former three forest types had open canopy and were rich in species, whereas the Acer–Tilia–Ulmus forests were darker and poor in species. The species richness of ground-dwelling bryophytes decreased from coniferous to broad-leaved deciduous forests. In contrast, the highest species richness of snails was in the Acer–Tilia–Ulmus forests owing to the higher calcium content in the litter of these trees. Main conclusions Based on the modern analogue of the Southern Ural forests, we propose the hypothesis that the late-glacial open-canopy pine and larch forests of Central European lowlands were rich in light-demanding species of vascular plants, many of which were also typical of tall-grass steppes or mesic grasslands. They also contained several species of ground-dwelling bryophytes. The spread of birch, aspen and oak in the early Holocene reduced the local species richness of ground-dwelling bryophytes but not of vascular plants. The subsequent spread of elm, lime, maple and ash caused canopy closure, a retreat of the light-demanding herbs and a decline in the local species richness of vascular plants. Besides the increased shading by these tree species, their litter enriched soils in calcium, and enhanced decomposition and nutrient cycling. This supported an increase in the species richness of land snails.     

辽东山地古石河冰缘地貌森林生态系统苔藓物种多样性研究

基于9个20 m×30 m森林群落样地的调查数据,采用物种丰富度、α和β多样性指数,对辽东山地古石河冰缘地貌不同林型石生、树生苔藓植物物种多样性进行定量研究,采用皮尔逊相关分析方法对其影响因素进行分析。结果显示,古石河冰缘地貌苔藓植物共有26科46属59种;不同林型石生、树生苔藓植物物种丰富度和α多样性指数均为:暗针叶林针阔混交林落叶阔叶林;石生苔藓植物β多样性指数最高为落叶阔叶林-针阔混交林间(0.44),最低为落叶阔叶林-暗针叶林间(0.33);树生苔藓植物β多样性指数最高为针阔混交林-暗针叶林间(0.40),最低为落叶阔叶林-暗针叶林间(0.25);分析表明,林冠层郁闭度、海拔高度是影响辽东山地古石河冰缘地貌森林生态系统苔藓物种多样性的重要因子。     

Asymmetric carabid beetle spillover between calcareous grasslands and coniferous forests

Central European calcareous grasslands are considered biodiversity hotspots, but are severely threatened by the change in land-use and by habitat fragmentation. Coniferous forests are typical adjacent habitats to calcareous grasslands, as abandoned calcareous grasslands are often afforested or develop into coniferous forests by succession. To investigate spillover between calcareous grasslands and coniferous forests, a total of 144 pitfall traps for carabid beetles were placed at three different distances (1, 5, 20 m) from the edge in both habitats at eight locations from April to late August. We found that both habitats had a distinct species assemblage and a decrease in spillover with increasing distance from the habitat edge into the adjacent habitat. Calcareous grasslands were more affected by spillover from the adjacent coniferous forests than vice versa because more forest specialists penetrated into calcareous grasslands than grassland specialists penetrated into coniferous forests. We conclude that spillover into small and isolated habitats can severely change species assemblages, which has to be considered in conservation measures. The protection of large sites with small edge-interior ratios can reduce negative effects on species assemblages in endangered calcareous grasslands.     

The butterflies (Lepidoptera,Diurna) of the boreal forests in southeastern Russia: II. Light coniferous forests

Species groupings formed in dark coniferous forests of southeastern Russia are analyzed by the example of butterflies. The species and chorological composition of these groupings are discussed. Classification analysis of species checklists for twelve local faunas is given. It is indicated that the applicability of a single faunistic category to all the dark coniferous forests of the studied region is doubtful.     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林及针阔叶混交林节肢动物群落多样性调查

20 0 1年 5月和 10月在自然保护区鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林和针阔叶混交林的灌木层和草本 -苗木层对节肢动物多样性进行了调查。结果表明 ,5月份的灌木层 ,季风常绿阔叶林的节肢动物物种数和个体数 >针阔叶混交林 ,相反 ,在草本 -苗木层 ,针阔叶混交林的物种数和个体数 >季风常绿阔叶林。 10月份 ,针阔叶混交林节肢动物物种数和个体数与季风常绿阔叶林间无明显差异。两林分中 ,天敌占总物种数的 2 7.5 0 %～ 87.5 0 % ,蜘蛛类群占总物种数的 18.18%～ 6 6 .6 7%、占天敌物种数的 5 3.33%～ 90 .91%。除 5月份的草本 -苗木层外 ,节肢动物的丰富度指数、多样性指数均是季风常绿阔叶林 >针阔叶混交林 ,优势集中性指数则是针阔叶混交林 >季风常绿阔叶林。     

Butterflies (Lepidoptera,Diurna) in boreal forests of southeastern Russia: 1. Light coniferous forests

Species groups formed in light coniferous forests prevailing in southeastern Russia are considered using the example of butterflies. Problems concerning the formation of species composition and its originality in some insects groups are discussed. A classification analysis of species checklists for twelve local faunas of Transbaikalia and the southern Far East of Russia is performed. It is shown that the faunas of areas occupied by light coniferous forests have a common background.     

