Segregating characters used within <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amphiroa</Emphasis> (Corallinales,Rhodophyta) and taxonomic reevaluation of the genus in the Azores

A compilation of the published morphological and anatomical characters used in species diagnosis within the genus Amphiroa (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) was made and their expression was evaluated in 142 specimens collected in the Azores. An evaluation of the genus diversity in this archipelago was undertaken. Morphological and anatomical features here selected as diagnostic characters of Amphiroa in the Azorean plants include shape of the thallus, branching origin, morphology of the apical intergenicula in transverse section, number of cell tiers per mature geniculum and pattern of long vs. short intergenicular tiers of cells. The occurrence of Amphiroa beauvoisii and Amphiroa cryptarthrodia was confirmed in the Azores. The form cyathifera of the species Amphiroa fragilissima is newly reported for the Archipelago. Amphiroa exilis and Amphiroa rigida, the other species recorded in the area, were not observed. A morphological and anatomical account is provided for the studied species and comparisons made with both type material and material from the same species from other regions.     

Leaf anatomical studies of Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae) species from the Malay Peninsula

KHATIJAH, H. H., CUTLER, D. F. & MOORE, D. M., 1992. Leaf anatomical studies of Eugenia L. species from the Malay Peninsula. The leaf and petiole anatomy of 25 Malaysian species of Eugenia L. sensu lato was investigated to determine the value of vegetative anatomy for the identification of non-flowering material. Twelve characters proved useful for the identification of species: type of stomata; shape of leaves in T.S.; shape of midrib bundle; sclerenchyma sheath; cutinization of outer epidermal wall; presence or absence of sclereids, idioblasts, hypodermis, columnar epidermal cells, solitary crystals; number of palisade layers and the shape of vascular strand, sclerenchyma sheath and sclereids in the parenchyma of the petiole. Using these characters an anatomical key was constructed to assist identification of the species. Only the closely related species E. stapfiana and E. nilidula could not be separated on anatomical characters.
The anatomical data support the treatment of Henderson (1949) of section Acmena but not of sections Cleistocalyx and Fissicalyx , which fit better in section Syzygium.     

Comparative analysis of qualitative anatomical characters of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trifolium</Emphasis> L. (Fabaceae) and their taxonomic implications: preliminary results

A comparative anatomical study of 20 Trifolium species was carried out using light and scanning electron microscopy in order to investigate the structure of their vegetative and reproductive organs and to evaluate the taxonomic significance of qualitative characters for distinguishing between the taxa. Characters were coded and analysed by multiple correspondence analysis. The combination of selected qualitative anatomical characters of the petiole, stipules, stem, peduncle and calyx (not previously studied in detail) were significant in delimiting sections of the genus Trifolium, but not for identification of species. The characters that contributed most to the separation of sections were peduncle cross-section shape, the presence of trichomes on the calyx tubes and the presence of trichomes and crystals in the stipules.     

Comparative palynology and wood anatomy of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxodium distichum</Emphasis> (L.) Rich. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxodium mucronatum</Emphasis> Ten.

A comparative study of Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. and Taxodium mucronatum Ten. was carried out on the basis of pollen morphology and wood anatomy by light and scanning electron microscopy. We describe a detailed analysis of the anatomical characteristics of the wood, including the tracheids, ray parenchyma, axial parenchyma and number of cross-field pits. Palynological characters were also studied to reveal the shape, size and ultrastructure of the pollen grains. These studies give taxonomic support for the recognition of T. distichum and T. mucronatum as two different species.     

High morpho‐anatomical variability in Halimeda macroloba (Bryopsidales,Chlorophyta) in Thai waters

Halimeda macroloba is a common widespread and morphologically variable species in the Indo‐Pacific Ocean. A series of morphometric data (16 morphological and 46 anatomical variables) and the chloroplast‐encoded tuf A gene were examined to explore the morphological and genetic variations within the species and to better determine species boundaries in H. macroloba in Thai waters. Moreover, the environmental conditions, which may affect morphological variations in H. macroloba, especially of Haplotype I were examined. Our results showed that H. macroloba has more morpho‐anatomical variability and broader species boundaries than previously thought in several characters: holdfast type, segment shape and size, node height with differences in pore size, the presence of two additional patterns of peripheral utricle as seen in surface view, and additional layers of utricles (up to seven layers). Additionally, two new variable characteristics have been reported for the first time, i.e. shape and margin of peripheral utricles. Water depth and light correlated with thallus morphology, larger thalli and segments with a greater number of utricle layers were associated with subtidal plants, while smaller thalli and segments were found in the intertidal or high light intensity areas. The high plasticity of this species may explain why in the Indo‐Pacific Ocean this species is common and dominant.     

