渗透调节增强大豆种子活力

选用对吸胀冷害敏感的大豆 [Glycine max(L.)Merr.]品种‘黑河23‘为试材,系统研究了渗控增强种子活力的机理.结果表明,与对照相比,渗控12 h显著提高种子抗吸胀冷害的能力,并且随着渗控时间的延长逐渐增强,表现在种子渗漏物减少,渗漏物中K /Na 比降低,冷浸对活力指数的负效应减小.水苏糖、蔗糖的含量在12 h达最大值,以后呈缓慢下降趋势,而葡萄糖、果糖含量在渗控后期开始上升.过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等抗氧化酶的活性在整个渗控过程中都有不同程度的增强,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少.表明渗控可提供一个合适的渗透压,使种子在适度的渗透压下启动萌发过程.研究还揭示22℃渗控效果优于4℃.     

干旱对大豆线粒体膜脂的磷脂和脂肪酸组分的影响

干旱胁迫致使大豆叶片线粒体膜脂的PG摩尔百分含量降低,而LPC,PC,PI,PE,PA则明显提高。抗旱品种和敏感品种之间棕榈酸及亚麻酸含量有明显差异,且抗旱品种叶片线粒体膜脂的总脂肪酸不饱和指数低于敏感品种。     

渗透调节对低温伤害敏感大豆种子质膜氧化还原活性的影响

选用对吸胀冷害敏感的大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]品种"黑河23"种子为试材,研究了渗透调节增强大豆种子活力过程中种子质膜氧化还原活性的变化.结果表明,大豆种子活力指数与种子质膜氧化还原活性呈正相关.与对照相比,渗控12 h显著提高大豆种子活力,表现在发芽指数、活力指数和TF生成量的提高,种子质膜NADH和NADPH氧化速率及Fe(CN)63-和EDTA-Fe3 还原速率明显上升;随着引发时间的延长,种子活力上升变缓,种子质膜NADH和NADPH氧化速率及Fe(CN)63-还原速率上升速度变慢,EDTA-Fe3 的还原速率在渗控24 h后开始下降,但渗控72 h仍高于对照.     

大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)致敏蛋白Gly m Bd 30K检测方法及低致敏优异种质鉴定

Gly m Bd 30K蛋白是大豆中主要的免疫显性过敏原之一,会引起人和牲畜腹泻和肠道炎症等过敏反应.因此,发掘低Gly m Bd 30K蛋白含量优异种质对于培育优质大豆品种具有重要意义.为了获得致敏蛋白Gly m Bd 30K低含量的优异种质,根据Gly m Bd 30K蛋白的190-379aa多肽序列制备多克隆抗体...     

温度对大豆(Glycine max)种子发育过程中蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉积累过程的影响

目前人们仍不清楚温度是如何影响发育中的大豆（Glycine max L．）种子蛋白质和脂肪积累过程以及基因型不同的大豆是否对温度具有相同的反应。研究拟通过对3个基因型大豆在不同温度处理下,种子发育过程中的蛋白质和脂肪的积累模式研究,以了解温度对种子组分的调节机理。3个基因型大豆品种（Evans,PI132．217,和Proto）种子盆栽在温度为27／20％（中温）的生长箱中生长到开花。在开花后第10天,将其中的一个生长箱的温度调节到35／27℃（高温）;另一个调到20／12℃（低温）。生长在高温和中温条件下的大豆,在开花的第21天开始收集豆荚,每3d取1次样。生长在低温条件下的大豆,在开花的第25天开始收集豆荚,每5d取1次样。结果表明,3个基因型大豆种子均在高温下生长快,成熟早,在中温下生长速率最大,低温下生长速率低但种子生长期延长。当种子获得60％-70％总干重时种子脂肪含量达到最大（中温）,高温使其提前出现,低温则被推后。在低温下,种子中蛋白质和脂肪两者积累模式相同,但蛋白质积累速率低。在高温和中温条件下,种子蛋白质和脂肪的积累模式不同。在种子获得60％～70％的总干重之前,蛋白质和脂肪积累模式相同,但在种子获得60％～70％的总干重之后,蛋白质积累呈上升趋势,而脂肪积累停止或下降。同时在种子发育的晚期伴随着蛋白质含量增加,淀粉和蔗糖含量快速下降。虽然3个基因型大豆种子的蛋白质和脂肪积累模式均明显受温度影响,但在不同温度条件下和不同生长阶段中高蛋白质品种Proto和PI132．217（蛋白质稳定型）蛋白质含量总是高于低蛋白质品种Evans,而且两者差异显著。这一研究表明温度不能改变品种在蛋白质和脂肪合成上的遗传特性。遗传育种在提高大豆种子蛋白质含量上仍起决定作用,但是合理的播种时期在提高大豆种子蛋白质和脂肪含量上也是不可忽视的问题。     