Performance of the potentially invasive Siberian moth Dendrolimus superans sibiricus on coniferous species in Europe

1 The native range of the Siberian moth extends from the Pacific Ocean (Russian Far East, Japan and Northern Korea) across Siberia, Northern China and Mongolia to the Ural Mountains. At the beginning of the 21st Century, this species was documented west of the Ural Mountains in the Republic of Mari El, indicating range extension toward the west.
2 The Siberian moth has recently been suggested for regulation as a quarantine pest for European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization member countries. However, no specific report on European host plants for this pest has been published so far.
3 In the present study, larval host plant choice and performance was tested for the first time on coniferous tree species that are widely distributed and of commercial value in Europe.
4 Based on dual-choice tests on neonates and mortality, developmental duration and relative growth rates of the first- to sixth-instar larvae, we found European larch Larix decidua to be the most suitable host for the moth larvae, whereas European black pine Pinus nigra and Scots pine Pinus sylvestris were the poorest hosts. The remaining conifer species tested, European silver fir Abies alba , Nordmann fir Abies nordmanniana , and Norway spruce Picea abies , were intermediate host plants. Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii , originating from North America, was chosen by the larvae to the same extend as European larch, and was also highly suitable for larval development.
5 If the moth is introduced to European countries, it will become damaging in stands of European larch and Douglas-fir, mixed stands of fir and spruce; however, it will be less damaging in forests dominated by two-needle pines.
6 We predict that Dendrolimus superans sibiricus will be able to survive and develop on the main European coniferous tree species, including non-native coniferous tree species, resulting in severe damage to large areas of forests.     

Context-dependence of diagnostic species: A case study of the central european spruce forests

In the phytosociological literature, there are numerous different approaches to the designation of diagnostic species. Frequently, this results in discrepancies between the lists of diagnostic species published for one and the same community. We examined different approaches to determining diagnostic species using as an examplePicea abies forests within the broader context of all Central European forests. Diagnostic species of spruce forests were determined from a data set of 20,164 phytosociological relevés of forests from the Eastern Alps, Western Carpathians, and the Bohemian Massif, which included 3,569 relevés of spruce forests. Phi coefficient of association was used to measure species fidelity, and species with the highest fidelities were considered as diagnostic. Diagnostic species were determined in four ways, including (A) comparison of spruce forests among the three mountain ranges, (B) comparison between spruce forests and other forests, performed separately in each of the mountain ranges, (C) simultaneous comparison of spruce forests of each of the mountain ranges with spruce forests of the other two ranges and with the other forests of all ranges, (D) comparison of spruce forests with the other forests, using pooled data sets from the three mountain ranges. The sets of diagnostic species of spruce forests yielded in comparisons A and B were sharply different; the set resulting from comparison C was intermediate between the first two and comparison D resulted in similar diagnostic species as comparison B. In comparison A, spruce forests of the Eastern Alps had a number of diagnostic species, while the spruce forests of the other two mountain ranges had only few diagnostic species. In comparison B, by contrast, the number and quality of diagnostic species decreased from the Bohemian Massif to the Eastern Alps. This exercise points out that lists of diagnostic species published in phytosociological literature are dependent on the context, i.e. the underlying data sets and comparisons: some of these lists are useful for identification of vegetation units at a local scale, some others for distinguishing units within a narrowly delimited community type over a large area. The thoughtless application of published lists of diagnostic species outside of the context for which they were intended should therefore be avoided.     

Richness of Lichen Species,Especially of Threatened Ones,Is Promoted by Management Methods Furthering Stand Continuity

