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1.
Douglas Craig MacMillan Sharon Phillip 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2010,38(4):485-493
Market-based economic incentives are increasingly perceived as a cost-effective approach to biodiversity conservation but
empirical evidence to substantiate this claim is lacking. Using both qualitative and quantitative data analysis this paper
investigates the potential role of market incentives to increase venison production as a mechanism to resolve conflicts over
wild red deer management in the Scottish Highlands. Our analysis suggests the approach is unlikely to be effective because
investments in venison production would bring conflict with more important non-pecuniary objectives of landownership such
as ‘sporting quality’ and ‘exclusivity’. At a broader level we urge caution when considering the deployment of economic instruments
to resolve contemporary conservation conflicts where profit maximisation is not the dominant objective and/or where the target
group is extremely wealthy. 相似文献
2.
Shelley Burgin 《Wetlands Ecology and Management》2010,18(1):49-55
First developed in the USA in the early 1970s, ‘wetland mitigation banks’ provide a framework for conservation activities
that are designed to offset residual, unavoidable damage to the natural environment caused by development activities. The
concept is now a worldwide phenomenon. In this paper I consider the level of success of wetland mitigation banks in the USA
for biodiversity conservation with a view to informing ‘best practice’ in Australia. I conclude that although the concept
has merit, even in the USA where the processes have been evolving for over 30 years, the outcomes frequently fall short of
the target of a ‘like for like’ swap of habitat. While the outcome for wetland mitigation may not be an ‘unmitigated disaster’
it is, at best, apparently only modestly successful. 相似文献
3.
Juliette Young Allan Watt Peter Nowicki Didier Alard Jeremy Clitherow Klaus Henle Richard Johnson Endre Laczko Davy McCracken Simone Matouch Jari Niemela Caspian Richards 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2005,14(7):1641-1661
Conflicts between biodiversity conservation and human activities are becoming increasingly apparent in all European landscapes. The intensification of agricultural and silvicultural practices, land abandonment and other land uses such as recreation and hunting are all potential threats to biodiversity that can lead to conflicts between stakeholder livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. To address the global decline in biodiversity there is, therefore, a need to identify the drivers responsible for conflicts between human activities and the conservation of European biodiversity and to promote the management of these conflicts. Here, the drivers of biodiversity conflicts are analysed in a European context for five habitat types: agricultural landscapes, forests, grasslands, uplands and freshwater habitats. A multi- disciplinary approach to conflict management is described, with active stakeholder involvement at every stage of conflict identification and management as well as a range of other approaches including stakeholder dialogue and education, consumer education, improvement of political and legislative frameworks, financial incentives, and planning infrastructure. 相似文献
4.
Juliette C. Young James R. A. Butler Andrew Jordan Allan D. Watt 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2012,21(4):1095-1100
In a changing global environment, with increasing pressure on ecosystem goods and services, biodiversity conservation is likely
to become increasingly important. However, with the current global financial crisis, governments are increasingly trying to
stabilise economies through spending cuts aiming to reduce national deficits. Within such an economic climate, the devolution
of governance through public participation is an intrinsically appealing concept. We outline a number of challenges that explain
why increased participation in biodiversity management has been and may continue to be problematic. Using as a case study
the local stakeholder-driven Moray Firth Seal Management Plan in Scotland, we identify four key conditions that were crucial
to the successful participatory management of a biodiversity conflict: a local champion, the emergence of a crisis point,
the involvement of decision-makers, and long-term financial and institutional support. Three of the four conditions point
to the role of direct government involvement, highlighting the risk of devolving responsibility for biodiversity conflict
management to local communities. We argue that without an informed debate, the move towards a more participatory approach
could pose a danger to hard-won policy gains in relation to public participation, biodiversity conservation and conflict management. 相似文献
5.
Biodiversity investment priorities are a major concern for funding agencies and parties to the Convention on Biodiversity.
