<Emphasis Type="Italic">Subsessila turbinata</Emphasis> gen. et. sp. nov. (Beltraniaceae), a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Beltrania</Emphasis>-like fungus from Thailand

A new monotypic Beltrania-like genus, Subsessila, with its type species S. turbinata, is described, illustrated and compared with similar genera. The new genus is introduced in the family Beltraniaceae based on phylogenetic analysis and morphological characters. Subsessila can be easily distinguished from other Beltrania-like genera by dark setae arising from radially lobed basal cells, mostly lacking macronematous conidiophores. Conidiogenous cells are ampulliform or doliiform and produce turbinate to clavate conidia with rostrate proximal end and rounded distal end. Evidence for establishment of the new genus is provided based on morphological comparison and DNA sequence data analyses.     

Phylogeny and taxonomy of casebearer moths (Lepidoptera,Coleophoridae) based on morphological and molecular genetic data. 1. Reconstruction of phylogeny of coleophoridae using analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">COI</Emphasis> gene variability

A phylogenetic study of representatives of the family Coleophoridae was conducted using a comprehensive approach, including methods of morphological and molecular genetic analyses. The existent data on the family system were compared with the results of phylogenetic analysis of the COI mitochondrial gene sequences. Four of the five studied subfamilies (Coleophorinae, Ischnophaninae, Augasminae, and Tolleophorinae) corresponded to their location on the phylogram; representatives of Metriotinae were part of Coleophorinae. According to the aggregate data from molecular phylogeny and morphology, the most numerous subfamily of casebearers, Coleophorinae, is polyphyletic within its current boundaries. The results of our analysis of COI molecular divergence does not refute the monophyly of the tribes Casignetellini, Carpochenini, Klinzigedini, Goniodomini, Casasini, and Atractulini from the subfamily Coleophorinae. The allocation of the tribes Aporipturini and Sistrophoecini within the subfamily does not correspond to the molecular data. Monophyly of the genera Ecebalia, Perygra, and Casignetella was confirmed. These genera are well isolated, which reflects the evolutionary significance of the morphological characters chosen for their taxonomic division. The boundaries of the cluster containing these genera correspond to those of the tribe Casignetellini, justifying the allocation of this tribe within the subfamily. The existence of monophyletic tribes Goniodomini (genus Goniodoma) and Carpochenini (genera Ionescumia, Carpochena, and Falkmisa) was also supported. The exceptions were the genera Kasyfia, Tollsia, and Agapalsa, whose monophyly was not confirmed by our results. The distribution of the sequences of species of these genera indicated a paraphyletic origin of Kasyfia and Tollsia and a polyphyletic origin of Agapalsa.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Aurantioideae (Rutaceae) based on RAD-Seq

The economically and nutritionally important genus Citrus belongs to the subfamily Aurantioideae in the family Rutaceae. Here, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Aurantioideae based on RAD-Seq. The RAD-Seq data produced phylogenetic trees with high support values, clear discriminations based on branch length, and elucidations of early branching events. Our genetic classification corresponded well with the classical morphological classification system and supported the subdivision of Citreae, one of two tribes of the Aurantioideae, into three subtribes—Triphasiinae, Citrinae, and Balsamocitrinae. Additionally, it was largely consistent with the subdivision of Clauseneae, the other tribe of the Aurantioideae, into three subtribes—Micromelinae, Clauseninae, and Merrillinae; the exception was Murraya paniculata. With the exception of members of primitive citrus fruit trees, namely, Severinia buxifolia and Hesperethusa crenulata, lower-level morphological groupings under subtribes based on genetic and morphological classifications corresponded well. The phylogenetic relationship between Asian “true citrus fruit trees” (genera Citrus, Poncirus, and Fortunella) and Australian/New Guinean citrus fruit trees (genera Microcitrus, Eremocitrus, and Clymenia) was inconsistent between present classification based mainly on the nuclear genome and the previous classification based on the chloroplast genome. This inconsistency may be explained by chloroplast capture. Our findings provide a valuable insight into the genetic relationships of the subfamily Aurantioideae in the family Rutaceae.     

