Aquaporins and membrane diffusion of CO2 in living organisms

Background

Determination of CO₂ diffusion rates in living cells revealed inconsistencies with existing models about the mechanisms of membrane gas transport. Mainly, these discrepancies exist in the determined CO₂ diffusion rates of bio-membranes, which were orders of magnitudes below those for pure lipid bilayers or theoretical considerations as well as in the observation that membrane insertion of specific aquaporins was rescuing high CO₂ transport rates. This effect was confirmed by functional aquaporin protein analysis in heterologous expression systems as well as in bacteria, plants and partly in mammals.

Scope of Review

This review summarizes the arguments in favor of and against aquaporin facilitated membrane diffusion of CO₂ and reports about its importance for the physiology of living organisms.

Major Conclusions

Most likely, the aquaporin tetramer forming an additional fifth pore is required for CO₂ diffusion facilitation. Aquaporin tetramer formation, membrane integration and disintegration could provide a mechanism for regulation of cellular CO₂ exchange. The physiological importance of aquaporin mediated CO₂ membrane diffusion could be shown for plants and cyanobacteria and partly for mammals.

General Significance

Taking the mentioned results into account, consequences for our current picture of cell membrane transport emerge. It appears that in some or many instances, membranes might not be as permeable as it was suggested by current bio-membrane models, opening an additional way of controlling the cellular influx or efflux of volatile substances like CO₂. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Aquaporins.     

杉木人工林不同深度土壤CO2通量

土壤CO₂通量具有明显的时间和空间变异性。土壤温度和含水量是影响土壤CO₂通量的重要因素,同时,不同深度的土壤CO₂通量对温度和含水量变化的响应差异较大,因此,研究土壤CO₂通量和影响因素随土壤深度的变化,对于准确评估土壤碳排放具有重要意义。选择福建三明杉木人工林(Cunninghamia lanceolata)作为研究对象,利用非散射红外CO₂浓度探头和Li-8100开路式土壤碳通量系统,并使用Fick扩散法计算了0-60cm深度土壤CO₂的通量,结果表明:(1)5种扩散模型计算的表层(5cm)CO₂通量与Li-8100测量结果均具有显著相关性(P<0.01),Moldrup气体扩散模型计算结果较好。(2)土壤CO₂浓度随深度的增加而升高,但60cm深度以下土壤CO₂浓度开始降低;不同深度土壤CO₂浓度的日变化均呈现单峰型;0-60cm土壤CO₂通量日通量均值变化范围为0.54-2.17μmol m^-2 s^-1;(3)指数拟合分析显示,5、10cm和60cm深度处土壤CO₂通量与温度具有显著相关性,Q₁₀值分别为1.35、2.01和4.95。不同深度土壤含水量与CO₂通量的相关性不显著。     

C4作物FACE(free-air CO2 enrichment)研究进展

持续迅速上升的大气二氧化碳浓度([CO₂])是全球变暖最大的驱动因子,但其作为光合作用底物直接增加了作物的生产力。相比C₃作物,人们对未来高浓度CO₂情形下C₄作物的响应规律认识较少。与封闭或半封闭气室研究相比,FACE(free-air CO₂ enrichment)试验在空气自由流动的大田条件下对作物表现进行研究,它提供了对未来作物生长环境的真实模拟,因此提供了评估CO₂肥料效应以及揭示植物响应机制的最好机会。作为人类重要的粮食和饲料来源,高粱和玉米是最重要的C₄作物。在简介美国玉米和高粱FACE系统的基础上,综述了FACE情形下高浓度CO₂(模拟本世纪中叶大气CO₂浓度,即550 μmol/mol)对两大作物生理、生长和产量以及土壤特性等方面的影响,同时比较了与气室研究结果的异同点。(1)FACE使干旱条件下两作物光合作用显著增强,但湿润条件下没有影响;FACE条件下高粱出现光合适应现象,而玉米没有;(2)FACE使两作物气孔导度大幅下降,导致叶温升高、蒸腾速率下降、蒸发蒸腾总量减少或没有变化、叶片总水势和水分利用效率增加或没有变化;(3)FACE对两作物物候期和化学组分影响很少;(4)FACE使干旱条件下两作物生长和产量略有增加,但湿润条件下没有影响;(5)FACE使高粱田土壤丛枝状菌根真菌的长度和易提取胶状物质浓度显著增加,导致水稳性土壤团聚体增加;FACE对高粱田N₂O或含氮气体(N₂O+N₂)的排放没有影响;(6)高浓度CO₂对两作物气孔导度的影响FACE试验明显大于气室试验,而对生长和产量的影响呈相反趋势。阐明CO₂与基因型、土壤湿度和大气温度间的互作效应及其机制是下一轮C₄作物FACE研究优先考虑的方向,技术的不断进步已为利用大型FACE系统来研究这些互作效应提供了可能。     

