基于连续统去除法的水稻氮素营养光谱诊断

该文将矿质分析及岩石光谱特征分析中普遍使用的连续统去除法引入水稻(Oryza sativa)叶片反射光谱特征的分析中。分析连续统去除光谱反射率和连续统去除一阶微分光谱,发现随着氮素水平的增加连续统去除光谱反射率下降。分析连续统去除光谱吸收特征参数与叶片全氮量相关性,这些参数包括:吸收峰左半端的面积(A₁)、吸收峰整体面积(A)、对称度(S)和连续统去除最小反射率(D_hc),结果表明连续统去除光谱吸收特征参数与叶片全氮量之间负相关性显著(均通过0.01水平的显著相关检验)。考虑到氮素营养在植物体内转移的营养原理,在分蘖期、孕穗期和抽穗期这3个关键生育期内分别针对水稻第一完全展开叶和第三完全展开叶建立连续统去除光谱吸收特征参数评价水稻氮素营养的回归模型。结果表明在估算第三完全展开叶氮素营养时,3个生育期内建模使用的回归量均为吸收峰整体面积A,而且在3个生育期内模型的决定系数较高且比较稳定。但是,第一完全展开叶建模使用的回归量(续统去除光谱吸收特征参数)不完全一致,这可能是由于氮素营养在植物体内转移导致。尽管连续统去除法诊断水稻氮素营养的一些机理还有待于进一步深入研究,但是该研究证明了运用水稻鲜叶片连续统去除反射光谱进行定性和定量评价水稻氮素营养在方法上是可行的。     

稻麦叶片氮积累量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系

作物氮素积累动态是评价作物群体长势及估测产量和品质的重要指标,对于作物氮素的实时监测和精确管理具有重要意义。该文以5个小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种和3个水稻(Oryza sativa)品种在不同施氮水平下的3年田间试验为基础,综合研究了稻麦叶片氮积累量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系。结果表明,不同试验中拔节后叶片氮积累量均随施氮水平呈上升趋势;稻麦冠层光谱反射率在不同施氮水平下存在明显差异,可见光区(460~710 nm)反射率一般随施氮水平的增加逐渐降低,近红外波段(760~1 220 nm)反射率却随施氮水平的增加逐渐升高;就单波段而言,810和870 nm处的冠层光谱反射率均与稻麦叶片氮积累量具有相对较高的相关性;在光谱参数中,比值植被指数(Ratio vegetation index, RVI)(870,660)和RVI(810,660)均与稻麦叶片氮积累量具有高度的相关性,且相关系数明显高于单波段反射率,尤其是水稻作物;对于小麦和水稻,均可以利用统一的波段和光谱指数来监测其叶片氮积累量,并可以采用统一的回归方程来描述其叶片氮积累量随单波段反射率和反射光谱参数的变化模式,但若采用单独的回归系数则可以提高稻麦叶片氮积累量估测的准确性。     

稻麦叶片氮含量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系

作物氮素含量是评价作物长势、估测产量与品质的重要参考指标,叶片氮素含量的无损快速监测对于指导作物氮素营养的精确管理及生产力的预测预报具有重要意义.以5个小麦品种和3个水稻品种在不同施氮水平下的3a田间试验为基础,综合研究了稻麦叶片氮含量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系.结果显示：（1）不同试验中拔节后稻麦叶片氮含量均随施氮水平呈上升趋势;（2）稻麦冠层光谱反射率在不同施氮水平下存在明显差异,在可见光区（460～710 nm）的反射率一般随施氮水平的增加逐渐降低,而在近红外波段（760～1100 nm）却随施氮水平的增加逐渐升高;（3）就单波段光谱而言,610、660 nm和680 nm处的冠层反射率均与稻麦叶片氮含量具有较好的相关性;（4）在光谱指数中,归一化差值植被指数NDVI（1220,610）与水稻和小麦叶片氮含量均具有较好的相关性,且相关性好于单波段反射率;（5）对于小麦和水稻,可以利用共同的波段和光谱指数来监测其叶片氮含量,采用统一的回归方程来描述其叶片氮含量随单波段反射率和冠层反射光谱参数的变化模式,但若采用单独的回归系数则可以提高稻麦叶片氮含量估测的准确性.     