Anatomy,pollen, and chromosomes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Adenoa</Emphasis> (Turneraceae), a monotypic genus endemic to Cuba

The monotypic genus Adenoa is endemic to Cuba. Its name alludes to the presence of minute glands on the petal margin, identified in the present study as lachrymiform colleters. Here we describe the morphological, anatomical, palynological, and chromosome features that characterize Adenoa cubensis. The indumentum of Adenoa consists only of stellate trichomes. Unlike many species of the new world genera Piriqueta and Turnera, Adenoa lacks glandular hairs and extrafloral nectaries. Adenoa, Piriqueta, and Turnera share the presence of standard, sessile, and lachrymiform colleters. The leaves of Adenoa have xeromorphic features, which include entire, revolute blade margins, an adaxial hypodermis, and stomata restricted to the abaxial surface. The chromosome number is 2n?=?14, which is probably the ancestral number of the family. Adenoa chromosomes are similar in size to those of Turnera, and are larger than those of Piriqueta. Using the available data, we discuss relationships among the new world genera of Turneraceae.     

Mesozoic rissoid gastropods: History of the study,systematics, and diversity

The history of the study and review of generic and species diversity of Mesozoic rissoid gastropods are provided. The generic composition of Jurassic rissoid gastropods is revised, so that it is proposed to regard them as the family Rissoidae, comprising the genera Bralitzia, Buvignieria, Palaeoceratia, and Palaeorissoina. It is tentatively proposed to assign the genus Hudlestoniella to Rissoidae; this is caused by insufficient morphological knowledge of this genus. The family Palaeorissoidae is regarded as a synonym of Rissoidae. Stratigraphical and geographical distribution of Rissoidae genera is reviewed. From the Jurassic of European Russia, the following species of the genus Buvignieria are described: B. calloviana Gründel, B. imminuera Gründel, B. paucicostata Gründel, B. eichwaldiana (Rouillier), B. choroshovensis Gerasimov, and B. gruendeli sp. nov. The morphological characteristics and stratigraphical distribution of these species are provided. Based on extensive material, the taxonomic significance of particular conchological characters for the establishment of species is discussed.     

Molecular genetic analysis of the suprageneric system of casebearer moths,with a description of a new genus from the tribe Carpochenini Cǎpuşe, 1973 (Lepidoptera,Coleophoridae)

Based on a complex approach including morphological and molecular genetic methods, the taxonomic position of two casebearer moth species Coleophora tsherkesi Falkovitsh, 1970 and C. isabellina Falkovitsh, 1970 (Lepidoptera, Coleophoridae) is discussed. On the phylogenetic tree based on the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI), two species form a common cluster with species of the genera Ionescumia, Carpochena, and Goniodoma. Data on the molecular phylogeny and morphology justify the placement of Coleophora tsherkesi and C. isabellina in a separate genus Falkmisa Anikin et Dyomin, gen. n. Thus, the tribe Carpochenini includes three genera: Ionescumia, Carpochena, and Falkmisa.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Calcarisporium xylariicola</Emphasis> sp. nov. and introduction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Calcarisporiaceae</Emphasis> fam. nov. in Hypocreales

During a survey of fungicolous fungi, a novel taxon from the surface of stroma of an unidentified Xylaria species was collected. Phylogenetic analyses showed that this taxon clustered with Calcarisporium sp. and C. arbuscula isolates, but was resolved as a distinct species. A detailed morphological examination coupled with phylogenetic analysis indicated that the taxon represented a new species. Calcarisporium xylariicola sp. nov. is thus introduced. The new taxon is characterized by short conidiophores with swollen bases and less length/width ratio of conidia that distinguish it from other Calcarisporium species. Calcarisporium is presently placed in Hypocreales genera, incertae sedis genus. Species in the genus are largely fungicolous, or occasionally caulicolous or foliicolous, and have hyaline, erect, verticillate conidiophores and sympodial, polyblastic conidiation. A phylogenetic analysis of combined SSU, ITS, LSU, TEF and RPB2 sequence data from Calcarisporium species and other taxa in Hypocreales indicate that Calcarisporium is a distinct lineage from other families. Therefore, a new family, Calcarisporiaceae, in Hypocreales is introduced.     