温带混交林碳水通量模拟及其对冠层分层方式的响应——耦合的气孔导度-光合作用-能量平衡模型

利用Leuning建立的耦合的光合作用、气孔导度和能量平衡方程,以将冠层分成多层的方式,包括Gaussian五点积分法、将冠层平均分为多层的方法,逐层计算温带混交林的碳水通量,最后累加至冠层尺度,以模拟CO2和H2O通量。该模型以常规气象观测数据作为驱动变量,计算出冠层与大气之间的碳水交换,与涡动相关系统的通量观测数据进行比较,分析了不同的冠层分层方式对多层模型模拟结果的影响。从3个温带混交林通量站涡动相关系统的能量平衡闭合度来看,中国长白山站CBS、韩国GDK和日本MMF站点的能量平衡比率(EBR)分别为0.76、0.66和1.07,居于国际同类观测范围(0.34—1.2)的中上水平,因此,涡动相关系统的观测数据较为可靠。从碳水通量的日变化来看,用Gaussian五点积分法将冠层分为五层的模型能较好的模拟碳水通量的"单峰形"日变化趋势。夜间Fc为负值且变化趋势较为平缓,表明生态系统进行呼吸作用释放CO2,从日出开始Fc逐渐变为正值,表明生态系统进行光合作用吸收CO2,Fc在中午时分达到最大值,下午Fc逐渐减小,日落之后又回复到夜间的负值。H2O通量的日变化曲线与CO2通量相似,且模拟值与涡动相关实测值具有较好的一致性。在多层模型中,对冠层采用不同的分层方法,对碳水通量模拟结果有一定的影响。以Gaussian五点积分法将冠层分为五层的方法作为对照,分别将冠层平均分为2、5、10、20层的方法得到的碳水通量与其进行比较。从平均值来看,分层越多,H2O通量模拟值越低,而CO2通量模拟值越高。不同的分层方法产生的差异,主要来自于不同层的辐射吸收、温湿度、风速等环境要素的垂直廓线差异,且叶片光合作用对光的响应是非线性的。     

Effect of endurance training on excessive CO2 expiration due to lactate production in exercise

We attempted to determine the change in total excess volume of CO2 output (CO2 excess) due to bicarbonate buffering of lactic acid produced in exercise due to endurance training for approximately 2 months and to assess the relationship between the changes of CO2 excess and distance-running performance. Six male endurance runners, aged 19-22 years, were subjects. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), oxygen uptake (VO2) at anaerobic threshold (AT), CO2 excess and blood lactate concentration were measured during incremental exercise on a cycle ergometer and 12-min exhausting running performance (12-min ERP) was also measured on the track before and after endurance training. The absolute magnitudes in the improvement due to training for CO2 excess per unit of body mass per unit of blood lactate accumulation (delta la-) in exercise (CO2 excess.mass-1.delta la-), 12-min ERP, VO2 at AT (AT-VO2) and VO2max on average were 0.8 ml.kg-1.l-1.mmol-1, 97.8 m, 4.4 ml.kg-1. min-1 and 7.3 ml.kg-1.min-1, respectively. The percentage change in CO2 excess.mass-1.delta la- (15.7%) was almost same as those of VO2max (13.7%) and AT-VO2 (13.2%). It was found to be a high correlation between the absolute amount of change in CO2 excess.mass-1.delta la-, and the absolute amount of change in AT-VO2 (r = 0.94, P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

