ESCRT系统： 一个多功能的蛋白转运及膜剪切机器

转运必需内体分选复合物（endosomal sorting complex required for transport, ESCRT）系统是真核细胞中完成内体（endosome）膜内陷以形成多囊泡体（multi-vesicular body, MVB）的分子机器.其主要功能是促进被泛素（ubiquitin）标记的膜蛋白的降解, 还与细胞分裂、病毒出芽、细胞自噬以及真菌pH感知相关. ESCRT系统包括ESCRT-0,-Ⅰ,-Ⅱ,-Ⅲ和Vps4-Vta1共5个蛋白 蛋白复合物.晶体学研究已经解析了大部分复合物的结构. 其促使膜内陷的分子机理一般认为分3步. 首先是ESCRT-Ⅰ和-Ⅱ在内体膜上结合并促使内体膜内陷形成初始芽体. 之后,ESCRT-Ⅲ在芽体颈部聚合并导致芽体的剪切,从而将内腔囊泡（intralumenal vesicles, ILVs）释放到内体腔内,形成MVB. 最后,Vps4/Vta1复合物则以水解ATP提供能量将聚合的ESCRT-Ⅲ解聚以循环使用,完成更多的出芽过程.本文将对ESCRT系统的结构、出芽机理和生物功能几方面做一个综述.     

内吞体分选转运复合体 (ESCRT) 及其在包膜病毒出芽中的作用

内吞体分选转运复合体(Endosomal sorting complex required for transport,ESCRT)主要识别泛素化修饰的膜蛋白,介导内吞小泡出芽和多泡体(Multivesicular bodies,MVBs)的形成。此外,以类似的拓扑方式,ESCRT也参与胞质分裂、自体吞噬、以及包膜病毒的出芽等过程。已有的研究表明,大量的反转录病毒和RNA病毒含有晚期结构域(Late-domains),该结构域与ESCRT组分相互作用,将ESCRT-Ⅲ和VPS4等募集在病毒组装与出芽区域,并利用ESCRT-Ⅲ使病毒粒子得以释放。最近,有研究发现,一些DNA包膜病毒、如乙肝病毒、疱疹病毒和杆状病毒等的出芽释放也依赖于宿主细胞ESCRT系统,但其机理尚需深入研究。     

综述与专论：ESCRT复合体在细胞质膜损伤修复中的功能

细胞膜损伤在骨骼肌、血管内皮及胃肠道上皮等组织较为常见，及时有效的细胞膜修复（plasma membrane repair,PMR）能够保证细胞存活，反之，细胞则可能“死亡”。PMR由许多“修补匠”协同完成，它们分工明确且呈现出一定的时序特点。转运必需内体分选复合体（endosomal sorting complex required for transport,ESCRT）是近年来研究发现的在细胞膜损伤修复中发挥关键作用的“修补匠”，其由ESCRT-0、ESCRT-Ⅰ、ESCRT-Ⅱ、ESCRT-Ⅲ、Vps4-Vta1及ALIX组成，主要参与胞外出芽（budding）和多囊泡体（multivesicular body,MVB）形成两种修复途径。本文详细综述了ESCRT系统介导细胞膜损伤修复的可能机制，以期为细胞膜损伤的治疗靶点筛选及促恢复手段创新提供理论依据。     

病毒劫持ESCRT系统促进自身复制的研究进展

内吞体分选转运复合体（endosomal sorting complex required for transport，ESCRT）系统驱动细胞的不同生命进程，包括内体分选、细胞器生物发生、囊泡运输、维持质膜完整性、细胞质分裂期间的膜裂变、有丝分裂后的核膜重组、自噬过程中吞噬孔的封闭以及包膜病毒出芽等。越来越多的证据表明，ESCRT系统能够被不同家族病毒劫持用于自身增殖。在病毒生命周期的不同阶段，病毒可以通过各种方式干扰或利用ESCRT系统介导的生理过程，最大限度地提高感染宿主的机会。此外，许多逆转录病毒和RNA病毒蛋白具有“晚期结构域”基序，可招募宿主ESCRT亚基蛋白帮助病毒内吞、运输、复制、出芽以及外排。因此，病毒“晚期结构域”基序和ESCRT亚基蛋白可能是病毒感染治疗中具有广泛应用前景的药物靶点。本文重点综述了ESCRT系统的组成及功能，ESCRT亚基和病毒“晚期结构域”基序对病毒复制的影响以及ESCRT介导的抗病毒作用，以期为抗病毒药物的开发和利用提供参考。     

COPⅠ囊泡形成与结构研究进展

真核细胞内物质的转运主要通过运输囊泡的出芽、融合所介导。外被体蛋白Ⅰ(coat proteinⅠ,COPⅠ)是一种由α、β、β'、γ、δ、ε、ζ亚基组成的异七聚体蛋白质复合物(即coatomer)。细胞内具有小GTP酶活性的ADP-核糖化因子1(ADP-ribosylation factor 1, Arf1)调节COPⅠ囊泡(COPⅠ-coated vesicle)的形成。在鸟苷酸交换因子的作用下,活化的Arf1-GTP结合至高尔基复合体(Golgiapparatus,Golgi)膜上,将胞质中的COPⅠ募集到膜上。COPⅠ在膜表面结合、分选货物、聚合装配,使膜弯曲产生包被的出芽,出芽逐渐增长最终与膜分离形成囊泡。COPⅠ囊泡进一步脱壳、与靶膜融合,进而完成对细胞内物质的转运。COPⅠ囊泡可携带蛋白质和脂质等货物分子从Golgi逆向转运至内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER),并介导Golgi膜囊间物质的逆向和正向运输过程,维持Golgi结构的极性与膜囊的成熟。     

