十字花科黑腐病菌的XC1193基因与致病相关

十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)是一种重要植物病原细菌,在全球范围内侵染十字花科植物引起黑腐病,其σ因子在基因表达中起到重要调节作用。XC1193基因在Xcc 8004菌株编码一个σ~70因子,为进一步研究该σ因子在Xcc中的调控作用,利用自杀质粒p K18mobsac B构建了XC1193基因的缺失突变体DM1193。与野生型菌株的比较发现,XC1193基因突变不影响菌体在丰富培养基和基本培养基上的生长;突变体的胞外蛋白酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶等生化表型也与野生型一致;植株实验表明XC1193突变不影响过敏反应。采用剪叶接种法进行致病性检测,突变体致病力与野生型一致。而采用喷雾接种法,突变体致病力显著降低,互补菌株致病力恢复至野生型水平。结果表明,该σ因子在十字花科黑腐病菌致病过程中发挥作用,并与Xcc侵染寄主的早期事件有关。     

假定蛋白基因XC2038与十字花科黑腐病菌致病相关

十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)是研究植物病原细菌和寄主互作的模式细菌,鉴定其致病相关基因对于控制作物病害有重要的意义。XC2038在Xcc 8004中注释为功能未知的假定蛋白基因。本研究利用实验室前期构建的XC2038基因的Tn5gus A5插入突变体164H09,并构建了该突变体的互补菌株C164H09,随后对各菌株的致病性及相关表型进行了检测。结果表明,164H09影响Xcc 8004胞外多糖、泳动性及生物被膜的形成,影响在寄主满身红萝卜上的致病性,而突变体的互补菌株能将以上表型恢复至野生型水平。综上可知,假定蛋白基因XC2038与十字花科黑腐病菌致病相关。     

十字花科黑腐病菌一个新的III型效应物XC3176的鉴定

摘要:【目的】在十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv． campestris,Xcc)的致病因子中,III型分泌系统(Type III Secretion System,T3SS)是至关重要的致病系统,III型效应物通过III 型分泌系统直接转运到寄主植物细胞内。本研究通过效应物水平转移的特征获得候选基因,旨在鉴定一个新的依赖于III型分泌的效 应物。【方法】以缺失了N-端58个氨基酸的AvrBs1作为报告系统构建效应物鉴定报告质粒pLJB3176,导入ΔavrBs1和ΔhrcV,通过检测报告菌株在辣椒ECW-10R上的过敏反应来鉴定XC3176是否为III型效应物。构建XC3176融合GUS报告质粒pLGUS3176,导入野生菌株Xcc 8004、ΔhrpG和ΔhrpX,通过测定菌株GUS活性检测hrpG、hrpX对XC3176 的调控作用。构建XC3176缺失突变体和互补菌株,通过剪叶法接种检测XC3176对Xcc 8004致病性的影响。【结果】XC3176融合AvrBs1报告菌株在非寄主辣椒ECW-10R上能 引发过敏反应,GUS活性检测显示ΔhrpG/pLGUS3176、ΔhrpX/pLGUS3176比8004/pLGUS3176的GUS酶活显著降低,致病性检测显示突变体Δ3176与野生型Xcc 8004相比在寄主满身红萝卜上的病斑长度有显著减少,互补菌株C3176 的病斑长度能补回到野生型水平。【结论】XC3176是依赖于hrcV分泌的III型效应物,hrpG、hrpX正调控XC3176,XC3176与Xcc致病相关。     

十字花科黑腐病菌中一个与趋化性相关基因的突变分析

十字花科作物黑腐病,又称为野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜变种(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,简称Xcc),该细菌是引起十字花科作物等植物发生黑腐病的病原菌,同时该细菌也是人们研究寄主与病原微生物相互作用的具体分子机理的模式菌之一。在Xcc 8004菌株基因组中,XC_2304编码的产物为一个趋化性蛋白。由于细菌的趋化性在病原学方面的意义是非常重要的,为评估XC_2304的功能,本研究利用p K18mob Sac B对XC_2304进行缺失突变,获得缺失突变体DM2304。植株试验发现,突变体DM2304对寄主植物的致病力下降约30%,其互补菌株CDM2304的致病力基本恢复至野生型水平,这表明XC_2304与Xcc致病力有关。利用毛细管法检测DM2304对18种物质的趋化性,结果表明突变体对木糖、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、蔗糖以及核糖的趋化性比野生型弱。运动性分析发现,DM2304在含有0.3%、0.6%琼脂的NYGA板的游动性稍微降低,表明XC_2304与游动性有关。而DM2304的胞外纤维素酶、胞外蛋白酶、胞外淀粉酶、EPS产量、HR与野生型菌株相比均没有明显差异。本研究为十字花科黑腐病菌中其它与趋化性相关基因提供实验思路,对病原菌如何趋利避害的机制的研究具有一定的意义。     