Lichens are a key component of forest biodiversity. However, a comprehensive study analyzing lichen species richness in relation to several management types, extending over different regions and forest stages and including information on site conditions is missing for temperate European forests. In three German regions (Schwäbische Alb, Hainich-Dün, Schorfheide-Chorin), the so-called Biodiversity Exploratories, we studied lichen species richness in 631 forest plots of 400 m² comprising different management types (unmanaged, selection cutting, deciduous and coniferous age-class forests resulting from clear cutting or shelterwood logging), various stand ages, and site conditions, typical for large parts of temperate Europe. We analyzed how lichen species richness responds to management and habitat variables (standing biomass, cover of deadwood, cover of rocks). We found strong regional differences with highest lichen species richness in the Schwäbische Alb, probably driven by regional differences in former air pollution, and in precipitation and habitat variables. Overall, unmanaged forests harbored 22% more threatened lichen species than managed age-class forests. In general, total, corticolous, and threatened lichen species richness did not differ among management types of deciduous forests. However, in the Schwäbische-Alb region, deciduous forests had 61% more lichen species than coniferous forests and they had 279% more threatened and 76% more corticolous lichen species. Old deciduous age classes were richer in corticolous lichen species than young ones, while old coniferous age-classes were poorer than young ones. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of stand continuity for conservation. To increase total and threatened lichen species richness we suggest (1) conserving unmanaged forests, (2) promoting silvicultural methods assuring stand continuity, (3) conserving old trees in managed forests, (4) promoting stands of native deciduous tree species instead of coniferous plantations, and (5) increasing the amount of deadwood in forests.     

Developing dynamic mechanistic species distribution models: predicting bird-mediated spread of invasive plants across northeastern North America

Species distribution models are a fundamental tool in ecology, conservation biology, and biogeography and typically identify potential species distributions using static phenomenological models. We demonstrate the importance of complementing these popular models with spatially explicit, dynamic mechanistic models that link potential and realized distributions. We develop general grid-based, pattern-oriented spread models incorporating three mechanisms--plant population growth, local dispersal, and long-distance dispersal--to predict broadscale spread patterns in heterogeneous landscapes. We use the model to examine the spread of the invasive Celastrus orbiculatus (Oriental bittersweet) by Sturnus vulgaris (European starling) across northeastern North America. We find excellent quantitative agreement with historical spread records over the last century that are critically linked to the geometry of heterogeneous landscapes and each of the explanatory mechanisms considered. Spread of bittersweet before 1960 was primarily driven by high growth rates in developed and agricultural landscapes, while subsequent spread was mediated by expansion into deciduous and coniferous forests. Large, continuous patches of coniferous forests may substantially impede invasion. The success of C. orbiculatus and its potential mutualism with S. vulgaris suggest troubling predictions for the spread of other invasive, fleshy-fruited plant species across northeastern North America.     

云南宁蒗县小凉山的三尖杉林

本文报道滇西北宁蒗县的三尖杉天然森林群落的特征和树种。这种森林分布于海拔2300—2500米的喀斯特河谷。具有两个乔木层,其中乔木亚层是优势层,由三尖杉组成。林内共有58科84属95种维管束植物。主要是喜钙的和湿润生的生态类型。森林生态的和植物群落的特征反映出森林从亚热带向暖温带的过渡性。同时,该林具有较好的自然更新能力。     

浙江省森林信息提取及其变化的空间分布

如何利用遥感技术提取森林信息是遥感应用的重要领域之一。以不同时相的Landsat TM/ETM+为数据源,采用面向对象和基于多级决策树的分类方法得到浙江省2000年、2005年以及2010年的森林植被覆被图。经实地采样点验证,2010年分类精度达到92.76%,精度满足要求。介绍了浙江森林信息的快速提取方法,即统计不同森林类型的Landsat TM影像原始波段和LBV变换值以及各种植被指数在各时相上的差异,经过C5决策树训练,选取合适的规则和阈值实现森林信息的提取。结果表明,面向对象分割与决策树算法结合可以作为森林信息提取的有效方法。最后,通过对3期森林专题图进行空间叠加分析,得到了森林资源动态变化的空间分布,并以此为基础对林地变化的类型及原因进行分析,结果显示浙江省森林资源变化主要分布在浙西北山区、浙中南山区以及沿海地带,这一结果可以为有关部门的决策提供依据。     

Richness in bird species of the Eastern Himalayas in early spring

Bird species diversity of the altitudinal belts of the Eastern Himalayas was analyzed in the early spring of 2005 and 2014. Species richness is revealed to be decreasing from the belts of subtropical mixed and coniferous forests to the alpine belt. Specific species that are not beyond the limits of a corresponding belt are immanent to three of four investigated altitudinal belts. The avifaunas of two adjacent belts also have comparatively many common species. One hundred and thirty-three bird species met in both years belong to six faunal complexes, among which most species are Himalayan endemics and subendemics, as well as Palearctic species. The abundance of background species has been determined for each altitudinal belt.     

