长果雪胆的两种皂甙

长果雪胆(Hemsleya dolichocarpa W. J. Chang)为葫芦科(Cucurbitaceae)雪胆属植物。最近我们从其块根中分离、鉴定了竹节参甙-Ⅴ和竹节参甙-Ⅳa甲酯。两种成分均为首次由雪胆属植物中获得。 竹节参甙-Ⅴ为白色粉末,Liebermann-Burchard反应和泡沫试验为阳性,薄层板上     

藤三七雪胆的葫芦素

藤三七雪胆(Hemsleya panacis-scandens C.Y.Wu et C.L.Chen.)是我所对抗菌中草药罗锅底——园果雪胆(H.amabilis Diels)进行资源调查时发现的新种之一。为新药资源的发掘及系统化学分类的目的,因此研究了它的成分。经UV、IR、~1H NMR、MS及化学反应等证明:Ⅰ_α是葫芦素E(cucurbitacin E)。Ⅰ_b是异葫芦素B(isocucurbitacin B)。Ⅰ_c是双氢葫芦素B(23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin B)。Ⅰ_d是     

雪胆属植物化学研究历史和现状

葫芦科雪胆属植物在亚州东南部,中国和靠近中国南部的印度、越南、缅甸均有分布。五十年代初期发现该属植物约七种。1970年云南民间用小蛇莲(俗名)、又名曲莲、园果雪胆(H.amabilis Diels)的地下茎治疗肠炎、菌痢效果良好。我们从中分离到结晶的苦味质称为雪胆素(为两个成分的混晶),具有良好的抗菌作用。对于该属植物当时未见文献记载其化学研究和任何利用价值。因此合同中科院上海有机化学研究     

巨花雪胆中的两个新化合物

从四川石棉县采集的巨花雪胆(Hemsleya gigantha)的根茎中分到2个新化合物,命名为雪胆素G和巨花雪胆皂苷B,通过化学方法和波谱方法鉴定了它们的结构。另外13个已知化合物分别为葫芦素类和雪胆皂苷类化合物,其中β—香树脂醇(3)为首次从该属植物中得到。     

HPLC同时测定雪胆属植物中3种活性成分的含量

建立了高效液相色谱法同时测定雪胆属植物中雪胆乙素、竹节参皂苷Ⅳa和雪胆甲素含量的方法,可用于11种雪胆属植物中3种活性成分的同时测定。采用InertSustain C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相为0.1%磷酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B),梯度洗脱(0~20 min,5%~20%B;20~60 min,20%~30%B;60~80 min,30%~64%B);流速1.0 mL/min;柱温35℃;检测波长203 nm。经方法学考察,本方法具有准确快速、精密度高、重复性好的特点,雪胆乙素、竹节参皂苷Ⅳa和雪胆甲素分别在0.075~3.000μg、0.810~32.400μg和0.620~24.800μg范围内与峰面积呈现良好的线性关系(r≥0.999 5)。定量分析测得11种雪胆属植物中雪胆乙素含量在0.479~1.904 mg/g范围内,彭县雪胆中含量最高;竹节参皂苷Ⅳa含量在1.098~18.58 mg/g范围内,峨眉雪胆中含量最高;雪胆甲素含量在3.079~17.56 mg/g范围内,十一叶雪胆中含量最高。本方法可为雪胆属优质药用资源开发及综合利用提供参考。     

绞股蓝属植物的分类系统和分布

绞股蓝属全世界有16种2变种,隶属于2亚属2组,即喙果藤亚属(包括五柱绞股蓝组和喙果藤组)及绞股蓝亚属。其现代分布中心或多样化中心为我国长江流域至西南的云南,由此向北达秦岭南坡和淮河流域以南,向东北经华中、华东至朝鲜半岛和日本北部,向南经中南半岛、马来西亚达菲律宾、印度尼西亚诸岛和巴布亚新几内亚,向西达印度西北部,为热带亚洲分布类型。根据该属的原始类群和进化类型的现代分布和多样化中心及它们的生态适应性,与古地质、古地理和古气候的变迁以及外类群起源地等推测,绞股蓝属植物可能与其近缘属——雪胆属和锥形果属共同起源于康滇古陆,起源时间可能为早第三纪。     

十字花科2个种的染色体数目

棒毛荠 Cochleariella zhejiangensis (Y. H. Zhang) Y. H. Zhang et R. Vogt与浙江泡果荠 H illiella warburgii (O. E. Schulz) Y. H. Zhang et H. W. Li同属十字花科 ,亲缘相近。前者因果瓣具十分独特的棒状毛和其它一些特征而独立成属 [1 ,2 ] 。后者原在广义岩荠属 Cochlearia L.中东亚分布的一个组中 ,该组后经整理扩大提升成泡果荠属 [3]。对于该 2种的分类归属 ,争议颇多。赵一之 [4]认为两者差别不大 ,将前者作为后者的变种更为恰当 ,并将棒毛荠属、泡果荠属与阴山荠属合并。陆莲立 [5]认为两者果瓣上的差别是同一植物种…     