温带针阔混交林土壤碳氮气体通量的主控因子与耦合关系

中高纬度森林地区由于气候条件变化剧烈,土壤温室气体排放量的估算存在很大的不确定性,并且不同碳氮气体通量的主控因子与耦合关系尚不明确。以长白山温带针阔混交林为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法连续4a(2005—2009年)测定土壤二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)净交换通量以及温度、水分等相关环境因子。研究结果表明:温带针阔混交林土壤整体上表现为CO2和N2O的排放源和CH4的吸收汇。土壤CH4、CO2和N2O通量的年均值分别为-1.3 kg CH4hm-2a-1、15102.2 kg CO2hm-2a-1和6.13 kg N2O hm-2a-1。土壤CO2通量呈现明显的季节性规律,主要受土壤温度的影响,水分次之;土壤CH4通量的季节变化不明显,与土壤水分显著正相关;土壤N2O通量季节变化与土壤CO2通量相似,与土壤水分、温度显著正相关。土壤CO2通量和CH4通量不存在任何类型的耦合关系,与N2O通量也不存在耦合关系;土壤CH4和N2O通量之间表现为消长型耦合关系。这项研究显示温带针阔混交林土壤碳氮气体通量主要受环境因子驱动,不同气体通量产生与消耗之间存在复杂的耦合关系,下一步研究需要深入探讨环境变化对其耦合关系的影响以及内在的生物驱动机制。     

共享社会经济路径下中国2020—2100年碳排放预测研究

碳排放和减碳经济代价研究日益受到学术界和决策者的关注,中国政府做出的关于争取在2060年前实现碳中和的表态引起了国际社会的热议。在此背景下,开展中国未来长时间序列碳排放的情景预测具有切实意义。基于可拓展的随机性环境影响评估模型（STIRPAT）评估了人口、经济和受教育程度对碳排放的影响,对比历史数据并验证了碳排放预测模型的准确性,结合共享社会经济路径（SSPs）情景的设定和模型参数,预测了5种情景下中国2020年至2100年的碳排放轨迹及经济代价。结果表明：（1）考虑碳排放达峰目标的实现,SSP3情景是中国未来发展的最佳情景,在此情景下,中国有望提前三年实现碳排放达峰目标;（2） SSP3情景可使中国年度总碳排放量和人均碳排放量处于相对其他四种情景的最低值,但需要付出累积GDP下降5.49%至8.80%的代价;（3）为完成在2060年前实现碳中和的承诺,中国政府在未来的40年需面对409.36-467.42 Gt的碳中和量;（4）2020年中国的碳排放强度将会较2005年水平下降40.52%至41.39%,2030年碳排放强度将会较2005年水平下降59.64%至60.75%。5种情境中,SSP5情景是降低碳排放强度的最佳情景,可最大程度地超额实现碳排放强度目标。未来,受经济发展、人口增长等重要因素影响,中国政府减碳压力将进一步加大。后疫情时代,考虑到能源供应的减少和高科技产业的发展,碳排放社会成本的上升将为中国创造一个使能源系统脱碳的机遇。中国应在"十四五"期间继续提升能源利用效率、升级产业结构、提倡低碳消费、实施隐含碳战略,以尽快实现碳减排目标。     

不同水位管理对恢复泥炭地土壤CO2、CH4排放的影响

泥炭地水文条件影响泥炭地生物地球化学循环,控制和维持着泥炭地生态系统的结构和功能,是泥炭地生态恢复的重要前提。然而,目前关于恢复泥炭地土壤碳排放对不同水位的响应尚不明确。以长白山区天然（NP）、退耕（DP）及实施不同水文管理的恢复泥炭地（低水位（LR）、高水位（HR）与高低交替水位（H-LR））为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对研究区泥炭地进行生长季（6-10月）土壤CO₂、CH₄排放监测。结果表明：温度和水位变化是研究区泥炭地土壤CO₂、CH₄排放季节变化的主控因子。H-LR受水位控制的影响,生长季土壤CO₂排放速率波动剧烈,其它水位管理恢复区土壤CO₂排放速率呈单峰型排放模式,且均与近地表温度呈指数相关（P<0.05）。除HR外,土壤CO₂排放速率与水位呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。生长季,研究区HR土壤CH₄排放速率呈双峰型,H-LR与NP的土壤CH₄排放呈单峰型,与近地表温度呈指数相关（P<0.05）,LR水位与CH₄排放速率显著正相关（P<0.05）。研究区不同水位管理恢复泥炭地土壤碳排放差异显著,虽然HR的土壤CO₂-C累积碳排放量显著低于其它水位恢复区,但其土壤CH₄-C累积碳排放量和综合增温潜势显著高于其它水位恢复区（P<0.05）。LR的累积碳排放量显著低于退化泥炭地,且其综合增温潜势最低。因此,建议在泥炭地恢复初期将低水位管理作为短期策略,以更好地恢复泥炭地碳汇功能,减弱其增温潜势。     

