浅谈案例教学在微生物学教学中的应用

案例教学法因其目的性、针对性和时效性强的特点,越来越多地运用于高校课堂教学。在微生物学教学实践中,可以根据教学内容需要,引入相关内容如经典实验、社会热点、科学史实等作为案例。通过课前精心选编案例、课堂上有效引导学生,教师能够充分发挥案例教学在培养学生发现、认识并解决问题的能力以及启发科学思维等方面的作用。与此同时,教师应避免案例教学流于形式等问题。     

案例教学法在微生物学课程中的探索

针对生物技术专业学生现状和学科特点,在微生物学课堂中探索了案例教学改革。通过学生搜寻讲解案例、教师援引实践案例和师生剖析经典案例,达到激发学生学习主动性、促进知识内化迁移和培养科研创新思维的目的。实践教学证明案例教学能有效激发学习积极性和提升学生的综合素质。     

案例在遗传与优生教学中的应用

"遗传与优生"课程是遗传学与优生学相结合的一门交叉性学科,是国内许多高校在教育教学改革中开设的一门通识课程。通过案例进行教学可以有效提升学生学习的积极性,收到较好的教学效果。文章针对"遗传与优生"课程教学中应用案例进行教学所应注意的问题进行了讨论。     

案例在遗传与优生教学中的应用

“遗传与优生”课程是遗传学与优生学相结合的一门交叉性学科, 是国内许多高校在教育教学改革中开设的一门通识课程。通过案例进行教学可以有效提升学生学习的积极性, 收到较好的教学效果。文章针对“遗传与优生”课程教学中应用案例进行教学所应注意的问题进行了讨论。     

病例教学法在师范院校生理学教学中应用的探讨

病例教学法是通过讲解典型病例,阐释生理学基础理论知识的教学方法。在师范院校生理学教学过程中开展病例教学,有利于学生牢固掌握理论知识,增强理论联系实际的能力,并有利于健康教育的开展。     

An evaluation of the evidence for, and implications of, cytoplasmic nitrate homeostasis

A review of literature, reporting values of cytoplasmic/cytosolic [NO₃^–] in plant cells, identified two major areas of disagreement: (1) disparity in the absolute values within the same system, and (2) constancy versus variability in cytoplasmic/cytosolic [NO₃^–] with varying [NO₃^–]_o. These differences are related to the techniques used by the different authors. Estimates of cytoplasmic [NO₃^–] by compartmental analysis and by cell fractionation were consistently higher than the estimates by NO₃^–selective microelectrodes and by techniques based upon in vivo and in vitro nitrate reductase activity (NRA). A model recognizing more than one cytoplasmic ionic pool would satisfactorily reconcile the differences in both aspects, i.e. absolute values and constancy. Compartmental analysis and cell fractionation techniques may measure the amount of NO₃^– in the cytoplasm as a whole (including organelles); by contrast, NO₃^– selective microelectrodes and NRA estimate only the cytosolic NO₃^– and, hence, may result in lower estimates. Thus, variable organellar pool(s) may maintain a constant cytosolic pool as estimated by microelectrodes. However, certain observations remain at odds with the notion of a constant cytosolic [NO₃^–].     

Family physician anesthetists: continuing education,observations, evaluation

A method is described whereby continuing education for family practitioner anesthetists is taken to community hospitals, where patterns of practice, local problems and facilities are different from those of larger urban areas. Five Ontario communities were visited for 4½ days each, by invitation, providing the visiting clinician with an opportunity to observe the quality of anesthesia services and to measure, through a self-evaluation test, the deficiencies in applied basic and clinical knowledge thought to be necessary for modern, safe practice. These programs were well received and thought to be of real benefit to the participants. Similar programs could be provided in general medicine, cardiology, gastroenterology, pediatrics and psychiatry.     