山茶属三个F3H基因的分子特性、系统进化及蛋白结构差异分析

黄烷酮3-羟化酶基因(flavanone 3-hydroxylase,F3H)在植物花青素合成途径中发挥重要作用,可作为山茶花色遗传育种的候选基因。本研究在前期从Gen Bank数据库中筛选得到白花茶树CsF3H、黄花金花茶CnF3H和红花浙江红山茶CcF3H三个基因。然而,它们的分子遗传与变异信息仍然缺乏,不利于最大正向效应基因的选择利用。本研究系统探讨了CsF3H、CnF3H和CcF3H基因的分子特征、系统进化和蛋白三维结构。结果发现CsF3H、CnF3H和CcF3H三者之间存在高度序列多样性,共含37个核苷酸和9个氨基酸差异,且与CsF3H和CnF3H相比,CcF3H序列发生了更多的变异。系统进化结果表明CsF3H、CnF3H和CcF3H蛋白与猕猴桃AcF3H具有共同祖先,但在后期进化过程中,CcF3H率先与CsF3H和CnF3H二者发生分化。序列比对和保守结构域分析发现CsF3H、CnF3H和CcF3H蛋白均含有一个保守的依赖2-酮戊二酸和二价铁离子的双加氧酶超家族特征区域,该区域内的组氨酸H~(218)和H~(276)以及天冬氨酸D220是Fe~(2+)结合位点,精氨酸R~(286)和丝氨酸S~(288)是2-酮戊二酸的重要结合位点。本研究还发现了3个茶属F3H蛋白的保守结构域中存在一个差异位点,与CsF3H和CnF3H第200位异亮氨酸I200相比,CcF3H对应氨基酸变异为缬氨酸V~(200),Web logo3.4分析揭示V200在植物F3H蛋白中更为保守。空间结构分析显示CcF3H中氨基酸V~(200的替换导致它和赖氨酸K197的分子作用力增强。本研究结果表明CcF3H是更为保守的植物F3H蛋白,缬氨酸V200可能是一个重要的功能位点。上述研究也为山茶属F3H基因提供了新的信息,为今后选择CcF3H基因作为山茶花色育种最适候选基因提供了理论支撑。     

雪胆属植物的组织培养与栽培研究进展

雪胆属植物中含有丰富的三萜皂苷类成分,同时因抗菌、消炎和抗肿瘤等作用受到越来越多的关注。随着雪胆属植物深入研究的不断展开,其临床应用也越来越广泛。为缓解雪胆属植物资源匮乏的状况,为其资源保护和开发利用提供理论基础,本综述对雪胆属植物的组培和栽培方面的研究进行了总结和展望,并对雪胆属植物比较有价值的研究方向进行了探讨,旨在为雪胆属植物进一步的开发利用提供一定的科学依据。     

阴山荠属的研究

本文为阴山荠属和泡果荠属的分类研究提供了染色体数目试验结果。受试种类按染色体数目的分异形成两大类群,与按形态地理分类法得出的结果一致。阴山荠属(Yinshania):柔毛阴山荠Y.henryi,2n=12;叉毛阴山荠Y.fur-catopilosa,2n=12;乾宁阴山荠Y.qianningensis,2n=12;泡果荠属(Hiliela):昌化泡果荠H.changhuaensis.2n=42,奇异泡果荠H.paradoxa,2n=42;双牌泡果荠H.shuangpaiensis,2n=44;弯缺泡果荠H.sinuata,2n=44;黟县泡果荠H.yixianensis,2n=42。染色体数目结合形态学和地理分布研究,支持两属作为各自独立的属存在。本属是中国特有分布属,形态演化研究表明,本属阴山荠组是较原始的类群,小果组是较进化的类群。文中讨论了属中各种的分布规律和全属的分布特点,认为川西及其邻近地区是本属多样化中心和近代分布区中心,本属可能是从该地区,并随着新生代第三纪喜马拉雅造山运动和青藏高原的崛起,以及第四纪冰期、间冰期的迭次变化产生的全球性气候波动而分化迁移。本属基本上属亚热带、暖温带的半湿润半干旱生态类型。根据本属重要器官较稳定的特点,以及地区性特有成分较高的特点,认为本属是较古老的中国特有成分     

Systematic position of Gomphogyne (Cucurbitaceae) inferred from ITS,rpl16 and trnS-trnR DNA sequences