Gas exchange of Ginkgo biloba leaves at different CO2 concentration levels

One and a half year-old Ginkgo saplings were grown for 2 years in 7 litre pots with medium fertile soil at ambient air CO₂ concentration and at 700 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂ in temperature and humidity-controlled cabinets standing in the field. In the middle of the 2nd season of CO₂ enrichment, CO₂ exchange and transpiration in response to CO₂ concentration was measured with a mini-cuvette system. In addition, the same measurements were conducted in the crown of one 60-year-old tree in the field. Number of leaves/tree was enhanced by elevated CO₂ and specific leaf area decreased significantly.CO₂ compensation points were reached at 75–84 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂. Gas exchange of Ginkgo saplings reacted more intensively upon CO₂ than those of the adult Ginkgo. On an average, stomatal conductance decreased by 30% as CO₂ concentration increased from 30 to 1000 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂. Water use efficiency of net photosynthesis was positively correlated with CO₂ concentration levels. Saturation of net photosynthesis and lowest level of stomatal conductance was reached by the leaves of Ginkgo saplings at >1000 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂. Acclimation of leaf net CO₂ assimilation to the elevated CO₂ concentration at growth occurred after 2 years of exposure. Maximum of net CO₂ assimilation was 56% higher at ambient air CO₂ concentration than at 700 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂.     

北京典型树种木质组织碳释放速率温度敏感性的时间变化规律和铅锤分异特征

采用红外气体分析法(IRGA)于2014年1—12月原位测定了北京市4个典型树种(国槐Sophora japonica,旱柳Salix matsudana,华北落叶松Larix principis-rupprechtii和侧柏Platycladus orientalis)在不同高度上的木质组织CO_2通量速率(E_(CO_2)),旨在比较不同树种间E_(CO_2)及其温度敏感性(Q_(10))的时间变化规律和铅锤分异特征。研究结果显示:(1)4个树种的E_(CO_2)均表现为单峰型季节变化规律,生长月份内的E_(CO_2)显著高于非生长月份,温度和枝干的径向生长是影响E_(CO_2)季节变化的主要因素;(2)E_(CO_2)对温度的敏感性在夏季月份明显降低,且出现明显的垂直分异:Q_(10)随测量高度的增加而增加,呈现出非连续的阶梯分布;(3)在日间尺度上,阔叶树种E_(CO_2)对温度的感性系数Q_(10)出现昼夜不对称现象,晚上Q_(10)明显升高。准确量化E_(CO_2)的时间变化规律和铅锤分异特征,细化不同时间尺度下E_(CO_2)对温度的响应特征,成为准确估算木质组织碳排放的前提条件。     

地质封存CO2泄漏对玉米根系形态的影响

碳捕集与封存（Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS）是应对全球气候变化、实现煤炭清洁利用的有效手段之一,但是地质封存的CO₂存在泄漏的风险,可能对农田生态系统产生重大威胁,影响我国粮食安全。根系生长是地上部和地下部相互作用、相互促进的统一过程,其形态特征对作物生产力有显著影响,但CCS泄漏对植物根系的影响评估尚不多见。本文以玉米为研究对象,采用盆栽底部通入CO₂的方法模拟不同CO₂泄漏情景,研究CK（0 g m^-2 d^-1）和G1000（1000 g m^-2 d^-1）和G2000（2000 g m^-2 d^-1）三种泄漏情景下CO₂对玉米根系形态的影响。结果表明：CO₂泄漏对玉米根系形态有明显的影响,随着泄漏量的增大总根长从40290.81 cm减少至21448.18 cm,减少46.77%,其中细根大幅减少;CO₂泄漏造成玉米明显减产,最大减产率达26.64%;玉米的地上部生物量较地下部生物量对CO₂泄漏更加敏感。综合来看,随着CO₂泄漏量增大,对玉米根的生长、地上部生物量、地下部生物量以及产量有显著的抑制作用。作物根系形态对封存CO₂泄漏的响应可为CCS泄漏监测和生态修复提供系统科学依据。     

Effects of acute hypoxia and CO2 inhalation on systemic and peripheral oxygen uptake and circulatory responses during moderate exercise