国产山小橘属(芸香科)植物花部解剖特征及其系统学意义

利用石蜡切片和显微解剖方法对芸香科山小橘属(Glycosmis)国产9个种类11份材料的花部特征进行解剖学研究.结果表明,国产山小橘属植物雄蕊花药顶端具有突尖附属体和油腺2种类型,大部分种类的花药背部具有1至数枚油腺,但山橘树(G.cochinchinensis)的花药具有稀疏长毛;雌蕊的子房柄按其增大程度分为近球形、增大垫状和伸长形3类,子房的形状有近球形和稍增大柱形,子房外壁有光滑、具圆形凸起腺点及具不规则瘤状凸起3种类型,子房室的数目有5室和4(或3)室2种类型,花柱形状分为圆柱状和渐狭柱状,柱头特征分为稍增粗和不明显两类;大部分种类花柱为宿存,仅锈毛山小橘(G.esquirolii)的花柱在果实发育时脱落.山小橘属的花部特征在种间具有较大的差异,可以作为属下类群划分的主要依据之一,具有重要的系统学意义.     

Comparative morphology,anatomy and palynological studies of perennial species of Onobrychis (Fabaceae) in northeast Iran

This study examined morphological, anatomical and palynological characters for six species, two subspecies and two varieties of perennial Onobrychis growing in northeast Iran. In the morphological study, shape, size and color of vegetative organs and legumes were assessed. For the anatomical study, cross sections of mature fresh or dried stems, leaflets and petioles were prepared and stained. In the palynological study, pollen were extracted, acetolysed and observed by SEM. The morphological study indicated that some characteristics varied among species, such as shape of stipules and calyx teeth, color and shape of corolla segments and legumes and an identification key is provided based on these characters. Also, in internal structure some differences were noticed in the shape of petiole cross sections, the thickness of cortex and pith shape in petioles and the arrangement of vessels in stems. Some anatomical characters proved useful to identify species, but not sections. Palynological results showed circular and obtuse triangular pollen in polar view and elliptical pollen in equatorial view with reticulate ornamentation. In addition, a cluster analysis was done based on morphological, anatomical and palynological features. The resulting dendrogram confirmed the taxonomic treatment suggested by Sirjaev and Rechinger.     

伞形科藁本属20种植物的果实特征及其分类学意义

采用扫描电镜方法对中国藁本属20种及山芎属1种植物的果实表面微形态进行首次研究,并对其中15种进行果实解剖特征观察。结果表明:藁本属植物果实微形态在外果皮表面突起度、细胞轮廓、表面纹饰和表皮分泌物上表现出丰富的多样性;在果实解剖特征上,果棱形状、油管数目、胚乳形状等种间差异明显且稳定,而种内居群间无变异,可作为藁本属种间鉴定及种间关系探讨的重要参考性状。结合前人对伞形科其他类群果实微形态与解剖结构特征的研究及近年来分子系统学的证据,得出如下结论:(1)藁本属不是一个自然类群;(2)支持拟藁本属归入藁本属;(3)对藁本属部分种的系统位置和种间亲缘关系进行了讨论。     

国产柽柳科3属6种植物营养枝的解剖观察

对国产柽柳科3属6种植物(琵琶柴、沙生柽柳、山川柽柳、多枝柽柳、刚毛柽柳、疏花水柏枝)营养枝解剖结构的比较研究表明：其当年生营养枝在表皮是否具毛、皮层细胞的形态结构、维管束排列方式、形成层的发生、髓部面积及内含物等性状上存在差异,并根据这些差异列出了分属检索表。所选6种植物生态型各不相同,其中琵琶柴为地带性超旱生小半灌木,柽柳为非地带性的潜水性旱、中生灌木,疏花水柏枝为湿、中生灌木。通过比较这6种植物的解剖结构,发现随着生境由湿生向旱生变化,营养枝解剖结构也发生了相应的变化,并与生境形成了良好的适应。     

Comparative anatomy of leaves and stems in some species of the South American genus Chrysolaena (Vernonieae,Asteraceae) and taxonomic implications