We present a cost-effectiveness index designed to rank global biodiversity investments addressing weaknesses identified in
several existing procedures. First, we explicitly address the issue of cost. Biodiversity conservation can be expensive --
ensuring that money is efficiently spent is important if conserving maximum biodiversity is an objective. Second, a high degree
of threat to biodiversity is commonly accepted as constituting the principal reason for intervention and a basis for prioritization.
The possibility that a high degree of threat might constitute a reason for non-intervention is rarely considered. The index
presented in this study seeks to address these shortcomings by incorporating biodiversity ‘cost’, as measured by investment,
and biodiversity ‘benefit’, as measured by a representative biodiversity indicator, species, richness. These elements form
the basis of the cost -- benefit ratio needed for cost-effectiveness analysis. Investment in biodiversity is affected by issues
of vulnerability (threat) and viability (success). A successful investment intervention will, however, depend on the probability
or likelihood of success and the degree of threat prevalent in a particular country. These are integrated into the index as
probabilities which will influence the amount of biodiversity ‘saved’ by an intervention. We apply the index using data for
the Asia – Pacific region, to provide a cost-effective priority investment index (CEPII) ranking by country. Acute data limitations
at the global level particularly in applying complementarity, necessitate caution in the interpretation of the index which,
like other methods, requires some subjective choice of success and threat surrogates. The index continues the task of combining
scientific and socioeconomic criteria relevant to global priorities.
This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
National parks have been the centre piece of international conservation strategies in developing countries. The expansion
in the network of national parks has enabled the conservation of biodiversity and habitats but the acquisition of vast areas
into the park system has often been achieved through the displacement of resident local communities. Displaced people are
exposed to a variety of impoverishment risks and this stokes up animosity towards parks. The research reported here seeks
to understand the key issues involved in the occupation of a section of Gonarezhou National Park by Headman Chitsa’s people.
The paper examines how the interplay between the history of displacement and dispossession, demographic pressures, limited
economic opportunities, the ‘fast track’ land reform programme and dynastic politics are fomenting the land conflict between
Gonarezhou and Chitsa community. Secondary actors with diverse interests have also come into the fold. Official efforts to
resolve the conflict using a top-down approach have yielded little success. This culminated in a shift towards the use of
traditional mechanisms of resolving a chieftaincy dispute as a step towards addressing the broader parks-people land conflict.
Lessons from the case study are, inter alia, that interventions aimed at resolving parks-people conflicts should be alive to local culture, livelihood needs and power
dynamics and, to the extent possible, eschew forcible relocations. Finally, we draw attention to the need to address the wider
contradiction between policies promoting wildlife conservation and those promoting agriculture. The article is written to
share lessons with readers interested in parks-people conflicts. 相似文献
7.
P. S. Ramakrishnan 《Journal of biosciences》2001,26(4):465-479
In the context of over-consumption of natural resources in the name of development and rapid industrialization by a small
section of the human population that is rapidly growing, the world is currently faced with a variety of environmental uncertainties.
‘Global change’ covering a whole variety of ecological issues, and ‘globalization’ in an economic sense, are two major phenomena
that are responsible for these uncertainties. There is increasing evidence to suggest that the developing countries more than
the developed, particularly the marginalized traditional (those living close to nature and natural resources) societies would
be the worst sufferers. In order to cope with this problem in a situation where the traditional societies have to cope with
rapidly depleting biodiversity on which they are dependant for their livelihood, there is an urgent need to explore additional
pathways for sustainable management of natural resources and societal development. Such pathways should be based on a landscape
management strategy, that takes into consideration the rich traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) that these societies have.
This is critical because TEK is the connecting link between conservation and sustainable development. This paper explores
the possibilities in this direction through a balanced approach to development, that links the ‘traditional’ with the ‘modern’,
in a location-specific way. 相似文献
8.