The effect of acute hypoxia and CO2 inhalation on leg blood flow (LBF), on leg vascular resistance (LVR) and on oxygen supply to and oxygen consumption in the exercising leg was studied in nine healthy male subjects during moderate one-leg exercise. Each subject exercised for 20 min on a cycle ergometer in four different conditions: normoxia, normoxia + 2% CO2, hypoxia corresponding to an altitude of 4000 m above sea level, and hypoxia + 1.2% CO2. Gas exchange, heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure, and LBF were measured, and arterial and venous blood samples were analysed for PCO2, PO2, oxygen saturation, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration. Systemic oxygen consumption was 1.83 l.min-1 (1.48-2.59) and was not affected by hypoxia or CO2 inhalation in hypoxia. HR was unaffected by CO2, but increased from 136 beat.min-1 (111-141) in normoxia to 155 (139-169) in hypoxia. LBF was 6.5 l.min-1 (5.4-7.6) in normoxia and increased significantly in hypoxia to 8.4 (5.9-10.1). LVR decreased significantly from 2.23 kPa.l-1.min (1.89-2.99) in normoxia to 1.89 (1.53-2.52) in hypoxia. The increase in LBF from normoxia to hypoxia correlated significantly with the decrease in LVR. When CO2 was added in hypoxia a significant correlation was also found between the decrease in LBF and the increase in LVR. In normoxia, the addition of CO2 caused a significant increase in mean blood pressure. Oxygen consumption in the exercising leg (leg VO2) in normoxia was 0.97 l.min-1 (0.72-1.10), and was unaffected by hypoxia and CO2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

干旱对土壤剖面不同深度土壤CO2通量的影响

由于全球气候变化,预计未来我国亚热带地区干旱频率和持续时间将会增加。森林土壤CO₂的释放是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,然而,有关不同深度土壤CO₂通量对干旱响应的理解仍相当有限。选择武夷山针叶林（Coniferous Forest,CF）和常绿阔叶林（Evergreen Broadleaved Forest,EBF）为研究对象,于2014年6月至2015年12月,采用梯度法计算10、30 cm和50 cm深度各层土壤CO₂通量,探讨模拟干旱对其影响。结果表明：CF和EBF样地土壤CO₂浓度均随土壤深度的增加而升高。CF和EBF样地对照（CK）处理10 cm深度土壤CO₂生产量分别占总CO₂生产量的53.5%和55.7%,表明土壤CO₂生产量主要来源于浅层土壤,这可能与浅层土壤有高的有机碳含量及细根生物量主要分布区有关。干旱处理使CF和EBF样地不同深度土壤CO₂通量均显著减少。在两个样地土壤CO₂通量的温度敏感性（Q₁₀）值均随着土壤深度的增加而减少。干旱处理显著减少了CF样地浅层土壤的Q₁₀值（P=0.02）,对深层土壤影响不显著（30 cm：P=0.30;50 cm：P=0.23）;而在EBF样地干旱处理显著减少了深层土壤的Q₁₀值（30 cm：P=0.02;50 cm：P=0.01）,对浅层土壤影响不显著（P=0.32）。     

城市小型景观水体CO2与CH4排放特征及影响因素

淡水生态系统被认为是大气温室气体排放的重要来源,尤其在人类活动影响下,其排放强度可能进一步增强。城市小型景观水体是城市生态系统的重要组成,具有面积小、数量大以及人类干扰强的特征,其温室气体排放特征及影响因素尚不清楚。选择重庆市大学城8个景观水体和周边2个自然水体为对象,于2019年1、4、7、10月,利用漂浮箱和顶空法分析了水体CO₂与CH₄的溶存浓度及排放通量,旨在揭示城市小型景观水体CO₂与CH₄排放强度、时空变异特征以及影响因素。结果表明,10个小型水体CO₂、CH₄的溶存浓度范围分别为10.75-116.25 μmol/L和0.09-3.61 μmol/L（均值分别为（47.6±29.3）μmol/L、（1.13±0.56）μmol/L）,均为过饱和状态;漂浮箱法实测的8个景观水体CO₂和CH₄排放通量均值分别为（72.7±65.9）mmol m^-2 d^-1和（2.31±3.48）mmol m^-2 d^-1（顶空法估算值为（69.7±82.0）mmol m^-2 d^-1和（3.69±2.92）mmol m^-2 d^-1）,是2个自然水体的3.5-6.1和2.0-4.5倍,呈较强的CO₂、CH₄排放源;居民区景观水体CO₂和CH₄排放略高于校园区,均显著高于对照的自然水体;CO₂排放夏季最高,秋季次之,冬、春季最低,CH₄呈夏季>秋季≈春季>冬季的季节模式,温度和水体初级生产共同影响CO₂和CH₄排放的季节模式;水生植物分布对景观水体CO₂、CH₄排放有显著影响,有植物分布的水域比无植物水域平均高1.97和2.94倍;漂浮箱法和顶空法测得气体通量线性关系较好,但顶空法测得CO₂通量在春季明显偏低,而CH₄则普遍偏高。相关分析表明,景观水体碳、氮浓度、pH值以及DO等对CO₂排放具有较好的指示性,CH₄排放通量主要与水体中碳、磷浓度有关。城市小型景观水体CO₂、CH₄排放通量远高于大部分已有自然水体的研究结果,呈一种较强的大气温室气体排放源,在区域淡水系统温室气体排放清单中具有重要贡献,未来研究中应给以更多关注。     