小麦叶片氮素状况与光谱特性的相关性研究

 系统分析了不同时相下两个小麦(Triticum aestivium)品种叶片含氮量及叶片氮积累量与冠层光谱反射特征的关系。结果表明,随施氮水平的增加,小麦冠层在可见光区的反射率逐渐降低,而近红外波段的反射率逐渐升高。小麦叶片氮素状况与比值指数或归一化指数显著相关,两个品种表现极为一致,可以用一个指数方程来拟合。分阶段建模并没有提高模型的精度,因此可以建立一个适用于整个生育时期的通用氮素诊断方程。叶片含氮量同光谱指数在整个生育期内的关系要优于叶片氮积累量的,其中,与叶片含氮量关系最佳的指数为红波段(660 nm)和蓝波段(460 nm)的组合(R2>0.80);与叶片氮积累量关系最佳的光谱指数为中红外波段(1 220 nm)与红波段(660 nm)的组合(R2>0.62)。     

基于高光谱遥感的小麦叶片氮积累量

作物氮素状况是评价长势、提高产量和改善品质的重要指标,因此叶片氮积累量的实时无损估测对作物生产的氮素管理具有重要意义.以多个小麦品种在不同施氮水平下的连续3a大田试验为基础,研究了小麦叶片氮积累量与冠层高光谱参数的定量关系.结果表明,冠层叶片氮积累量随着施氮水平的提高而增加,光谱反射率在不同叶片氮积累量水平下发生相应的变化.叶片氮积累量的敏感波段主要存在于近红外平台和可见光区,其中,"红边"区域表现最为显著.通过微分等技术构造多种植被指数,对高光谱参数和叶片氮积累量间进行相关回归分析,SDr/SDb、FD742和AVHRR-GVI 3个参数与叶片氮积累量关系最密切,方程拟合决定系数R2分别为0.9163、0.9097和0.9142,估计标准误差SE分别为1.165、1.079和1.077.经不同年际独立数据的检验表明,利用光谱参数FD742建立的模型对叶片氮积累量的估测精度为0.8449,预测的RMSE为0.984;红边位置REPIG对叶片氮积累量的估测精度和预测的RMSE分别为0.8394和1.014,表明预测值与观察值之间符合精度高,比较而言,FD742为自变量建立的模型可以更好地评估不同条件下叶片氮素积累状况.     

限水灌溉冬小麦冠层氮分布与转运特征及其对供氮的响应

以高产冬小麦品种周麦18为材料,在大田春灌1水条件下,设置不同供氮水平和氮肥运筹处理试验,研究并探讨了在华北地区限水灌溉条件下氮肥施用对冬小麦冠层叶片氮素时空分布与转运及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明,冬小麦适量施氮可显著增产,2008-2009年以施氮量180 kg/hm²时(N21)产量最高,为8749 kg/hm²;2009-2010年以施氮量270 kg/hm²时(N32)产量最高,但施氮量210 kg/hm²(N22)处理与N32处理产量无显著差异,分别为8340 kg/hm²和8558 kg/hm²。氮肥利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均随施氮量增加而降低;氮肥利用率与氮肥农学效率均随施氮量的增加呈先升后降的趋势,分别在N21和N22处理时最高。冠层叶片氮素含量和积累量随叶层层次自上而下降低而下降,垂直梯度分明,各时期冠层叶片氮素垂直梯度随施氮量的增加总体呈先增大后减小的趋势。冠层叶片氮素转运量、转运率和对籽粒的贡献率均呈现为:第1层>第2层>第3层>第4层。相关分析表明,冠层叶片氮素梯度与叶片氮素转运率呈显著正相关关系(R²=0.722^*),与贡献率呈极显著正相关关系(R²=0.975^**)。适量施氮(120-210 kg/hm²)增大了叶层间氮素垂直分布梯度,促进了氮素在植株内的运移分配,有利于叶片氮素向外转运,提高了叶片氮素转运量和对籽粒贡献率,保持了较高的氮素利用率。施氮过多(330 kg/hm²)减小了叶层间氮素垂直分布梯度,减弱了氮素在植株内的再利用,叶片氮素转运不畅,导致叶片氮素转运量和对籽粒贡献率下降,氮素利用率显著降低。连续两年试验结果显示,通过适量氮肥调控可以增大冠层叶片氮素垂直梯度,有利于叶片中的氮素输出,促进氮素的再分配、再利用,从而提高氮素利用率,并可获得较高的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量。     