十字花科黑腐病菌群体密度和DSF信号因子负调控Ⅲ型分泌系统

十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)是能在全世界引起十字花科植物黑腐病的革兰氏阴性细菌。群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)是细菌通过感应菌群生长密度调控自身生理活动和致病因子的作用。Xcc QS信号分子为DSF(diffusible signal factor)因子,感受系统由rpf(regulation of pathogenicity factors)基因簇编码。Ⅲ型分泌系统(T3SS)是Xcc与寄主植物相互作用并致病的关键系统,Xcc的Ⅲ型分泌系统是由hrp(hypersensitive response and pathogenicity)基因簇所编码的。研究rpf/DSF系统对Ⅲ型分泌系统的调控作用,对于揭示该病原菌致病分子机制,以及植物病害防治具有重要的意义。针对Xcc 8004菌株,利用连有hrp B基因启动子区的p LGUS报告质导入Xcc 8004中,在XCM诱导培养基中添加DSF因子后通过测定GUS酶活对比DSF对hrp基因的调控作用。结果发现,随着菌体浓度的增长,hrp B基因的表达呈下降趋势;额外加入DSF因子后hrp B基因的表达量呈现下降趋势。十字花科黑腐病菌中菌体密度和信号扩散因子对Ⅲ型分泌系统有负调控作用。     

十字花科黑腐病菌分泌蛋白质双向电泳条件的构建及优化

本研究旨在建立一套适合于十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris 8004,Xcc8004)分泌蛋白质的双向电泳技术(two-dimensional electrophoresis,2-DE),以便更好的利用蛋白质组学技术鉴定Xcc 8004的分泌蛋白质。我们就MME和XCM2两种培养基对分泌蛋白质的诱导能力、蛋白质提取方法以及样品上样量等方面对2-DE的影响进行了比较,结果表明,XCM2培养基对Xcc 8004分泌蛋白质的诱导能力比MME强。用TCA/丙酮法沉淀蛋白质得到的双向电泳图谱背景清晰,分辨率高。分别采用400μg、300μg、250μg和150μg四个不同的上样量进行双向电泳,结果显示在上样量为250~300μg时(IPG p H 3-10,24 cm),电泳图谱分辨率最好。综上可知,XCM2培养基比较适合用于Xcc 8004分泌蛋白质的诱导,TCA/丙酮法提取分泌蛋白质为较优方法,250~300μg是较为合适的上样量。     

野油菜黄单胞菌分泌组双向电泳样品制备方法的建立

野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)是十字花科植物黑腐病的病原细菌。我们建立了Xcc的蛋白质组学研究平台,用于分离、鉴定该菌的致病相关蛋白。为了减少胞外多糖(exopolysaccharide,EPS)对蛋白材料质量的影响,我们构建了EPS缺陷的Xcc8004ΔgumB突变体。本研究以Xcc8004ΔgumB出发菌株,用诱导培养液培养,取细胞上清通过超滤浓缩得到蛋白质粗提物,分别采用丙酮沉淀法、试剂盒纯化法和丙酮沉淀-试剂盒联用法来纯化蛋白质粗提物,通过比较双向电泳的结果优选最佳的样品制备方法。结果证明丙酮沉淀-试剂盒联用法较为理想,所得双向电泳图片清晰,分辨率高。因此,此方法可以用于制备野油菜黄单胞菌分泌组双向电泳样品,并可以满足进一步研究的需要。     