全球CO2 水平升高对浮游植物生理和生态影响的研究进展

工业革命以来由于化石燃料的大量燃烧,大气CO₂水平不断增加,预计在21世纪末将增至现有水平的两倍,达到750 μL/L。作为全球初级生产力的重要贡献者,浮游植物应对CO₂水平升高的生理生态响应必然会对水生生态系统和碳、氮等元素的生物地球化学循环产生重要影响。全球CO₂水平的升高将显著改变水体的碳化学环境,淡水生态系统(湖泊和河流)由于容量小变化比海洋更为显著。水体碳化学环境的改变首先会影响浮游植物个体,在高CO₂水平下,浮游植物的细胞会有变小的趋势,并且细胞的光合作用强度也会有不同程度的增加,其中细胞较小或者不具有碳浓缩机制(CCM)的浮游植物增加较多,此外浮游植物细胞的化学元素计量值也将显著改变。随后浮游植物个体水平上的变化会进一步影响水生生态系统,例如水体初级生产力水平的提高,浮游植物、浮游动物群落结构组成以及水体微食物网结构的变化等。此外浮游植物对CO₂水平升高的生理生态响应程度还与水体的营养水平有关。总结了大气CO₂水平升高对浮游植物生理生态影响的研究方法,展望了未来可能的研究方向。     

CO2浓度升高条件下内生真菌感染对宿主植物的生理生态影响

以内蒙古草原常见伴生种、感染内生真菌的天然禾草羽茅为研究对象,通过比较不同CO₂浓度和不同养分供应条件下,带内生真菌和不带菌植物在种子发芽和幼苗生长等方面的差异,探讨带内生真菌的天然禾草对CO₂浓度增加的响应。结果表明:CO₂浓度增加对带菌种子发芽率和发芽速度均无显著影响,但CO₂浓度增加显著降低了不带菌种子的发芽率和发芽速度,即CO₂浓度升高加大了带菌和不带菌种子发芽率之间的差异;内生真菌感染显著提高了宿主植物的最大净光合速率和水分利用效率;羽茅的营养生长受CO₂浓度和养分供应的交互影响,高CO₂浓度对生长的促进作用只出现在充足养分供应条件下;CO₂浓度升高和内生真菌感染对植物根系形态有显著的交互作用,在正常CO₂浓度下,带菌植株根径>1.05 mm的根系比例显著高于不带菌植株,随着CO₂浓度的升高,带菌植株上述根径根系所占比例无显著变化而不带菌植株所占比例显著升高,CO₂浓度升高导致带菌和不带菌不同根径根系分配之间的差异缩小。     

不同水生植物对景观水体CO2与CH4排放通量的影响

城市景观水体是大气CO₂与CH₄的排放热源,而水生植物作为景观水体的重要组成要素,对水体温室气体排放动态的影响并不清楚。选择重庆市观音塘国家湿地公园为研究区,利用漂浮箱法与顶空平衡法对观音塘水域7种不同水生植物分布区进行水-气界面CO₂与CH₄排放通量及CO₂、CH₄溶存浓度进行季节性监测,估算了植物传输对气体通量的贡献。结果表明：1)观音塘水体CO₂与CH₄浓度范围分别为8.0—341.8μmol/L和0.23—5.26μmol/L,排放通量分别为26.5—869.1 mmol m^-2 d^-1和0.40—11.15 mmol m^-2 d^-1,是大气净CO₂与CH₄排放源;2)观音塘开敞水区CO₂与CH₄排放通量低于大部分城市湖泊或景观水体...     