广东南雄烟区烤烟氮素累积分配及利用特征

在广东南雄烟区以烤烟品种K326为材料,采用田间原位培养方法和15N同位素示踪技术,在大田条件下研究了土壤氮素矿化特征、烤烟氮素累积分配规律以及当季施入肥料氮的分配情况.结果表明:南雄烟区土壤氮素矿化量随着生育期推移呈上升趋势,在移栽后75 d达到高峰,此后下降;不施氮处理土壤氮素矿化量在各生育期均显著高于施氮处理;烟株不同器官氮素积累量表现为叶片＞茎＞根.烤烟在团棵期和打顶期以吸收肥料氮为主,成熟期则以吸收土壤氮为主,烟株整个生育期吸收的氮素主要来源于土壤氮,且吸收的土壤氮及其占总氮的比例随生育期推移和叶片着生部位的升高而增加.氮肥烟株利用率、土壤残留率和损失率分别为30.8%、32.3%和36.9%.南雄烟区土壤氮素矿化能力较强,土壤氮对上部叶片质量的影响较大,在施氮量为150kg·hm-2条件下,肥料氮的残留量和损失量较高.     

利用高光谱遥感预测小麦籽粒蛋白质产量

2003-2006年连续3年采用不同小麦品种在不同施氮水平下进行大田试验,于小麦不同生育期采集田间冠层高光谱数据并测定植株氮素含量.根据特征光谱参数-叶片氮素营养-籽粒蛋白质产量这一技术路径,以叶片氮素营养为连接点将模型链接,建立基于开花期高光谱参数的小麦籽粒蛋白质产量预报模型.结果表明:开花期叶片氮含量、氮积累量以及花后叶片氮转运量均能够较好地反映成熟期籽粒蛋白质产量状况;对叶片氮含量和氮积累量的光谱反演,在不同品种、氮素水平和年度间可以使用统一的光谱参数,其中利用红边位置(REPle)和修正型ND705(mND705)可以较好表达叶片氮含量的动态变化,以红蓝边面积比(SDr/SDb)和742nm处一阶微分(FD742)为变量建立叶片氮积累量监测模型效果较好;经独立试验数据的检验表明,以参数REPle、SDr/SDb和FD742为变量建立成熟期籽粒蛋白质产量预报模型均给出理想的检验结果,模型测试精度R2分别为0.854、0.803和0.795,相对误差RE分别为16.4%、18.2%和14.9%;利用开花期关键特征光谱指数可以有效地评价小麦成熟期籽粒蛋白质产量状况.     

黄土高原不同种植密度下春小麦冠层和叶片高光谱反射特征

2006年4-8月,通过大田试验,测定了7个密度梯度下3个品种的春小麦冠层、叶片在不同生育期的高光谱反射率.结果表明:孕穗期,不同密度的春小麦冠层和叶片光谱差异明显,波形相似,其冠层光谱反射率在可见光区随密度增大降低,在近红外区反射率随密度增加升高;乳熟期,不同种植密度春小麦冠层光谱在可见光区的差异比近红外区小;不同密度的叶片光谱在可见光区和近红外区的变化在不同生育期表现出一致性,但随密度变化的规律性不明显;不同生育期的冠层光谱表现为乳熟期的反射率高于孕穗期;叶片光谱表现为乳熟期较孕穗期在近红外光区反射率大大降低;不同品种春小麦的冠层和叶片光谱存在一定差异;孕穗期,不同品种的冠层光谱在可见光区差异较小,差别主要表现在短波红外和近红外区;成熟期,不同品种冠层光谱的差异小;不同品种叶片光谱在近红外区的差异显著;春小麦红边存在双峰现象,从孕穗期到乳熟期,红边位置蓝移,红边幅值降低,红边面积减小;红边幅值的变化可用于估产,红边位置的变动可指示生育阶段.     