种子成熟度与渗控处理对番茄种子发芽的影响(简报)

发育过程中的番茄种子干物质重量达最大值时开始具有发芽能力。种子抗脱水能力的形成与种子生理脱水以及胚乳由乳状转变为固态状呈明显的正相关。聚乙二醇常法处理对提高种子活力有明显的短期效应，但也明显加速种子的劣变；而鲜湿渗控处理的效果与其相似，但种子的寿命不受影响。     

邻苯二甲酸对萝卜种子萌发、幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化及渗透调节物质的影响

华北地区是我国玉米的主产区,玉米秸秆还田不仅可有效改善土壤理化性状、提高土壤生物有效性,还会在腐解过程中释放出目前公认的化感物质——酚酸类物质,邻苯二甲酸是玉米秸秆腐解液中的主要酚酸类物质。从玉米秸秆还田过程中主要腐解产物(邻苯二甲酸)对蔬菜作物的化感效应角度进行了研究,为量化秸秆还田量及构建粮-菜轮作制度探寻化感效应依据。试验以萝卜为蔬菜材料,通过配置4个浓度(0.05、0.5、1.0、2.0 mmol/L)的邻苯二甲酸溶液,模拟玉米秸秆还田条件,以清水为对照,研究主要腐解产物邻苯二甲酸对萝卜种子萌发、幼苗生长、膜脂过氧化作用及渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明:(1)萝卜不同生育期对邻苯二甲酸化感效应的响应程度不同。在0.05-1 mmol/L浓度范围内,邻苯二甲酸处理促进了萝卜种子萌发,但随着处理浓度的增大,促进作用减弱;浓度达到2 mmol/L时对萝卜种子萌发具有抑制效果。(2)邻苯二甲酸0.05mmol/L处理,促进了萝卜幼苗干鲜物质积累,幼苗根系生长,其中根系长度和根系表面积分别比对照提高42.03%、38.36%,显著高于清水对照;植株体内超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性增大,过氧化物酶(Peroxidase, POD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)活性降低,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(Malonaldehyde, MDA)含量与对照无显著差异。(3)当邻苯二甲酸浓度超过0.5 mmol/L时,萝卜幼苗脂质过氧化伤害加剧,体内MDA含量急剧增加,代谢与生理功能出现紊乱,正常生长及干鲜物质积累受到显著抑制。邻苯二甲酸浓度达到2 mmol/L时,叶片数较对照降低了36.51%;根系长度、根系表面积及根尖数降幅分别为64.46%、40.20%、41.28%。(4)对于渗透调节物质的影响,邻苯二甲酸处理促进了萝卜幼苗叶片可溶性糖含量的增加,但随着处理浓度的升高其促进作用逐渐减弱;可溶性蛋白含量随着邻苯二甲酸处理浓度的升高表现出逐渐减少的趋势,分别较对照降低了12.82%、14.88%、21.58%、24.73%。因此,华北地区实施玉米-萝卜轮作模式,从化感效应角度研究玉米秸秆量化还田,应将土壤中邻苯二甲酸浓度控制在0.5 mmol/L范围以内,以防止邻苯二甲酸浓度过高对萝卜幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