十字花科黑腐病菌中GGDEF结构域蛋白差异的in silico分析

近年来,含有GGDEF结构域(含有甘氨酸(G) (2个),天冬氨酸(D),谷氨酸(E),苯丙氨酸(F)保守氨基酸)的蛋白受到重视,已证实含GGDEF结构域蛋白在细胞信号转导、生长和致病性等方面发挥了重要作用.十字花科黑腐菌8004菌株(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris str.8004,Xcc 8004)有32个基因编码含GGDEF结构域蛋白,实验证明其中部分蛋白与Xcc致病性、胞外酶产生、生物膜形成和泳动等生命活动相关.本文利用互联网提供的生物信息学资源,对Xcc 8004不同功能含GGDEF结构域蛋白进行生物信息学分析,着重分析其结构域架构.对蛋白结构域架构整体比较显示,这些蛋白的整体结构域架构具有多样性,共有结构域架构仅有PAS_4-GGDEF-EAL (分布于参与致病的蛋白中);对结构域架构局部比较显示,在参与致病性的含GGDEF结构域蛋白中,PAS_4-GGDEF和GGDEF-EAL为共有结构域架构;在参与内切葡聚糖酶产生的蛋白中,PAS_4-PAS_4、PAS_4-GGDEF和GGDEF-EAL为共有结构域架构.本研究结果将为蛋白质功能预测提供线索.     

十字花科黑腐病菌dsbA基因控制的亚细胞蛋白质组分析

本研究以十字花科黑腐病菌(Xarcthomorcas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)8004菌株为研究对象,采用双向电泳—质谱技术分析比较了dsbA1A2突变体和野生型菌株的分泌蛋白、周质蛋白表达谱。与野生型菌株相比,选取的31个差异蛋白中,14个蛋白点显著上调,17个蛋白点显著下调。对这些蛋白质点进行质谱鉴定和分析,结果显示,dsbA1A2基因的缺失导致了周质蛋白中与β桶结构膜蛋白形成有关的伴侣蛋白SurA的含量降低,几种未知功能的分泌蛋白的分泌量减少以及外膜蛋白OmpW、OmpW1在周质空间的积累。推测这些蛋白质对Xcc 8004的致病性至关重要,为进一步研究Xcc 8004中DSB系统的作用机理提供了依据。     

广西十字花科黑腐病菌致病性分化及遗传多样性分析

为了研究广西十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,XCC)的致病性差异和遗传多样性。本研究采用剪叶接种法对来自广西十字花科物种的24个菌株进行致病性分析,并利用细菌基因组的重复序列PCR(Rep-PCR)技术,对供试菌株的遗传多样性进行研究。结果表明:采用剪叶接种方法,供试菌株致病力均可划分为5种致病型,且与菌株的地理来源有一定的相关性;利用细菌基因组重复序列通用引物进行Rep-PCR扩增,在遗传距离为0.79时,供试菌株可被划分为5个遗传相似组,与染病作物无明显的关联性,而与同一地区的关系有相对明显的关联性,并由此得到这样的结论:侵染广西十字花科黑腐病菌存在明显的致病性分化和丰富的遗传多样性。     

Transformation of Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris with plasmid DNA

Procedures for the introduction of plasmid DNA into Gram-negative bacteria have been adapted and optimized to permit transformation of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris with the cloning vector pKT230 and other broad-host-range plasmids. The technique involves CaCl2-induced competence and heat shock and is similar to that routinely used for Escherichia coli. Wild-type X. c. campestris strains appear to restrict incoming unmodified DNA, so that plasmid DNA for transformation must be prepared from X. c. campestris (into which it has previously been introduced by conjugation). To overcome this disadvantage a restriction-deficient mutant has been isolated.     

十字花科黑腐病菌hrpG基因原核表达

在十字花科黑腐病菌(Xcc)中,hrp基因对寄主的致病性和非寄主的超敏反应中起核心作用,而hrpG对整个hrp基因簇起调控作用.HrpG为OmpR家族的双组分系统感受调控蛋白,含有两个结构域,分别是N端Response_reg和C端Trans reg_C.本研究利用表达载体pQE-30 Xa,成功构建了HrpG的表达重组子,在E.coli M15 [pREP4]中进行诱导表达.通过调节诱导温度、IPTG浓度和诱导时间最终确定在温度为20℃,IPTG浓度为0.8 mmol/L,诱导表达4 h.hrpG基因在宿主细胞E.coli M15获得高效可溶性表达.目前尚未有可溶性HrpG蛋白获得成功表达的报导,本研究中获得HrpG蛋白在大肠杆菌获得大量可溶性的表达,将为in vitro研究HrpG的生理活性,特异的结合位点和调控功能研究打下良好基础.     