A new graphical model for untangling complex relationships among environment, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Takeshi Miki 《Ecological Research》2009,24(4):937-941
Recent advances in the research field of ‘biodiversity-ecosystem functioning’ have successfully begun to reconcile the apparent
controversy on relationships between productivity and species richness. By unifying new advances into a single framework,
I propose a 3D graphical model connecting the relationships among resource availability, species richness, and ‘community
productivity.’ An emergent pattern from this model predicts that the effect of species richness on community productivity
is maximized at intermediate levels of resource availability. This model will contribute to better understanding the relationships
among environment, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. 相似文献
9.
Spartaco Gippoliti 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2012,21(6):1359-1364
The role of ex situ activities for the conservation of biodiversity, and of zoos and aquaria in particular, is open to continuing debate. The
present note highlights the conservation breeding potential of zoological gardens and aquaria in the European union, but it
also recognises the lack of a convincing scientific and legal framework that encourages ex situ activities for ‘exotic’ species. If ex situ programmes are considered essential for global biodiversity conservation, the EU should not limit itself to regulating zoos
through the zoo directive, but should actively promote and support their ex situ conservation activities. 相似文献
10.
N. Theresa Hoagland 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(2):110-113
LCA practice focuses on impacts resulting from the release of chemicals into the environment, but consideration of ‘non-chemical
impacts’ is as important for LCA, particularly as it relates to sustainability. Methodologies and philosophies exist for addressing
non-chemical impacts, particularly in the area of resource depletion and land use, but the problem of comparing or integrating
chemical and non-chemical impacts remains. A new approach for identifying and integrating impacts involves the use of an object-oriented
modeling and simulation platform, such as Department of Energy Argonne National Laboratory’s Dynamic Information Architecture
System (DIAS). LCA and impact categories can be described as ‘objects’ (at any level of detail or specificity) and any combination
of objects and behaviors can be brought into a DIAS analysis frame. Related models that address objects’ behavior characteristics
are linked only to their respective objects, not to each other. Thus, maximum flexibility and speed is possible. The process
of dividing LCA and impact assessment into a hierarchy of objects provides new insights into the complex mixture of dynamic
things, activities, and relationships inherent in LCA and sustainability. Ultimately, embracing the complexity of LCA may
be the way to simplify it. 相似文献
11.
Anne Fournier 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2011,20(9):1895-1910
Anthropological contributions that challenge several common perceptions on sacred sites are still poorly taken into account
in conservation and ecological studies. This paper aims at filling this gap and providing a better framework for biological
studies. Local concepts of natural sacred sites and their ritual administration were studied and the ritual practices relating
to the vegetation of these sites were analyzed in the Bwaba cultural area in West Burkina Faso. Our research shows that these
ritual practices are much more diverse and fluid than might have been supposed. Protection ‘by tradition’ is thus rather different
from what we call conservation. While vegetation does matter, its presence on sacred sites is not essential. In addition,
under certain circumstances, sacred sites may be transferred or reproduced elsewhere. Attention is drawn to the inadequacy
of ‘sacred woods’ as a category, in an ecological as well as an anthropological sense. Even if wooded shrines may contribute
to biodiversity conservation as a side-effect of their religious purpose, the idea that they fundamentally are ‘endogenous’
nature conservatories must be disproved. 相似文献
12.
Brendan Fisher Richard B. Bradbury Julian E. Andrews Malcolm Ausden Stephanie Bentham-Green Sue M. White Jennifer A. Gill 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2011,20(11):2461-2481
Biodiversity conservation organisations have recently begun to consider a wider ecosystem services context for their activities.
While the literature suggests the potential of ‘win–win’ situations where biodiversity conservation and the delivery of ecosystem
services overlap, empirical evidence is wanting. Here we explore the role that species-led management for the benefit of biodiversity
in cultural landscapes can play in the delivery of wider ecosystem services. We use UK lowland wetlands as a case study and
show how successful delivery of species-led conservation through management interventions relies on practices that can affect
greenhouse gas fluxes, water quality and regulation, and cultural benefits. In these wetlands, livestock grazing has potentially
large effects on water and greenhouse gas related services, but there is little scope to alter management without compromising
species objectives. Likewise, there is little potential to alter reedbed management without compromising conservation objectives.