盐胁迫下Ca~(2 )对小麦根无机离子分布和膜脂脂肪酸的影响

用扫描电镜、X—射线能谱仪和等离子耦合吸收光谱(ICP)分析发现,培养在含NaCl培养液中,小麦柜吸收大量Na~ 和Cl~-,K~ 和Ca~(2 )的吸收降低,质膜相对透性提高,K~ 、Na~ 和Cl~-的相对外渗百分率增加。培养在补充CaCl_2含NaCl培养液的,Na~ 和Cl~-含量明显减低,K~ 和Ca~(2 )提高,质膜相对透性下降,K~ 、Na~ 和Cl~-相对外渗百分率减少。由气相色谱分析可知,用含NaCl或补充CaCl_2培养液培养的幼苗,根的膜脂脂肪酸组分没有变化,但培养在补充CaCl_2的培养液中的根,亚麻酸含量和脂肪酸不饱和指数下降。     

跨膜Ca~(2+)梯差对大豆下胚轴质膜H~+-ATPase活力的影响

采用两相法得到高纯度封闭的大豆下胚轴质膜微囊,研究了跨膜Ｃａ２＋梯差对质膜Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ质子转运和ＡＴＰ水解活力的影响。结果表明,在１０００：０．１,１０００：０．５,１０００：１及１０００：１０（μｍｏｌ／Ｌ：μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）几种梯差下,随着跨膜钙梯差的减小,质膜Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ质子转运活力逐步降低。然而,上述几种梯差对Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ水解活力的影响却很小。进一步研究发现,１０００：０．１及１０００：１（μｍｏｌ／Ｌ：μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）两种梯差对Ｋｍ值没有影响,但Ｋ＋对Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的激活作用在两种梯差下存在显著差别。ＭＣ５４０荧光、ＤＰＨ荧光偏振结果表明,跨膜钙梯差影响着膜脂的聚集状态和流动性。本文对跨膜Ｃａ２＋梯差对于大豆下胚轴质膜Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ水解与质子转运活力影响的可能机制进行了讨论。     

脱水方法对棕榈种子萌发及膜脂过氧化的影响

以棕榈种子为材料,比较了硅胶脱水和自然脱水方法下种子萌发特征和膜脂过氧化程度。结果表明:棕榈种子的初始含水量为33.1%,萌发率为83.3%;当硅胶脱水至含水量21.2%时萌发率为80.0%,而自然脱水至23.2%时萌发率仅为56.7%;当含水量降至10%左右时,硅胶脱水萌发率为27.7%,而自然脱水的萌发率为26.7%。在脱水过程中,2种脱水处理种子的浸出液电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量都呈升高趋势,但自然脱水种子浸出液电导率升高的速率较硅胶脱水快,而MDA含量在硅胶脱水下增加较大。硅胶脱水处理种胚中脯氨酸含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均较自然脱水高,但2种脱水处理种子整体均呈先增加再下降的趋势。研究发现,棕榈种子为中间型种子,其在脱水初期对自然脱水较敏感,而脱水后期脱水速率对其生活力影响较小;棕榈种子对硅胶脱水的脱水敏感较自然性脱水要低,硅胶脱水有利于改善棕榈种子的贮藏寿命。     

Osmopriming-Regulated Changes of Plasma Membrane Composition and Function were Inhibited by Phenylarsine Oxide in Soybean Seeds