An ultrastructural study of spore wall development and septal pores in species of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pachyphlodes</Emphasis> (Pezizaceae,Pezizales) lineage,with a description of the new species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pachyphlodes annagardnerae</Emphasis>

Pachyphlodes (Pezizaceae) is a genus of truffle-like fungi that is distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. These fungi form ectomycorrhizae primarily with trees in the Fagaceae family, and occasionally with other host plants. The genus Plicariella (= Scabropezia) is phylogenetically inferred as an ally of, or within, the Pachyphlodes lineage. Despite molecular phylogenetic analyses that show the close relationships of species in these two genera, morphological differences in ascomata shape and color, spore ornamentation, and ascus shape are profound. Here, we studied spore wall development to better understand affinities within the Pachyphlodes–Plicariella lineages. Electron microscopy studies indicate that the initial spore wall development is similar across six Pachyphlodes species and a Plicariella species, despite striking differences in mature spore ornamentation among species. Ultrastructural analyses reveal that differences in spore ornamentation among Pachyphlodes species are due to unique developmental events at the final stages of spore wall deposition. Septal pore ultrastructure in Pachyphlodes species is similar to other Pezizaceae that have been studied. Molecular analyses of the five species studied indicate that four of them have not been previously described. The new species Pachyphlodes annagardnerae is here described, and the ultrastructural features of species of Pachyphlodes, Plicariella, and other Pezizales are compared and discussed.     

Phylogeny of anaerobic fungi (phylum <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neocallimastigomycota</Emphasis>), with contributions from yak in China

The phylum Neocallimastigomycota contains eight genera (about 20 species) of strictly anaerobic fungi. The evolutionary relationships of these genera are uncertain due to insufficient sequence data to infer their phylogenies. Based on morphology and molecular phylogeny, thirteen isolates obtained from yak faeces and rumen digesta in China were assigned to Neocallimastix frontalis (nine isolates), Orpinomyces joyonii (two isolates) and Caecomyces sp. (two isolates), respectively. The phylogenetic relationships of the eight genera were evaluated using complete ITS and partial LSU sequences, compared to the ITS1 region which has been widely used in this phylum in the past. Five monophyletic lineages corresponding to six of the eight genera were statistically supported. Isolates of Caecomyces and Cyllamyces were present in a single lineage and could not be separated properly. Members of Neocallimastigomycota with uniflagellate zoospores represented by Piromyces were polyphyletic. The Piromyces-like genus Oontomyces was consistently closely related to the traditional Anaeromyces, and separated the latter genus into two clades. The phylogenetic position of the Piromyces-like genus Buwchfawromyces remained unresolved. Orpinomyces and Neocallimastix, sharing polyflagellate zoospores, were supported as sister genera in the LSU phylogeny. Apparently ITS, specifically ITS1 alone, is not a good marker to resolve the generic affinities of the studied fungi. The LSU sequences are easier to align and appear to work well to resolve generic relationships. This study provides a comparative phylogenetic revision of Neocallimastigomycota isolates known from culture and sequence data.     