Transesterification of sunflower oil to biodiesel on ZrO2 supported La2O3 catalyst

ZrO₂ supported La₂O₃ catalyst prepared by impregnation method was examined in the transesterification reaction of sunflower oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. It was found that the catalyst with 21 wt% loaded La₂O₃ and calcined at 600 °C showed the optimum activity. The basic property of the catalyst was studied by CO₂-TPD, and the results showed that the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was related to their basicity. The catalyst was also characterized by TG–DTA, XRD, FTIR, SEM and TEM, and the mechanism for the formation of basic sites was discussed. It was also found that the crystallite size of support ZrO₂ decreased by loading of La₂O₃, and the model of the solid-state reaction on the surface of La₂O₃/ZrO₂ catalyst was proposed. Besides, the influence of various reaction variables on the conversion was investigated.     

大豆主要株型和产量指标对大气CO2和温度升高的响应

针对当前气候变暖和大气CO_2浓度升高同步发生现实,以高光效大豆品种黑农41(HN41)和3个常规对照品种周豆16号(ZD16)、中豆35号(ZD35)和桂黄豆2号(GHD2)为研究对象,通过开顶式气室模拟高CO_2浓度(650μL/L)和温度升高(±0.5—0.6℃)研究了大气CO_2和温度升高对大豆的生长发育与产量影响。结果表明,CO_2浓度升高对株高、茎粗、单株干重和单株籽粒重影响极显著;温度、CO_2与品种互作极显著地影响单株籽粒重。CO_2浓度升高有增加大豆株高、茎粗、干重和单株籽粒重的趋势,且高温下CO_2浓度升高对株高和茎粗的促进作用更大,而正常温度水平下高CO_2浓度升高更有利于干物质积累。与对照CO_2浓度比,高CO_2浓度显著促进了高温下HN41、ZD16和GHD2的株高,并显著提高了正常温度下HN41、ZD16、ZD35和GHD2的单株干重。与正常温度相比,高温仅显著提高了高CO_2处理下HN41的茎粗,并显著提高了对照CO_2处理下HN41的单株籽粒重。此外,同一CO_2浓度和温度处理下,高光效大豆HN41的茎粗、根冠比和单株籽粒重等都显著高于ZD16、ZD35和GHD2;而仅在正常温度与高CO_2浓度处理下HN41的单株干重显著高于ZD16和GHD2。CO_2浓度和温度升高显著影响了高光效大豆的生长,其中,高温下CO_2浓度升高有利于其生长势,正常温度下CO_2浓度升高有利于其光合产物积累。     

The role of pulmonary CO2 flow in the control of the phase i ventilatory response to exercise in humans

To gain an insight into the origin of the phase I ventilatory response to exercise (ph I) in humans, pulmonary ventilation WE) and end-tidal partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide (P _ETO₂ and P _ETCO₂, respectively) were measured breath-by-breath in six male subjects during constant-intensity exercise on the cycle ergometer at 50, 100 and 150 W, with eupnoeic normocapnia (N) or hyperpnoeic hypocapnia (H) established prior to the exercise test. Cardiac output (Q₂) was also determined beat-by-beat by impedance cardiography on eight subjects during moderate exercise (50 W), and the C0₂ flow to the lungs (Q₂·C_vCO₂ where C_vCO₂ is concentration of CO₂ in mixed veneous blood) was estimated with a time resolution of one breathing cycle. In N, the initial abrupt increase of PE during ph I (V_E approximately 18 l · min^–1 above rest) was followed by a transient fall. When P _ETCO₂ started to increase (and P _ETO₂ decreased) V_E increased again (phase II ventilatory response, ph II). In H, during ph I V_E was similar to that of N. By contrast, during ph II V_E kept gradually decreasing and started to increase only when P _ETCO₂ had returned to approximately 40 mmHg (5.3 kPa). Thus, as a result of the prevailing initial conditions (N or H) a temporal shift of the time-course of V_E during ph II became apparent. No correlation was found between C0₂ flow to the lungs and V_E during ph I. These results are interpreted as suggesting that an increased C0₂ flow to the lungs does not constitute an important factor for the initial hyperventilatory response to exercise. They are rather compatible with a neural origin of ph I, and would support the neurohumoral theory of ventilatory control during exercise.