This paper assessed the systematic position of the genus Gomphogyne. The nuclear ITS, the chloro-plast rpl16, and trnS-trnR sequences were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Gomphogyne and its related gen-era. Analyses of three separate and combined datasets provided a good amount of informative characters and re-solved the systematical relationships of Gomphogyne well. The maximum parsimony analyses revealed that: (1) Gomphogyne was a natural genus and was different from the genera Hemsleya and Gynostemma; (2) Hemsleya delavayi and H. macrocarpa did not belong to the genus Gomphogyne, but to the genus Hemsleya; and (3) Gomphogyne was sister to Hemsleya. It was assured that Gomphogyne was a monotypic genus. These results were largely in agreement with the systems of classification of the Cucurbitaceae of Jeffrey in 1990 and in 2005 and with that of Li for Hemsleya in 1993, but were different from the previous studies in which Gomphogyne and Gy-nostemma together were suggested to be sister to Hemsleya.     

Melastomeae come full circle: biogeographic reconstruction and molecular clock dating

Rhexia, with 11 species in the Coastal Plain province of North America, is the only temperate zone endemic of the tropical eudicot family Melastomataceae. It is a member of the only pantropical tribe of that family, Melastomeae. Based on the chloroplast gene ndhF, we use a fossil-calibrated molecular clock to address the question of the geographic origin and age of Rhexia. Sequences from 37 species in 21 genera representing the tribe's geographical range were analyzed together with five outgroups. To obtain better clade support, another chloroplast region, the rpl16 intron, was added for 24 of the species. Parsimony analysis of the combined data and maximum-likelihood analysis of ndhF alone indicate that the deepest split is between Rhexia plus its sister group, a small Central American genus, and all other Melastomeae. Old World Melastomeae are monophyletic and nested within New World Melastomeae. Although likelihood-ratio tests of clock and nonclock substitution models for the full or moderately pruned datasets rejected the clock, these models yielded identical topologies (for 30 taxa) with few significantly different branch lengths as assessed by a Student's t-test. Age estimates obtained were 22 million years ago (Mya) for the divergence of Rhexia from its sister group, 12 Mya for the dispersal of Melastomeae from the New World to West Africa, and 1 Mya for the diversification of Melastoma in Southeast Asia. The only other genus of Melastomeae to have reached Southeast Asia from Africa or Madagascar is Osbeckia. The age and geographic distribution of fossils, which come from Miocene sites throughout Eurasia, suggest that Melastomeae once ranged from Eurasia across Beringia to North America from whence they reached South America and subsequently Africa and Southeast Asia. Climate deterioration led to their extinction in the Northern Hemisphere, with Rhexia possibly surviving in Coastal Plain refugia.     

A Classificatory System and Geographical Distribution of the Genus Gynostemma BL. (Cucurbitaceae)

The genus Gynostemma consists of 16 species and 2 varieties, which fall into two subgenera and two sections, i. e. , Subgen. Trirostellum including two new sections, Sect. Pentagynae and Sect. Trirostellae, and Subgen. Gynostemma. The modern distribution centre of the genus ranges from drainage areas of the Yangtze River to Yunnan, southwest China. Northwards, it is distributed to the south slope of the Qinling Range and the south branch of the Huaihe River, eastwards through central-eastern China to Korea Peninsula and northern Japan; in the south, it extends to Indo-China, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, with the west limit of this genus found in northwestern India.The distribution pattern of the genus indicates a nature of Tropical Asia Type. Based on the above mentioned distribution pattern, the centre of diversification and the ecological adaptation of both primitive and advanced groups, also by means of palaeogeological, palaeogeographical and palaeoclimatical evidence and the origin of its out group, the genus Gynostemma, together with its closely allied genera Hemsleya, Gomphogyne, etc. is considered to have originated on the Kham-Dian Oldland during the Early Tertiary.     

基于ITS序列探讨荻属及其近缘植物的系统发育关系

荻属是禾本科的一个小属,其分类地位存在争议。通过测定和从Gen Bank中提取荻属Triarrhena及其近缘植物的ITS序列,以芦苇Phragmites australis为外类群,采用MP(maximum parsimony)和NJ(neighbor-joining)分析方法进行了系统发育分析,这两种方法得到的系统发育树基本相同。荻属和芒属Miscauthus的种类形成一个单系类群;河八王Narenga porphyrocoma与芒属和荻属的植物聚在一起并构成姐妹群;白茅Imperata cylindrica与斑茅Saccharum arundinaceum聚成一小支并构成姐妹群,白茅与荻属的关系较远;荻属植物归并到芒属更为合理,不支持将荻属置入白茅属或另立一属的观点。斑茅与白茅、河八王及蔗茅Erianthus fulvus系统发育关系较近,而与滇蔗茅E.rockii及甘蔗属的竹蔗Saccharum sinense、甘蔗S.officinarum、细秆甘蔗S.barberi和甜根子草S.spontaneum的关系较远。甘蔗属、河八王属及蔗茅属关系复杂,还需要进一步研究。     