The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of osmoconditioning on chilling injury in chilling-sensitive soybean （Glycine max （L.） Merr. Zhonghuang No. 22） seeds during imbibition. Low temperatures reduced the germination rate and no seed germinated at 1 ℃. Osmoconditioning of seeds at 20℃ with a polyethylene glycol-8000 （PEG8000） solution at 1.5 MPa for 72 h followed by drying back to their initial moisture content （MC） reduced their chilling sensitivity. The phenylarsine oxide （PAO）, an inhibitor of protein tyrosinephosphatases, was used to investigate the possible involvement of phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of Tyr residues in the plasma membrane composition and function when seeds were osmoconditioned. The results showed the germination of osmoconditioned seeds decreased significantly when PAO was added in PEG solution after chilling treatment. PAO inhibited changes in composition of plasma membrane phospholipids and fatty acid induced by osmocondition, indicated that tyrosine protein phosphorylation is involved in the regulatory mechanisms of osmocondition-responsive chilling in soybean seeds. Western blot result further indicated that osmocondition treatment improved the activity of plasma membrane H^＋-ATPase after chilling treatment, but this effect was abolished by PAO. The possible regulation mechanism by Tyr protein phosphorylation is discussed.     

Osmopriming-Regulated Changes of Plasma Membrane Composition and Function were Inhibited by Phenylarsine Oxide in Soybean Seeds

The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of osmoconditioning on chilling injury in chilling-sensitive soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr. Zhonghuang No. 22) seeds during imbibition. Low temperatures reduced the germination rate and no seed germinated at 1 °C. Osmoconditioning of seeds at 20 °C with a polyethylene glycol-8000 (PEG8000) solution at 1.5 MPa for 72 h followed by drying back to their initial moisture content (MC) reduced their chilling sensitivity. The phenylarsine oxide (PAO), an inhibitor of protein tyrosinephosphatases, was used to investigate the possible involvement of phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of Tyr residues in the plasma membrane composition and function when seeds were osmoconditioned. The results showed the germination of osmoconditioned seeds decreased significantly when PAO was added in PEG solution after chilling treatment. PAO inhibited changes in composition of plasma membrane phospholipids and fatty acid induced by osmocondition, indicated that tyrosine protein phosphorylation is involved in the regulatory mechanisms of osmocondition-responsive chilling in soybean seeds. Western blot result further indicated that osmocondition treatment improved the activity of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase after chilling treatment, but this effect was abolished by PAO. The possible regulation mechanism by Tyr protein phosphorylation is discussed.     

铝胁迫对黑大豆膜脂过氧化及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以耐酸型黑大豆(丹波黑大豆,简称RB)和酸敏感型黑大豆(简称SB)为材料,在水培条件下分析不同浓度的铝胁迫对这两种黑大豆叶和根膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示:RB的铝耐受能力比SB强;在不同浓度铝胁迫下RB叶和根中的H2O2和MDA上升幅度低于SB,SB的叶和根中膜脂过氧化程度大于RB。在不同浓度铝胁迫下,RB叶和根中的SOD活性与SB差异不大,而CAT活性在RB和SB的叶和根中均被诱导显著升高,POD活性在RB叶和根中有下降趋势但仍然显著高于SB。因此,与酸敏感型的黑大豆相比,耐酸型黑大豆在铝胁迫下具有较强的保护酶活性,使其膜脂受氧化损伤的程度较低,从而表现出更强的耐铝胁迫能力。     

钼,硼对大豆叶片膜脂过氧化及体内保护系统的影响

以３个大豆（Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ ｍａｘ Ｌ．）品种（“浙春３号”、“浙春２号”和“３８１１”）为材料,设置不同的钼、硼水平,研究了３个生育期（五叶期、初花期和盛荚期）大豆叶片膜脂过氧化及体内保护系统的变化。结果表明：在低钼、低硼胁迫下,大豆叶片的质膜透性（ＭＰ）、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）和脯氨酸（Ｐｔｏ）的含量、多酚氧化酶（ＰＰＯ）和抗坏血酸氧化酶（ＡＯ）的活笥增加,抗坏血酸（ＡｓＡ）的含量及超氧化物歧化酶（     