案例教学法在《植物检疫学》教学的实践与探索

根据植物检疫学课程特点,探讨了在教学中开展案例教学法的必要性,并以检疫性害虫红火蚁为例,说明案例教学在植物检疫学课程中的应用。案例教学法改变了课堂气氛,提高了学生的学习积极性、主动性和创造性,适合在教学实践中推广应用。     

生态效益评价内容和评价指标筛选

生态效益评价的重要性已经广为人知,但评价内容和指标不统一,大大影响了评价结果的可信度。基本上是各说各有理,很难相互比较。在分析国内外相关生态系统评价方法基础上,提出生态效益评价框架,强调生态效益与经济效益和社会效益共同构成了人类社会的价值判断标准和决策依据,是经济效益和社会效益的基础,应该包括生态系统整体贡献,考虑与生态系统的动态变化的关系;并探讨了生态效益评价指标筛选的原则(关联性、灵敏性、层级性、决策导向性、代表性、可行性、独立性及经济适用性和社会可接受性);提出了生态效益指标筛选的多准则综合法和生态效益评价指标检验的3个标准(可定量化、专一化和震撼性)。本研究将为生态效益指标体系的构建提供重要参考。     

An integrated rule- and case-based approach to AIDS initial assessment

The traditional approach to the development of knowledge-based systems (KBS) has been rule-based, where heuristic knowledge is encoded in a set of production rules. A rule-based reasoning (RBR) system needs a well constructed domain theory as its reasoning basis, and it does not make substantial use of the knowledge embedded in previous cases. An RBR system performs relatively well in a knowledge-rich application environment. Although its capability may be limited when previous experiences are not a good representation of the whole population, a case-based reasoning (CBR) system is capable of using past experiences as problem solving tools, therefore, it is appropriate for an experience-rich domain. In recent years, both RBR and CBR have emerged as important and complementary reasoning methodologies in artificial intelligence. For problem solving in AIDS intervention and prevention, it is useful to integrate RBR and CBR. In this paper, a hybrid KBS which integrates a deductive RBR system and an inductive CRB system is proposed to assess AIDS-risky behaviors.     

广东省森林效益计量及经济评价

引用统计年鉴资料和其他公开发表的文献资料,并参照森林资源调查、水利、气象等部门提供的数据,计算出广东省森林各类效益值(有形产品和无形产品的产量),通过等效益物替换和货币置换法进行“产品”的转换和量纲统一,得出广东省森林年总效益为2.3681×10¹⁰元,其中,生态公益效益2.0376×10¹⁰元,占总效益的86%,生态公益效益中,涵养水源3.1197×10⁹元,防止土壤侵蚀6.0109×10⁹元,土壤改良2.6300×10⁹元,大气净化8.3867×10⁹元,森林景观游憩2.2900×10⁸元;经济效益3.3050×10⁹元,占总效益的14%。森林生态公益效益与经济效益比为6.1:1,该值与海南相同;与我国大部分地区接近,如黑龙江、湖南、黔东南;与我国西北干旱地区和其他国家相差较远。     

北京市退耕还林生态效益评估

基于北京市退耕还林工程区典型样地调查和北京市林业果树科学研究院多年以来对退耕还林生态系统服务功能的监测数据,依据中华人民共和国国家标准《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》（GB/T 38582-2020）和中华人民共和国林业行业标准《退耕还林工程生态效益监测与评估规范》（LY/T 2573-2016）,分别从涵养水源、固碳释氧、保育土壤、林木积累营养物质、净化大气环境和保护生物多样性六项功能指标,对退耕还林生态效益物质量与价值量进行定量评估。结果表明,截至2018年,北京市退耕还林生态系统服务功能总价值量为18.92亿元/a,其中以涵养水源（41.15%）、固碳释氧（26.73%）和净化大气环境（17.27%）分项指标的贡献作用较大。比较北京市退耕还林工程行政区间生态效益价值量大小,发现退耕面积和北京城市总体规划中各行政区功能定位为主要影响因素,其中以密云区价值量最大为4.48亿元/a,占北京市退耕还林生态系统服务功能总价值量的25.56%。退耕工程区内板栗（29.51%）、仁用杏（13.54%）、核桃（12.57%）所贡献的生态系统服务功能价值量位列前三。不同林分类型单位面积价值量排序为生态林 > 生态经济兼用林 > 鲜果林。因此,建议遵循生态优先、适地适树、分类施策的原则,制定退耕还林成果保护政策,并根据各行政区生态价值评估结果确定生态补偿额度和补偿年限,为退耕还林分类补偿政策制定、低质低效林分改造和退耕还林生态系统监测网络体系奠定理论与实践基础。