There is some potential to alter woodland and scrub management, but this would likely have limited influence due to the relatively
small area over which such management is practiced. The management of water levels potentially has large effects on provision
of several services and there does appear to be some scope to align this objective with biodiversity objectives. A comprehensive
understanding of the net costs and benefits to society of these interventions will require fine-grained research integrating ecological, economic
and social science research. However, a less analytic understanding of the potential costs and benefits can highlight ways
by which land management principally to achieve biodiversity conservation objectives might be modified to enhance delivery
of other ecosystem services. 相似文献
13.
Stable co-existence of similar species should be facilitated by mechanisms impairing, besides exploitative, interference competition.
We investigated avoidance of intra- and interspecific conflicts in a four-species community of shrews [Sorex minutus Linnaeus, 1766,S. araneus Linnaeus, 1758,Neomys anomalus Cabrera, 1907, andN. fodiens (Pennant, 1771)], using the method of dyadic encounters in a neutral arena. We tested whether the use of passive (habituation,
reduction of mobility, increase of inter-individual distance, and stillness) and active (‘to-and-fro’ and ‘keeping distance’
behaviours) forms of conflict avoidance depends on species, size or domination rank. The duration of conflicts was positively
correlated with mobility and negatively with inter-individual distance, whereas it was unrelated to time of stillness and
the active forms. The repertoire of conflict avoidance mechanisms was not species-specific and the display of these mechanisms
depended rather on the size and domination rank of animals participating in a given interaction. In contrast to rodents, shrews
did not avoid conflicts by the most passive forms: freeze and stillness reactions. All other forms were used with a higher
or lower efficiency by all species. However, consistent with our predictions, large shrews (asN. fodiens) used mainly the passive mechanisms of conflicts avoidance (‘wait-and-see’ strategy), whereas small shrews (asS. minutus) invest proportionally more time in active forms (‘escape’ strategy). 相似文献
14.
Christoph Antons 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2010,19(4):1189-1204
The article examines international treaties linking trade and environment, their governance models and implementation in the
context of Southeast Asia. Particular attention is being paid to the role of intellectual property concepts, customary law
and traditional knowledge as incentives for biodiversity conservation and to difficulties in defining the subject matter and
communities of knowledge holders. Indonesia’s regulation of traditional knowledge and access to biodiversity is discussed
as example. The article concludes that national development goals and interests in royalty collection frequently dominate
the discussion and that key concepts are still insufficiently defined to avoid overlaps and conflicts. Genuine local support
for the conservationist aims of the models will depend on whether a benefit flow to communities can be ensured and their original
role to act as incentives can be realised. International collaboration is important to avoid disputes concerning biodiversity
related knowledge held across borders. 相似文献
15.