Vegetative anatomical features are poorly known in the South American genus Chrysolaena. In this study, leaves and stems of six Chrysolaena species were described and compared morphologically and anatomically using diaphanization, microtome serial sectioning and scanning electron microscopy. The species differed in leaf epidermis, type of stomata, shape of anticlinal walls of epidermal cells, trichome density, and presence or absence in stems of small air spaces in the cortical parenchyma and of druse‐shaped oxalate crystals. Furthermore, glandular trichomes and three types of non‐glandular trichomes with different number of basal cells were identified on leaves and stems. Collectively, these features proved instrumental to discriminate among the six studied species, suggesting that leaves and stems of Chrysolaena can represent a source for taxonomically useful characters. We also discuss anatomical features in relation to the environmental conditions in the species’ habitats.     

伞形科东当归的果实形态和解剖结构

对伞形科(Apiaceae)当归属(Angelica L.)东当归〔A.acutiloba(Sieb.et Zucc.)Kitag.〕的分生果形态特征和解剖结构进行了全面观察。该种分生果的外观呈倒椭圆状长卵形,有三角状萼齿,果棱、棱槽和腹面表面均有黄白色斑点。果实横切面解剖结构具有以下特征:外果皮终止于果棱顶端的腹面处,合生面宽阔,外果皮和中果皮细胞中有大量淡黄色晶体,油管在棱槽和合生面处连续分布等。东当归的这些果实形态及解剖结构明显不同于当归属的其他种类,其分类地位有待重新探讨。     

Anatomical and Molecular Identification of Ornamental Plant <i>Ficus</i> L. Species

This present study includes twelve species that represent the Ficus genus, namely; aspera, carica, tinctoria subsp. gibbosa, hirta, hispida, neriifolia, palmata, pumila, racemosa, septica, sur, and sycomorus, belonging to the Moraceae family. The species samples were collected from various locations in Egypt. The study focused on the anatomical and molecular characteristics of mature foliage leaves. Since the identification and classification of taxa are highly dependent on the anatomical features of leaves, the anatomical characteristics were recorded in the form of a comparison between the examined plants in the data matrix. This study aims to contribute to the identification of the studied species based on the anatomical details of the matured leaves. Anatomical characterization includes the variations in upper and lower epidermal layers that are covered by a thin or thick cuticle; the number of palisade and spongy layers; crystals; secretory elements; lithocysts; the midrib zone has parenchyma associated with mechanical tissue, vascular system, and investigation of trichomes; on the other hand, in the current study, the phylogenetic analysis was conducted by using the ITS and 5.8 S sequences. From the analysis of all the available data, it could be stated that there is an overall agreement with the anatomical character dendrogram.     

中国棱子芹属16种1变种的果实特征及其分类学意义

采用石蜡切片法对中国棱子芹属植物16种1变种进行了果实外部形态和解剖特征观察,研究了分生果大小、果棱形状、油管数目、胚乳形状等特征,文中探讨了部分棱子芹属植物的分类地位,为该属的系统分类研究及分类问题的解决提供了佐证。主要结论如下:(1)棱子芹属植物果实解剖特征在种间存在明显差异,在种内性状比较稳定。(2)所研究的棱子芹属植物果实在外部形态和解剖结构表现出较高的多态性和一定的规律性,可以为棱子芹属近缘种的鉴定提供重要的参考性状。(3)结合果棱性状、油管数目等解剖结构和前人分子系统学研究证据,研究认为真正的棱子芹属植物其成熟果实外果皮膨胀,果棱远端具空囊,中果皮和维管束形成的内棱较不显著。     

L'hominidé du Pléistocène supérieur en Corée

Since the middle of 1970s, one rock-shelter, six caves and one open archaeological site have yielded several hominid fossils. Among them, fossils from Yonggok, Mandal, Sangsi and Hungsu cave sites are useful to reconstruct the general shape of the Upper Pleistocene Hominids in Korea. The main study of this paper is to focus on the reconstruction of the general shape of the upper Pleistocene hominids, and to examine the cause of cranial changes from the late upper Paleolithic to Mesolithic period in Korea. Biomechanical principles are also applied to reconstruct the social activity of the upper Paleolithic man in Korea. In addition, it is assumed that main proponent of Paleolithic cultures in Korea might be Homo sapiens rather than any other species. Based on the anatomical characteristics of skull, the axillary border of the scapular and the midshaft of the femur, general appearance of Homo sapiens during the Pleistocene in Korea could be reconstructed.     