基于星载通道光谱指数与小麦冠层叶片氮素营养指标的定量关系

利用空间遥感信息大面积监测小麦冠层氮素营养状况和生产力指标具有重要意义和应用前景.本研究基于不同施氮水平下小麦冠层反射光谱信息,利用响应函数模拟基于不同卫星通道构建的光谱指数(包括单波段、比值光谱指数和归一化光谱指数),分析基于星载通道的光谱指数与小麦冠层叶片氮素营养指标的定量关系,确定监测小麦冠层叶片氮素营养的较好卫星传感器和光谱波段,建立小麦冠层氮素营养指标监测方程.结果表明:利用NDVI(MSS7,MSS5)、NDVI(RBV3,RBV2)、TM4 、CH2、MODIS1和MODIS2遥感数据可以预估小麦叶片氮含量(LNC),其决定系数(R2)在0.60以上;应用NDVI(PB4,PB2)、NDVI(CH2,CH1)、NDVI(MSS7,MSS5)、RVI(MSS7,MSS5)、MODIS1和MODIS2可以预测小麦叶片氮积累量(LNA),其R2大于0.86.比较而言,NDVI(MSS7,MSS5)和NDVI(PB4,PB2)分别为预测小麦LNC和LNA的适宜星载通道光谱参数.     

基于光谱信息的作物氮素营养无损监测技术

氮素是作物生长发育和产量品质形成所必需的营养元素。快速、无损、准确地监测作物氮素状况,对于诊断作物生长特征、提高氮肥运筹水平和利用效率、降低过量施氮带来的农田环境污染,深入开展精确农业和数字农业的研究与应用具有重要意义。本文围绕作物氮素特征光谱产生的机制、反射光谱对氮素营养的响应及光谱指数的生理意义等解析了作物氮素营养光谱无损监测的技术机理,阐明了作物氮素监测的光谱学和生理生态学基础,进而概述了国内外有关作物反射光谱获取及叶片、冠层和空间水平上氮素营养光谱监测的研究进展。针对作物氮素营养监测亟待解决的问题和作物生产需求,提出今后进一步研究的领域应重点围绕氮素生化组分的监测方法、氮素监测模型的普适性、氮素监测仪的开发、地空遥感信息的融合、遥感与其他技术的集成等方面。     

利用红边面积形状参数估测水稻叶层氮浓度

研究红边面积参数与叶层氮素状况的定量关系, 有助于水稻(Oryza sativa)生长信息的实时无损获取及精确追氮管理。该研究基于多年不同施氮水平和不同水稻品种的冠层高光谱数据, 系统分析了水稻的红边区域光谱、面积形状特征及其与叶层氮浓度的定量关系。结果表明, 水稻冠层红边区域微分光谱随不同氮素水平变化出现“三峰”现象, 峰值分别出现在700、720和730 nm附近, 且3个波段的峰值高低发生交替变化; 同时, 以3个峰值波段为中心与x坐标轴组成的微分光谱面积和形状相应发生变化。发现基于两两峰值波段划分所得红边子面积所构成的比值(双峰对称度)、归一化差值(归一化对称度)参数与叶层氮浓度具有密切的定量关系, 可作为估测水稻叶层氮浓度的红边面积形状参数。经曲线拟合和模型检验的结果显示, 双峰对称度DPS (A_675-700, A_675-755), 即由675~700 nm区域面积与675~755 nm区域面积的比值, 和DPS (A_730-755,A_675-700) (由730~755 nm区域面积和675~700 nm区域面积的比值)对水稻叶层氮浓度的估测效果最好, 可用于不同水稻品种和生长条件下的叶层氮浓度估测。     