DAVID B. LINDENMAYER PHILIP GIBBONS MAX BOURKE MARK BURGMAN CHRIS R. DICKMAN SIMON FERRIER JAMES FITZSIMONS DAVID FREUDENBERGER STEPHEN T. GARNETT CRAIG GROVES RICHARD J. HOBBS RICHARD T. KINGSFORD CHARLES KREBS SARAH LEGGE ANDREW J. LOWE ROB MCLEAN JENSEN MONTAMBAULT HUGH POSSINGHAM JIM RADFORD DOUG ROBINSON LISA SMALLBONE DAVID THOMAS TONY VARCOE MICHAEL VARDON GLENDA WARDLE ANDRE ZERGER 《Austral ecology》2012,37(3):285-294
Effective biodiversity monitoring is critical to evaluate, learn from, and ultimately improve conservation practice. Well conceived, designed and implemented monitoring of biodiversity should: (i) deliver information on trends in key aspects of biodiversity (e.g. population changes); (ii) provide early warning of problems that might otherwise be difficult or expensive to reverse; (iii) generate quantifiable evidence of conservation successes (e.g. species recovery following management) and conservation failures; (iv) highlight ways to make management more effective; and (v) provide information on return on conservation investment. The importance of effective biodiversity monitoring is widely recognized (e.g. Australian Biodiversity Strategy). Yet, while everyone thinks biodiversity monitoring is a good idea, this has not translated into a culture of sound biodiversity monitoring, or widespread use of monitoring data. We identify four barriers to more effective biodiversity monitoring in Australia. These are: (i) many conservation programmes have poorly articulated or vague objectives against which it is difficult to measure progress contributing to design and implementation problems; (ii) the case for long‐term and sustained biodiversity monitoring is often poorly developed and/or articulated; (iii) there is often a lack of appropriate institutional support, co‐ordination, and targeted funding for biodiversity monitoring; and (iv) there is often a lack of appropriate standards to guide monitoring activities and make data available from these programmes. To deal with these issues, we suggest that policy makers, resource managers and scientists better and more explicitly articulate the objectives of biodiversity monitoring and better demonstrate the case for greater investments in biodiversitymonitoring. There is an urgent need for improved institutional support for biodiversity monitoring in Australia, for improved monitoring standards, and for improved archiving of, and access to, monitoring data. We suggest that more strategic financial, institutional and intellectual investments in monitoring will lead to more efficient use of the resources available for biodiversity conservation and ultimately better conservation outcomes. 相似文献
16.
Cristina Pita Graham J. Pierce Ioannis Theodossiou Karen Macpherson 《Hydrobiologia》2011,670(1):289-306
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are attracting widespread attention worldwide as a tool for fishery management and marine ecosystem
conservation. The establishment of MPAs has increased greatly in recent years mostly due to international commitments to the
establishment of a global network of MPAs by 2012. MPAs have the potential to strongly affect the fishing industry, and their
success depends, at least partly, on fishers’ attitudes towards this management measure. However, research on MPAs tends to
focus on the ecological and conservation aspects of this management approach and not on its human dimensions. Studies in attitudes,
perceptions, beliefs and preferences related to MPA issues have been identified as priority social science topics in need
of research. We present a ‘rapid review’, conducted systematically, of the literature published up to September 2009 and aimed
at identifying the most investigated topics related to commercial fishers’ attitudes towards MPAs, describing the main findings
from these studies, and analysing the implications for management. Most published work focuses on fishers’ attitudes towards
issues of governance, conservation of biodiversity and the environment, and the impact of MPAs on fishing activity. Despite
the recent increase in the literature on the human dimensions of MPAs, the present review reveals that little of this literature
originates from empirical studies. Hence, given the forthcoming increase in the implementation of MPAs in the near future,
research on fishers’ attitudes towards these management measures is critically needed. 相似文献
17.
Gerald Kastberger Ronald Thenius Anton Stabentheiner Randall Hepburn 《Journal of Insect Behavior》2009,22(1):65-85
Colony defence in Apis mellifera involves a variety of traits ranging from ‘aggressive’ (e.g. entrance guarding, recruitment
of flying guards) to ‘docile’ (e.g. retreating into the nest) expression. We tested 11 colonies of three subspecies (capensis, scutellata, carnica) regarding their defensiveness. Each colony was selected as reportedly ‘aggressive’, ‘intermediate’ or ‘docile’ and consisted
of about 10,000 bees. We applied three stimulation regimes (mechanical disturbance, exposure to alarm pheromones, and the
combination of both) and measured their behaviours by tracking the rates of outflying bees at the entrance sites of the test
hives. We provided evidence that for mechanical disturbances the test colonies resolved into two response types, if the ‘immediate’
defence response, assessed in the first minute of stimulation, was taken as a function of foraging: ‘releaser’ colonies allocated flying guards, ‘retreater’ colonies reduced the outside-hive activities. This division was observed irrespective
of the subspecies membership and maintained in even roughly changing environmental conditions. However, if pheromone and mechanical
stimulation were combined, the variety of colony defensiveness restricted to two further types irrespective of the subspecies
membership: six of nine colonies degraded their rate of flying defenders with increasing foraging level, three of the colonies
extended their ‘aggressiveness’ by increasing the defender rate with the foraging level. Such ‘super-aggressive’ colonies
obviously are able to allocate two separate recruitment pools for foragers and flying defenders. 相似文献
18.