Pattern of changes in species diversity,structure and dynamics of forest ecosystems along latitudinal gradients in East Asia

We examined effects of seasonality of climate and dominant life form (evergreen/deciduous, broad-leaf/coniferous) together with energy condition on species diversity, forest structure, forest dynamics, and productivity of forest ecosystems by comparing the patterns of changes in these ecosystem attributes along altitudinal gradients in tropical regions without seasonality and along a latitudinal gradient from tropical to temperate regions in humid East Asia. We used warmth index (temperature sum during growing season, WI) as an index of energy condition common to both altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. There were apparent differences in patterns of changes in the ecosystem attributes in relation to WI among four forest formations that were classified according to dominant life form and climatic zone (tropical/temperate). Many of the ecosystem attributes—Fishers alpha of species-diversity indices, maximum tree height and stem density, productivity [increment rate of aboveground biomass (AGB)], and population and biomass turnover rates—changed sharply with WI in tropical and temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests, but did not change linearly or changed only loosely with WI in temperate deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen coniferous forests. Values of these ecosystem attributes in temperate deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen coniferous forests were higher (stem density was lower) than those in tropical and temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests under colder conditions (WI below 100°C). Present results indicate that seasonality of climate and resultant change in dominant life form work to buffer the effects of energy reduction on ecosystem attributes along latitudinal gradients.     

Population structure of common juniper in the Cis-Urals and Southern Urals

The population structure of common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) growing in the Cis-Urals and Southern Urals has been studied using 17 morphological traits of generative and vegetative organs. A multivariate analysis of ten coenopopulations has recognized three phenotypically different local populations: Cis-Ural, forest Cis-Ural forest-steppe, and Southern Ural mountain populations. The Cis-Ural forest population is strictly associated with lowland pine forests of the northwestern part of the Bashkir Cis-Urals. The Cis-Ural forest-steppe population is located in the northwestern part of the Bashkir Cis-Urals and the southeastern part of the Udmurt Cis-Urals. The Southern Ural mountain population is located in the central part of the Southern Urals and is associated mainly with mountain pine and dark coniferous forests. The last population is divided into forest and forest-edge subpopulations; the first one is represented by typical undergrowth locations, whereas the second is associated with open steppelike slopes and forest edges. In general, based on morphological traits of generative organs, the revealed local subpopulations hold an intermediate position between the Eastern European and Siberian populations of common juniper. Based on the morphological traits of vegetative organs, Cis-Ural populations are considered related to the populations of the European part of Russia, whereas the mountain Southern Ural population resemble Siberian populations. Concerning morphological traits of generative organs, the intrapopulation phenotypic diversity of common juniper is higher for mountain habitats; in the case of vegetative organs, the maximum diversity is observed for lowland habitats. The character of phenotypic differentiation determines the need to conserve the gene pool of common juniper of the Cis-Urals and southern Urals on a population basis.     

Structure of Collembolan populations (Hexapoda, Collembola) in low-mountain coniferous forests of Southern Siberia

A total of 108 species of Collembola have been found in seven types of low-mountain coniferous forests in Southern Siberia, 16 species being probably new to science. The springtail populations of subnemoral smallleaved-dark coniferous forests (the so-called “chern” or tall-grass fir-aspen forests) are considered. Such forests are present only in the Altai-Sayan mountain system and have been studied in the Salair Range, Kuznetskii Alatau, and Northeast Altai. Data on piedmont pine forests (the Nazarovskaya Hollow) are used for comparison. The springtail community in the chern forests of Kuznetskii Alatau is the most specific (61 species) and characterized by the presence of conventional endemics and the prevalence of Siberian mountain-taiga species. The range types and latitudezonal groups of species are characterized.     

Trophic shift of soil animal species with forest type as indicated by stable isotope analysis

Anthropogenic land use shapes the dynamics and composition of central European forests and changes the quality and availability of resources of the decomposer system. These changes likely alter the structure and functioning of soil animal food webs. Using stable isotope analysis (¹³C, ¹⁵N) we investigated the trophic position and resource use of soil animal species in each of four forest types (coniferous, young managed beech, old managed beech and unmanaged beech forests) across three regions in Germany. Twenty‐eight species of soil invertebrates were analyzed covering three consumer levels and a representative spectrum of feeding types and morphologies. Data on stable isotope signatures of leaf litter, fine roots and soil were included to evaluate to which extent signatures of soil animals vary with those of local resources. Soil animal δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C signatures varied with the respective signatures of leaf litter and fine roots. After calibration to leaf litter signatures, soil animal stable isotope signatures of the different beech forests did not differ significantly. However, thick leaf litter layers, such as those in coniferous forests, were associated with low animal stable isotope signatures presumably due to reduced access of decomposer animals to root‐derived resources, suggesting that the decomposer food web is shifted towards leaf litter based energy pathways with the shift affecting all consumer levels. Variation in stable isotope signatures of soil animal species with litter quality parameters suggests that nutrition of third level but not first and second level consumers is related to litter quality, potentially due to microorganisms locking up litter resources thereby hampering their propagation to higher trophic levels.