不同水氮条件下水稻冠层反射光谱与植株含水率的定量关系

研究了不同土壤水氮条件下水稻 (Oryzasativa) 冠层光谱反射特征和植株水分状况的量化关系。结果表明, 水稻冠层近红外光谱反射率随土壤含水量的降低而降低, 短波红外光谱反射率随土壤含水量的降低而升高。相同土壤水分条件下, 高氮水稻的冠层含水率高于低氮水稻的冠层含水率 ;同一水分条件下, 高氮处理的可见光区和短波红外波段光谱反射率低于低氮处理, 近红外波段光谱反射率高于低氮处理。发现拔节后比值植被指数 (R810 /R460 ) 与水稻叶片含水率和植株含水率呈极显著的线性相关, 模型的检验误差 (RootmeansquareError, RMSE) 分别为 0.93和 1.5 0。表明比值植被指数R810 /R460 可以较好地监测不同生育期水稻叶片和植株含水率。     

The impact of modifying photosystem antenna size on canopy photosynthetic efficiency—Development of a new canopy photosynthesis model scaling from metabolism to canopy level processes

Canopy photosynthesis (A_c) describes photosynthesis of an entire crop field and the daily and seasonal integrals of A_c positively correlate with daily and seasonal biomass production. Much effort in crop breeding has focused on improving canopy architecture and hence light distribution inside the canopy. Here, we develop a new integrated canopy photosynthesis model including canopy architecture, a ray tracing algorithm, and C₃ photosynthetic metabolism to explore the option of manipulating leaf chlorophyll concentration ([Chl]) for greater A_c and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Model simulation results show that (a) efficiency of photosystem II increased when [Chl] was decreased by decreasing antenna size and (b) the light received by leaves at the bottom layers increased when [Chl] throughout the canopy was decreased. Furthermore, the modelling revealed a modest ~3% increase in A_c and an ~14% in NUE was accompanied when [Chl] reduced by 60%. However, if the leaf nitrogen conserved by this decrease in leaf [Chl] were to be optimally allocated to other components of photosynthesis, both A_c and NUE can be increased by over 30%. Optimizing [Chl] coupled with strategic reinvestment of conserved nitrogen is shown to have the potential to support substantial increases in A_c, biomass production, and crop yields.     

油菜光合器官面积与导数光谱特征的相关关系

 运用导数光谱分析技术,研究了不同氮肥水平下不同品种油菜(Brassica napus)的 叶面积指数（Leaf area index, LAI）及角果皮面积指数 （Pod area index,PAI ）与冠层导数光谱及其衍生参数的定量关系。结果表明,油菜导数光谱与花前LAI和花后PAI均有良好的相关关系,在 750 nm附近相关关系最好,相关系数达到0.9左右。三边参数与油菜LAI和PAI的相关性顺序为：红边＞黄边＞蓝边,面积参数＞振幅参数＞位置 参数。油菜红边导数光谱的双峰现象降低了红边位置对油菜LAI和PAI的敏感程度,利用线性外推法拟合红边位置能 提高其对油菜LAI和PAI的敏 感程度。在三边参数及其衍生参数中,红边面积及其与蓝边面积的差与LAI及PAI的相关性最好,且适用于该研究中使用的不同品种。因此,750 nm 处的一阶导数光谱、红边面积及其与蓝边面积的差可用于有效地监测油菜的光合器官面积。     

An Analysis of Spatial Variation in the Nitrogen Content of Leaves from Different Horizons Within a Canopy

An analysis of spatial variation in the specific nitrogen contentof leaves from different positions within a canopy is developed.It is used to examine data obtained for contrasting crop species;the legume crop guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), and crops ofa forage sorghum. The analysis distinguishes two componentsof the leaf nitrogen content: one associated with the metabolicapparatus within the leaf tissues and the other with structuralelements of the leaf. The analysis allows the spatial variationin specific leaf nitrogen content to be quantitatively described. Leaf nitrogen content, crop growth, light interception     

Quantification of plant stress using remote sensing observations and crop models: the case of nitrogen management