Revisiting phylogenetic diversity and cryptic species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cenococcum geophilum</Emphasis> sensu lato

The fungus Cenococcum geophilum Fr. (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) is one of the most common ectomycorrhizal fungi in boreal to temperate regions. A series of molecular studies has demonstrated that C. geophilum is monophyletic but a heterogeneous species or a species complex. Here, we revisit the phylogenetic diversity of C. geophilum sensu lato from a regional to intercontinental scale by using new data from Florida (USA) along with existing data in GenBank from Japan, Europe, and North America. The combination of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene resolved six well-supported lineages (87–100 % bootstrap values) that are closely related to each other and a seventh lineage that is phylogenetically distinct. A multi-locus analysis (small subunit (SSU), large subunit (LSU), translational elongation factor (TEF), and the largest and second-largest subunits of RNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2)) revealed that the divergent lineage is the sister group to all other known Cenococcum isolates. Isolates of the divergent lineage grow fast on nutrient media and do not form ectomycorrhizas on seedlings of several pine and oak species. Our results indicate that C. geophilum sensu lato includes more phylogenetically distinct cryptic species than have previously been reported. Furthermore, the divergent lineage appears to be a non-mycorrhizal sister group. We discuss the phylogenetic diversity of C. geophilum sensu lato and argue in favor of species recognition based on phylogenetic and ecological information in addition to morphological characteristics. A new genus and species (Pseudocenococcum floridanum gen. et sp. nov.) is proposed to accommodate a divergent and putatively non-mycorrhizal lineage.     

Assessing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Azorella</Emphasis> (Apiaceae) and its allies: Phylogenetics and a new classification

Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear rDNA spacers (ITS and ETS) from Azorella and five closely related genera confirm earlier plastid results indicating that Azorella, Huanaca, Mulinum, and Schizeilema are all polyphyletic, and that the monotypic genus Laretia is nested within one of the six subclades of Azorella. Only Stilbocarpa is monophyletic, but that genus is embedded within a larger clade that includes representatives of three other genera (Azorella, Huanaca, and Schizeilema). Both nuclear and plastid datasets identify the same 10 clades, but the placement of these clades remains unstable. A new classification is presented in which these six genera are reduced to a single genus (Azorella) comprising 58 species arranged in 10 sections, one of which is newly described here (Azorella sect. Ranunculus), and one lectotypified (Azorella sect. Glabratae). A total of 13 new combinations are made (A. albovaginata, A. allanii, A. boelckei, A. burkartii, A. colensoi, A. echegarayi, A. echinus, A. hallei, A. lyallii, A. polaris, A. prolifera, A. robusta, A. ulicina), along with three replacement names (A. atacamensis, A. ruizii, A. schizeilema). For each of the 58 accepted species, a full synonymy is provided along with geographic ranges (and nomenclatural notes, where useful).     

Taxonomic re-evaluation of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lambertella</Emphasis> (Rutstroemiaceae,Helotiales) and allied stroma-forming fungi

The genus Lambertella is currently considered to be one of the largest genera in the family Rutstroemiaceae, and its major distinguishing character is the pigmentation of ascospores, besides a substratal stroma. Although Lambertella appears to be well-defined by morphological characters, its phylogenetic heterogeneity has been suggested in earlier studies. To circumscribe the genus more precisely, morphological examination and phylogenetic analysis was conducted on some Lambertella species and some allied stroma-forming fungi. In total, 58 taxa were included in the study, including 16 species with both a substratal stroma and pigmented ascospores. The polyphyly of Lambertella sensu lato was confirmed based on the phylogenetic analysis of ITS, LSU, and RPB2 regions. A highly supported clade is composed of five Lambertella species, including the type L. corni-maris. Morphologically, all species here included in Lambertella s. s. have brown ascospores prior to being discharged from asci, whereas in other species currently placed in Lambertella, but now excluded from the genus, they turn brown only after discharge. This clade was defined as Lambertella sensu stricto. Pigmentation of the ascospores was also recognized in Lanzia and Poculum, and even in the helotiaceous genus Hymenoscyphus, but always only after discharge. The convergent evolution of a dark substratal stroma in Rutstroemiaceae and Helotiaceae was also indicated.     