The objective of this paper is the structural and narrative reconstruction of representations of ‘nature’, ‘wildlife’ and
‘landscape’, held by rural residents of the Dadia Forest Reserve. Data collection involved in-depth interviews. Employing
a social representations’ approach, we recovered representational elements that are expected in the case of rural belief systems,
such as negative dispositions towards wolves and foxes, as well as elements of an urban adherence, such as nature’s independence.
Representational elements refer to visual aspects of the countryside, which seem compatible with the figurative nucleus of
the rural idyll. Concerning ‘wildlife’, residents focused on vultures, which comprise the main tourist attraction of the reserve.
Scientific knowledge adds to the complexity of the narrative schema, which corresponds to the representation of ‘wildlife’.
Interviewees perceived the rural landscape as an interface between the natural and the human-conditioned environment. Our
study shows that interviewees make no reference to environmental conservation or quality of life issues, as it could be expected
according to relatively wide definitions of the term ‘environmentalism’. Environmental messages reinforced by ecotourism development
seem to be recalled primarily in terms of their compatibility with the perceived economic benefit of local people. Despite
ecotourism development, representational elements that diverge from a tourist version of ‘nature’, ‘wildlife’ and ‘landscape’
were not pronounced within rural belief-systems. Further interventions within the study area are needed, in order to address
a variety of topics under the environmental conservation discourse and raise the environmental awareness of rural residents. 相似文献
19.
Helen M. Regan Frank W. Davis Sandy J. Andelman Astrid Widyanata Mariah Freese 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2007,16(9):2715-2728
In this paper we present the results of a multi-criteria decision analysis used to identify a comprehensive set of criteria
for assigning biodiversity value to sites for conservation planning. For effective conservation management, biodiversity value
needs to be a composite of biotic and abiotic factors. However, in the reserve design literature, conservation value is assigned
with a limited set of metrics usually based on comprehensiveness, representativeness and persistence which may be insufficient
at fully capturing biodiversity value. A group of conservation specialists in California, USA, used a multi-criteria decision
making framework to elucidate and weight criteria for scoring biodiversity value at sites. A formal model for consensus and
negotiation was applied to aggregate individuals’ criteria weights across all group members. The group identified ecological
condition, followed by biotic composition as the most important contributors to site conservation value. Long- and short-term
threats causing fragmentation and degradation are also important criteria to consider. Key criteria are identified for which
further data collection would serve the greatest purpose in prioritizing sites and the role of prioritization criteria in
the larger context of systematic conservation planning is discussed. With the recognition that biodiversity value plays an
important role in conservation decisions, the criteria presented here represents a comprehensive suite of factors to consider
when assigning biodiversity value to sites for conservation planning. These can serve as an encompassing list which other
groups can customize for the purpose of biodiversity evaluation for alternative conservation planning contexts. 相似文献
20.
The biodiversity of the 5,000 km-long Great Escarpment of southern Africa is currently poorly known, despite hosting half
of the subcontinent’s centres of plant endemism and to have a rich endemic vertebrate fauna, particularly in the north-west
and east. A country-based overview of endemism, data deficiencies and conservation challenges is provided, with Angola being
the country in most need of Escarpment research and conservation. Given that the Escarpment provides most of the subcontinent’s
fresh water, protection and restoration of Escarpment habitat providing such ecological services is urgently required. Key
research needs are exhaustive biodiversity surveys, systematic studies to test refugia and migration hypotheses, and the effects
of modern climate change. Such research results can then be consolidated into effective conservation planning and co-ordinated
international efforts to protect the rich biodiversity of the Escarpment and the ecological services it provides. 相似文献