Remote sensing techniques offer a unique solution for mapping stress and monitoring its time-course. This article reviews the main issues to be addressed for quantifying stress level from remote sensing observations, and to mitigate its impact on crop production by managing cultural practices. The case of nitrogen fertilization is used here as a paradigm. The derivation of canopy state variables such as the leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll content (C(ab)) is first addressed. It is demonstrated that the inversion of radiative transfer models leads to useful estimates of these variables. However, because of the ill-posed nature of the inverse problem, better accuracy is achieved when using prior information on the distribution of the variables and when multiplying LAI by C(ab) to get canopy level chlorophyll content. This variable, LAIxC(ab) is well suited for quantifying canopy level nitrogen content. It is used for nitrogen stress evaluation by comparison with a reference unstressed situation which is, however, not easy to get in practice. The combination of remote sensing observations with crop models provides an elegant solution for stress quantification through assimilation approaches. It fuses several sources of information within our knowledge of the processes involved and accounts for the environmental budget which can be integrated when making decisions about cultural practices. Conclusions are drawn on the issues related to the retrieval of canopy state variables from remote sensing data, to the link between these observables and crop models, and to the assimilation approaches. Avenues for further research are finally discussed along with the required observation system.     

Elements of a dynamic systems model of canopy photosynthesis

Improving photosynthesis throughout the full canopy rather than photosynthesis of only the top leaves of the canopy is central to improving crop yields. Many canopy photosynthesis models have been developed from physiological and ecological perspectives, however most do not consider heterogeneities of microclimatic factors inside a canopy, canopy dynamics and associated energetics, or competition among different plants, and most models lack a direct linkage to molecular processes. Here we described the rationale, elements, and approaches necessary to build a dynamic systems model of canopy photosynthesis. A systems model should integrate metabolic processes including photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen metabolism, resource re-mobilization and photosynthate partitioning with canopy level light, CO(2), water vapor distributions and heat exchange processes. In so doing a systems-based canopy photosynthesis model will enable studies of molecular ecology and dramatically improve our insight into engineering crops for improved canopy photosynthetic CO(2) uptake, resource use efficiencies and yields.     

Efficacy of different indices derived from spectral reflectance of wheat for nitrogen stress detection

Abstract

The productivity of cereal crops is mainly related to their nitrogen status. It is hypothesized that the spectral reflectance data could be used to predict wheat nitrogen status with spectral indices and that their performance depends on the nature of the interaction of the solar radiation with the crop canopy. A wheat crop was raised with 12 levels of nitrogen treatments: 0, 15, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, and 120 kg ha^?1, with uniform phosphorous and potassium nutrition and uniform water and management practice. The spectral reflectance measurements of the crop canopy were taken at 5 nm intervals, throughout the crop growth period. Different spectral indices, both broadband (ratio as well as orthogonal) and hyperspectral indices were computed throughout the growing season. Canopy Colour Difference (ΔE), an index developed from the entire visible region and hence broader than the spectral indices developed hitherto, was also estimated from the reflectance data. Simple linear relationships developed between spectral indices versus applied nitrogen levels as well as the plant nitrogen content revealed that the hyperspectral indices are less sensitive in comparison to broadband indices. The result was reinforced by a higher correlation between the colour difference, NDVI and Greenness Index with plant nitrogen level/content, as opposed to hyperspectral indices.     

Evaluation of canopy transpiration rate by applying a plant hormone “abscisic acid”

A method for evaluation of temporal changes in canopy transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in crop fields by using a plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has recently been developed. The method was applied to a corn canopy at different growth stages in the upper Yellow River basin, China. Diurnal changes in the canopy transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were evaluated at the initial stage with a leaf area index (LAI) of 0.37 on June 7 and the crop development stage with an LAI of 4.39 on July 15, 2005. The proportions of the accumulated transpiration rate during daytime to the accumulated evapotranspiration were 24% and 74% at the initial and crop development stages, respectively. Stomatal conductance varied in parallel with transpiration rate in the initial stage of the crop. However, in the crop development stage with low soil water content, stomatal conductance reached the maximum value at 10:00 a.m. and thereafter decreased rapidly at around noon with high evaporative demand to corn canopy. This shows the midday stomatal closure was caused by excessive water stress to corn canopy in the crop development stage. Thus, the proposed method with ABA application is useful for evaluation of temporal changes in transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, and hence, can detect the plant water stress.