<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Barrmaelia</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Entosordaria</Emphasis> in Barrmaeliaceae (fam. nov., Xylariales) and critical notes on <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Anthostomella</Emphasis>-like genera based on multigene phylogenies

Phylogenetic analyses of a combined DNA data matrix containing ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 sequences of representative Xylariales revealed that the genus Barrmaelia is a well-defined monophylum, as based on four of its described species (B. macrospora, B. moravica, B. oxyacanthae, B. rhamnicola) and the new species B. rappazii. The generic type of Entosordaria, E. perfidiosa, is revealed as the closest relative of Barrmaelia, being phylogenetically distant from the generic type of Clypeosphaeria, C. mamillana, which belongs to Xylariaceae sensu stricto. Entosordaria and Barrmaelia are highly supported and form a distinct lineage, which is recognised as the new family Barrmaeliaceae. The new species E. quercina is described. Barrmaelia macrospora, B. moravica and B. rhamnicola are epitypified and E. perfidiosa is lecto- and epitypified. Published sequences of Anthostomella and several Anthostomella-like species from the genera Alloanthostomella, Anthostomelloides, Neoanthostomella, Pseudoanthostomella and Pyriformiascoma are evaluated, demonstrating the necessity of critical inspection of published sequence data before inclusion in phylogenies. Verified isolates of several species from these genera should be re-sequenced to affirm their phylogenetic affinities. In addition, the generic type of Anthostomella should be sequenced before additional generic re-arrangements are proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Basidiophora delawarensis</Emphasis>, a new downy mildew species infecting cultivated goldenrod (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solidago sphacelata</Emphasis>) in the USA

Species in the genus Basidiophora (Oomycota, Peronosporales) are pathogens causing downy mildew disease on several closely related plant hosts in the family Asteraceae, including the genera Conyza, Erigeron, Solidago, and Symphyotrichum. Despite their widespread occurrence, little is known about the diversity, biology, and economic impact of downy mildew pathogens of ornamental or wild plants in the Asteraceae. In June 2017, Solidago sphacelata plants of the cultivar ‘Golden Fleece’ were found in the state of Delaware, USA, showing typical symptoms of downy mildew disease. Initial morphological observations indicated the specimen belonged to the genus Basidiophora. Phylogenetic analysis of a sequence matrix of the partial cox2 mitochondrial gene using Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods showed that the Basidiophora isolate from S. sphacelata represents an undescribed species that is here described as B. delawarensis. This new species constitutes the third accepted species in the genus Basidiophora and can be distinguished from other Basidiophora species by differences in size of sporangia and sporangiophores and nucleotide sequence divergence. This new species poses a potential threat to its host, warranting close monitoring and the implementation of disease management programs.     

Disentangling <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phialophora</Emphasis> section <Emphasis Type="Italic">Catenulatae</Emphasis>: disposition of taxa with pigmented conidiophores and recognition of a new subclass,Sclerococcomycetidae (Eurotiomycetes)

A new genus Rhopalophora is described for Phialophora clavispora, a lignicolous species formerly placed in Phialophora section Catenulatae that possesses pigmented conidiophores, phialides with a single conidiogenous locus that occasionally appear as schizophialides, and clavate, aseptate conidia arranged in chains or sometimes in heads. Sexual morphs are not known for this taxon. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from five loci (nucSSU, ITS, nucLSU, mitSSU, rpb1 and rpb2) of this and related fungi supports the introduction of a new family, Sclerococcaceae, for which we establish the order Sclerococcales. This order belongs to the new subclass Sclerococcomycetidae, a strongly supported clade within the Eurotiomycetes that is basal to a lineage containing the Chaetothyriomycetidae, Coryneliomycetidae and Eurotiomycetidae. Rhopalophora clavispora fits in this new family and is closely related to an isolate of Fusichalara minuta. The Sclerococcales also encompass marine, lignicolous species of Dactylospora, two species of the lichenicolous genus Sclerococcum, and a lineage comprised of strains from the digestive tracts of Neotropical wood-inhabiting beetles. We confirm that Dactylospora is polyphyletic; the phylogenetic placement of D. parasitica, the generic type, remains unknown.