Biological role of xanthomonadin pigments in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Previous studies have indicated that the yellow pigments (xanthomonadins) produced by phytopathogenic Xanthomonas bacteria are unimportant during pathogenesis but may be important for protection against photobiological damage. We used a Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris parent strain, single-site transposon insertion mutant strains, and chromosomally restored mutant strains to define the biological role of xanthomonadins. Although xanthomonadin mutant strains were comparable to the parent strain for survival when exposed to UV light; after their exposure to the photosensitizer toluidine blue and visible light, survival was greatly reduced. Chromosomally restored mutant strains were completely restored for survival in these conditions. Likewise, epiphytic survival of a xanthomonadin mutant strain was greatly reduced in conditions of high light intensity, whereas a chromosomally restored mutant strain was comparable to the parent strain for epiphytic survival. These results are discussed with respect to previous results, and a model for epiphytic survival of X. campestris pv. campestris is presented.     

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris gum Mutants: Effects on Xanthan Biosynthesis and Plant Virulence

Xanthan is an industrially important exopolysaccharide produced by the phytopathogenic, gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. It is composed of polymerized pentasaccharide repeating units which are assembled by the sequential addition of glucose-1-phosphate, glucose, mannose, glucuronic acid, and mannose on a polyprenol phosphate carrier (L. Ielpi, R. O. Couso, and M. A. Dankert, J. Bacteriol. 175:2490–2500, 1993). A cluster of 12 genes in a region designated xpsI or gum has been suggested to encode proteins involved in the synthesis and polymerization of the lipid intermediate. However, no experimental evidence supporting this suggestion has been published. In this work, from the biochemical analysis of a defined set of X. campestris gum mutants, we report experimental data for assigning functions to the products of the gum genes. We also show that the first step in the assembly of the lipid-linked intermediate is severely affected by the combination of certain gum and non-gum mutations. In addition, we provide evidence that the C-terminal domain of the gumD gene product is sufficient for its glucosyl-1-phosphate transferase activity. Finally, we found that alterations in the later stages of xanthan biosynthesis reduce the aggressiveness of X. campestris against the plant.     

Pan Proteome of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Isolates Contrasting in Virulence

Fully sequenced genomes of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) strains are reported. However, intra‐pathovar differences are still intriguing and far from clear. In this work, the contrasting virulence between two isolates of Xcc ‐ Xcc51 (more virulent) and XccY21 (less virulent) is evaluated by determining their pan proteome profiles. The bacteria are grown in NYG and XVM1 (optimal for induction of hrp regulon) broths and collected at the max‐exponential growth phase. Shotgun proteomics reveals a total of 329 proteins when Xcc isolates are grown in XVM1. A comparison of both profiles reveals 47 proteins with significant abundance fluctuations, out of which, 39 show an increased abundance in Xcc51 and are mainly involved in virulence/adaptation mechanisms, genetic information processing, and membrane receptor/iron transport systems, such as BfeA, BtuB, Cap, Clp, Dcp, FyuA, GroEs, HpaG, Tig, and OmpP6. Several differential proteins are further analyzed by qRT‐PCR, which reveals a similar expression pattern to the protein abundance. The data shed light on the complex Xcc pathogenicity mechanisms and point out a set of proteins related to the higher virulence of Xcc51. This information is essential for the development of more efficient strategies aiming at the control of black rot disease.     

Qualitative and comparative proteomic analysis of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 17

The bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris (XCC) 17 is a local isolate that causes crucifer black rot disease in Taiwan. In this study, its proteome was separated using 2-DE and the well-resolved proteins were excised, trypsin digested, and analyzed by MS. Over 400 protein spots were analyzed and 281 proteins were identified by searching the MS or MS/MS spectra against the proteome database of the closely related XCC ATCC 33913. Functional categorization of the identified proteins matched 141 (50%) proteins to 81 metabolic pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. In addition, we performed a comparative proteome analysis of the pathogenic strain 17 and an avirulent strain 11A to reveal the virulence-related proteins. We detected 22 up-regulated proteins in strain 17 including the degrading enzymes EngXCA, HtrA, and PepA, which had been shown to have a role in pathogenesis in other bacteria, and an anti-host defense protein, Ohr. Thus, further functional studies of these up-regulated proteins with respect to their roles in XCC pathogenicity are suggested.     

Studies on xanthan production from Xanthomonas campestris

Xanthan is an heteropolysaccharide produced by Xanthomonascampestris. Xanthan gum fermentation by a local isolate of X. campestris using different carbon sources was studied. The production of polysaccharide was influenced by the carbon source used. The production of the xanthan was 15.654 g/l with synthetic medium. Production of xanthan at various temperatures ranging between 25v°C and 40v°C was studied. The growth and production was maximum between 25-30v°C. Xanthan production was maximum at pH 7.0-7.5.