基于ITS序列探讨杜鹃属的亚属和组间系统关系

首次报道了 15种杜鹃属 (Rhododendron)植物、1种杜香属 (Ledum)植物和Cassiopefastigiata的内转录间隔区(ITS) (包括 5 .8S)序列。加上从GenBank下载的 13种杜鹃属植物和Bajiariaracemosa的ITS序列 ,以C .fastigiata和B .racemosa为外类群 ,用最大简约法对杜鹃属的亚属和组间的系统关系进行了分析。结果表明 :1)杜鹃属是一个单系类群 ,叶状苞亚属为杜鹃属的基部类群 ;2 )杜香属确应归并到杜鹃属中 ,且与有鳞杜鹃亚属有较近的亲缘关系 ;3)有鳞杜鹃亚属和杜香构成一个单系分支 ,该分支是其余无鳞杜鹃花的姐妹群 ;4 )由无鳞杜鹃花组成的一个分支的内部支持率较低 ,其中常绿杜鹃亚属和映山红亚属均为内部支持率很高的单系类群 ,而羊踯躅亚属和马银花亚属均为多系类群 ;5 )在马银花亚属中 ,长蕊杜鹃组和马银花组均分别得到强烈支持 ,马银花组与异蕊杜鹃亚属可能构成姐妹群关系 ,异蕊杜鹃亚属和马银花组组成的一个分支可能与映山红亚属构成姐妹群关系。     

基于ITS序列探讨杜鹃属的亚属和组间系统关系

首次报道了15种杜鹃属(Rhododendron)植物、1种杜香属(Ledum)植物和Cassiope fastigiata的内转录间隔区(ITS) (包括5.8S)序列.加上从GenBank下载的13种杜鹃属植物和Bajiaria racemosa的ITS序列,以C. fastigiata和B. racemosa为外类群,用最大简约法对杜鹃属的亚属和组间的系统关系进行了分析.结果表明: 1)杜鹃属是一个单系类群,叶状苞亚属为杜鹃属的基部类群; 2)杜香属确应归并到杜鹃属中,且与有鳞杜鹃亚属有较近的亲缘关系; 3)有鳞杜鹃亚属和杜香构成一个单系分支,该分支是其余无鳞杜鹃花的姐妹群; 4)由无鳞杜鹃花组成的一个分支的内部支持率较低,其中常绿杜鹃亚属和映山红亚属均为内部支持率很高的单系类群,而羊踯躅亚属和马银花亚属均为多系类群; 5)在马银花亚属中,长蕊杜鹃组和马银花组均分别得到强烈支持,马银花组与异蕊杜鹃亚属可能构成姐妹群关系,异蕊杜鹃亚属和马银花组组成的一个分支可能与映山红亚属构成姐妹群关系.     

Anticancer activity of Hemsleya amabilis extract

Hemsleya amabilis extract is derived from the medicinal herb Hemsleya amabilis, which has long been used to treat cancer and many other conditions. The underlying mechanism is not clear. To investigate Hemsleya amabili's anticancer activity, we have treated different types of cancer cells including human astrocytoma U87 cells, breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231and Jurkat cells with Hemsleya amabilis extract. This agent significantly inhibited tumor cell growth and colony formation at various concentrations. When astrocytoma cells were seeded in the presence of Hemsleya amabilis extract at very low concentrations, cell spreading was greatly inhibited. Hemsleya amabilis extract also promoted tumor cell death in all the tested cell lines, but with varied sensitivities. Apoptotic assays with Annexin V staining demonstrated that Hemsleya amabilis extract induced astrocytoma cell apoptosis at different concentrations.     

睡莲科的系统发育:核糖体DNA ITS区序列证据

以金鱼藻Ceratophyllum demersum为外类群,使用PAUP4.0b4A软件对睡莲科Nymphaeaceae植物7属11个代表种的ITS区序列进行了系统发育分析。采用最大简约法分析获得了3个最简约树,步长为1125,一致性指数(CI)和维持性指数(RI)值分别为0.7618和0.7214。利用3个最简约树获取严格一致树。结果表明:(1)莲属Nelumbo位于系统树的基部,自展支持率为100%,可从睡莲科中独立出来成立莲科Nelumbonaceae和莲目Nelumbonales;(2)萍蓬草属Nuphar是一单系类群,位于分支Ⅱ的基部,并和睡莲科其他属(不包括莲属)植物聚在一起构成姐妹群,故萍蓬草属仍应置于睡莲科中;(3)水盾草属Cabomba和莼菜属Brasenia聚成一小支并构成姐妹群,自展支持率为99%,说明这两属之间亲缘关系较近;(4)睡莲属和芡实属Euryale、王莲属Victoria聚成一小支并构成姐妹群,自展支持率为94%,说明三者亲缘关系较近,仍应置于睡莲科中。