钼、硼对大豆叶片膜脂过氧化及体内保护系统的影响

The study deals with the changes of membrane peroxidation and endogenous protective system with different supplementation of molybdenum (Mo) and/or boron (B) concentration in soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves at three developmental stages (5-trifoliate stage, initiation of flowering, and peak podsetting stage) in three pot-grown soybean varieties (“Zhechun No.3”, “Zhechun No.2”, “3811”). The control plants under low Mo and low B exhibited an increasing of membrane permeability (MP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro) contents, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and ascorbate oxidase (AO) activities and a decrease of ascorbate (AsA) contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (AP) and catalase (CAT) activities. Application of Mo or B alone raised the ability of anti-oxidant of soybean leaves. The results indicated that the anti-oxidant enzymes (including SOD, POD, CAT and AP) related closely to anti-oxidant compounds (including AsA and Pro). There was some difference between the effects of Mo and B on the anti-oxidant, and a synergetic effect was observed between Mo and B. Some genetic variation in the responses to Mo and B was found among the three soybean varieties which was related to the activities of the total anti-oxidant systems.     

细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸组成对自絮凝酵母质膜ATP酶响应酒精刺激的影响及其与菌体耐酒精的关系

研究揭示细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸组成与质膜ATP酶在酵母菌耐酒精中的一种新颖关系。实验表明,细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸组成特点对生长于未添加酒精条件下的自絮凝颗粒酵母质膜ATP酶活性没有影响,但却明显影响生长于添加酒精(1％～10％,V／V)条件下的菌体质膜ATP酶对酒精激活的敏感性：预培养于添加0．6mmol／L棕榈酸、亚油酸、或亚麻酸条件下的菌体的质膜ATP酶的最大激活水平分别为各自酶的基态水平(未激活)的3．6、1．5和1．2倍,而对照组(预培养于未添加脂肪酸条件下的菌体)的相应值为2．3倍,酶产生上述最大激活水平时的酒精浓度分别为7％、6％、6％、和7％(V/V)。酶激活后米氏常数Km、最适pH和对钒酸钠(质膜ATP酶特异性抑制剂)的敏感性等性质不变,但最大反应速度υmax明显增加。实验表明,细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸组成特点对提高菌体的耐酒精能力越有利,则其质膜ATP酶被酒精激活的幅度越大,说明菌体耐酒精能力的提高与其质膜ATP酶对酒精激活的敏感性的增加密切相关。细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸组成会影响酵母菌质膜ATP酶对酒精激活的敏感性是观察到的新的实验现象。     

大豆下胚轴线粒体的衰老与膜脂的过氧化作用

离体的大豆下胚轴线粒体,在人工衰老条件下,产生了结构膨胀和细胞色素氧化酶活性的下降。衰老的线粒体也发生膜脂的过氧化作用——丙二醛、脂质的氢过氧化物和荧光脂褐色素明显增加。而且,线粒体衰老时产生的膜脂过氧化产物雨二醛,可能是膜脂的磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰乙醇胺中的亚麻酸发生过氧化反应的结果。     

Membrane fusion: Lipid vesicles as a model system

In many cellular functions the process of membrane fusion is of vital importance. It occurs in a highly specific and strictly controlled fashion. Proteins are likely to play a key role in the induction and modulation of membrane fusion reactions. Aimed at providing insight into the molecular mechanisms of membrane fusion, numerous studies have been carried out on model membrane systems. For example, the divalent-cation induced aggregation and fusion of vesicles consisting of negatively charged phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine (PS) or cardiolipin (CL), have been characterized in detail. It is important to note that these systems largely lack specificity and control. Therefore conclusions derived from their investigation can not be extrapolated directly to a seemingly comparable counterpart in biology. Yet, the study of model membrane systems does reveal the general requirements of lipid bilayer fusion. The most prominent barrier to molecular contact between two apposing bilayers appears to be due to the hydration of the polar groups of the lipid molecules. Thus, dehydration of the bilayer surface and fluctuations in lipid packing, allowing direct hydrophobic interactions, are critical to the induction of membrane fusion. These membrane alterations are likely to occur only locally, at the site of intermembrane contact. Current views on the way membrane proteins may induce fusion under physiological conditions also emphasize the notion of local surface dehydration and perturbation of lipid packing, possibly through penetration of apolar amino acid segments into the hydrophobic membrane interior.