植物ESCRT复合体的功能研究进展

真核细胞中,功能高度保守的内体蛋白分选转运装置ESCRT在胞吞途径和蛋白分泌途径中均扮演重要角色。植物细胞中,该装置包含ESCRT-Ⅰ、ESCRT-Ⅱ、ESCRT-Ⅲ和VPS4/SKD1复合体4个亚基,但缺乏ESCRT-0亚基。ESCRT的每个亚基均由多个蛋白构成。目前,针对ESCRT的研究已经证实,其在泛素化的膜蛋白进入多囊泡体/液泡前体(MVB/PVC)内腔过程中发挥重要调控作用;同时在自噬途径以及应对环境胁迫等方面也具有重要的调节功能。该文首先介绍了植物中ESCRT复合体的组成及生物学功能,然后总结了植物中特有ESCRT复合体组分蛋白的最新研究进展,最后探讨了有关ESCRT复合体研究中尚未解决的重要科学问题。     

古菌ESCRT系统研究进展

内体分拣转运复合体（ESCRT,endosomal sorting complex required for transport）曾被认为是真核生物特有的系统,涉及膜重塑、泛素化蛋白质分拣等重要细胞生命过程。近年的研究显示,TACK（包括Thaumarchaeota、Aigarchaeota、Crenarchaeota和Korarchaeota门）古菌超门中存在着一类与分泌膜囊泡、古菌病毒出胞以及细胞分裂过程等膜重塑过程相关的细胞分裂（Cdv,cell division）系统,该系统中的CdvB和CdvC是真核生物ESCRT-III和Vps4的同源蛋白,提示真核生物ESCRT系统可能起源自古菌。然而,由于TACK古菌中缺少真核生物ESCRT系统的其他关键成分,这一假设仍有争议。最近发现的阿斯加德（Asgard）古菌是一类被认为与真核生物最近缘的古菌,其基因组具有较完整的ESCRT相关蛋白的编码基因,提示真核生物的ESCRT很可能起源于阿斯加德古菌。本文首先简要介绍真核生物ESCRT系统的组成及生物学功能,然后分别总结TACK古菌的Cdv系统和阿斯加德古菌的ESCRT系统的研究进展,重点讨论它们的组成及生物学功能,为进一步了解古菌ESCRT系统与真核生物起源的关系提供参考。     

内体分拣转运复合体的组成及其功能研究

内体分拣转运复合体(endosomal sorting complex required for transport,ESCRT)是一种能够识别并分拣泛素化蛋白质货物的蛋白复合体,由四个亚复合体(ESCRT-0、ESCRT-Ⅰ、ESCRT-Ⅱ、ESCRT-Ⅲ)和一些辅助成分构成。研究表明,ESCRT途径能参与病毒的出芽过程、调控细胞自噬,并且与包括肿瘤和神经退行性疾病在内的重要疾病有关。因此,ESCRT复合体结构与功能研究对未来新型治疗药物的开发具有重要意义。该文综述了ESCRT的结构、各成员在多种生命活动中的功能、组装因子之间的互作关系以及ESCRT复合体的功能,旨在为日后深入研究ESCRT的作用机制开辟更科学的研究方向。     

细胞内蛋白质运输及神经递质释放的分子机理

细胞内蛋白质及神经递质等生物活性物质的运输,分泌和释放都是以运输囊泡作为载体,经过运转囊泡的出芽,形成,移位,入坞等步骤,最终与靶膜融合将内容物排出,这些过程都是以动转囊泡膜,胞浆和靶膜的多种不同功能的蛋白质相互作用的结果。     

植物内膜系统细胞器生物发生及功能的分子机制研究

所有真核细胞都含有一套由多种细胞器组成的内膜系统,包括内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER)、高尔基体(Golgi)、反式高尔基体网络(trans-Golgi network, TGN)、液泡前体/多囊泡体(prevacuolar compartment or multivesicular body, PVC/MVB)和液泡(vacuole)或溶酶体(lysosome).这些细胞器在有序调控下被准确和高效地生成,参与细胞内物质运输,在生物个体的生长发育和对环境应答中发挥着重要作用.自2000年以来,我国学者在植物内膜系统细胞器的生物发生及功能方向开展了深入研究并取得了重大进展.本文首先概述了我国学者在植物蛋白运输领域中的代表性研究成果.随后以液泡前体/多囊泡体为例,重点介绍了其鉴定及由其介导的植物液泡蛋白转运,接着详细阐述了由内体蛋白分选转运装置(endosomal sorting complexes required for transport, ESCRT)介导的多囊泡体生物发生的分子机制,并着重介绍了植物特异的ESCRT组分FREE1蛋白在其中的作用.此外,近年来我国学者采用前沿的全细胞电子断层扫描技术,首次对植物根细胞内膜系统进行了精细的三维结构分析并提出了一种新型的由多囊泡体成熟转变成液泡的模型,为进一步研究液泡形成的分子调控机制提供了依据.最后,本文对当前植物细胞器(包括多囊泡体和液泡)的生物发生和功能的研究进行了总结,并对此领域研究的发展前景做出了展望.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000