Post-natal ontogeny of the mandible and ventral cranium in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Marmota</Emphasis> species (Rodentia,Sciuridae): allometry and phylogeny

Post-natal ontogenetic variation of the marmot mandible and ventral cranium is investigated in two species of the subgenus Petromarmota (M. caligata, M. flaviventris) and four species of the subgenus Marmota (M. caudata, M. himalayana, M. marmota, M. monax). Relationships between size and shape are analysed using geometric morphometric techniques. Sexual dimorphism is negligible, allometry explains the main changes in shape during growth, and males and females manifest similar allometric trajectories. Anatomical regions affected by size-related shape variation are similar in different species, but allometric trajectories are divergent. The largest modifications of the mandible and ventral cranium occur in regions directly involved in the mechanics of mastication. Relative to other anatomical regions, the size of areas of muscle insertion increases, while the size of sense organs, nerves and teeth generally decreases. Epigenetic factors, developmental constraints and size variation were found to be the major contributors in producing the observed allometric patterns. A phylogenetic signal was not evident in the comparison of allometric trajectories, but traits that allow discrimination of the Palaearctic marmots from the Nearctic species of Petromarmota are present early in development and are conserved during post-natal ontogeny.     

Morphology, anatomy, palynology and nutlet micromorphology of the rediscovered Turkish endemic Salvia ballsiana (Lamiaceae) and their taxonomic implications

Salvia ballsiana (Rech. fil.) Hedge, previously known only from the type gathering, is a local endemic species from Turkey. The species was first collected from Gölbaşı (Malatya) by E. K. Balls in 1935, and was not collected again until 2008, when we found it in Gerger (Adıyaman). The diagnostic morphological characters of this rare endemic species are discussed, including its anatomical, palynological and nutlet micromorphological features. Morphological characteristics of leaves, calyces, corollas and types of stamens are useful for sectional and specific delimitation in Salvia . Anatomical characters such as number of ray rows in roots, distance between vascular bundles in stems, mesophyll structures in leaves, shape of mid-rib and presence/absence of sclerenchymatic tissue in petioles are of taxonomic significance. In addition, size, shape and ornamentation of pollen grains and nutlets are diagnostic.     

Testing the cranial evolutionary allometric ‘rule’ in Galliformes

Recent comparative studies have indicated the existence of a common cranial evolutionary allometric (CREA) pattern in mammals and birds, in which smaller species have relatively smaller faces and bigger braincases than larger species. In these studies, cranial allometry was tested using a multivariate regression between shape (described using landmarks coordinates) and size (i.e. centroid size), after accounting for phylogenetic relatedness. Alternatively, cranial allometry can be determined by comparing the sizes of two anatomical parts using a bivariate regression analysis. In this analysis, a slope higher or lower than one indicates the existence of positive or negative allometry, respectively. Thus, in those species that support the CREA ‘rule’, positive allometry is expected for the association between face size and braincase size, which would indicate that larger species have disproportionally larger faces. In this study, I applied these two approaches to explore cranial allometry in 83 Galliformes (Aves, Galloanserae), ranging in mean body weight from 30 g to 2.5 kg. The multivariate regression between shape and centroid size revealed the existence of a significant allometric pattern resembling CREA, whereas the second analysis revealed a negative allometry for beak size and braincase size (i.e. contrary to the CREA ‘rule’, larger galliform species have disproportionally shorter beaks than smaller galliform species). This study suggests that the presence of CREA may be overestimated when using cranium size as the standard measurement.     

Morphological and anatomical contributions to the taxonomical identification of two <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ornithogalum</Emphasis> taxa (<Emphasis Type="Italic">O. nutans and O. boucheanum</Emphasis>) from Flora of Turkey

In this study, morphological and anatomical features of Ornithogalum nutans and O. boucheanum, two relative and morphologically similar species growing in European Turkey, were investigated. These species showed some important anatomical differences with regard to leaf anatomy while they have identical features in stem. The stem anatomy of these two species displays the common properties of monocotyledons. The mesophyll is unifacial and contains monotypic chlorenchyma cells in the leaf of O. nutans. It has no lacunae. The mesophyll in O. boucheanum is equifacial and it has lacunae. This anatomical distinction may be useful for the identification of these similar-looking species.