果树引种与砧木的关系

近十年来,从国内外引种的果树及观赏植物很多,有些成活率很高,有的则死亡严重。十年来,笔者对引进的果树的生长情况进行了观察,发现引入后用当地植物作砧木的生长结果都表现良好。砧木对苹果、北京蜜桃引种的影响五十     

湖南大围山和八面山香果树种群的年龄结构和演替动态比较

选取湖南大围山和八面山3处典型的香果树(Emmenopterys henryi)群落,通过分析香果树种群的重要值、物种多样性、年龄结构,绘制生命表和生存曲线图,并与其他不同地区3处香果树群落进行比较,探讨不同纬度、不同立地生境对香果树种群的年龄结构和演替动态的影响。结果表明:(1)大围山上游香果树群落的优势种群为多脉榆(Ulmus castaneifolia)、香果树和青钱柳(Cyclocaryapaliuru);大围山下游香果树群落的优势种群为黄檀(Dalbergia hupeana)、香果树和油茶(Camellia oleifera);八面山香果树群落的优势种群为野核桃(Juglans cathayensis)、香果树和小叶青冈(Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia)。(2)大围山上游香果树群落共有维管植物60科96属118种,大围山下游香果树群落共有维管植物76科120属163种,大围山上游和下游香果树群落地理成分均表现为温带成分高于热带成分;八面山香果树群落共有维管植物61科95属108种,地理成分表明热带成分高于温带成分。(3)根据年龄结构和生存分析,香果树种群在不同的群落中所处演替阶段不同,大围山上游为衰退型种群,大围山下游为稳定型种群,八面山为增长型种群,均具有代表性。(4)经分析对比,纬度位置、岩石裸露度、郁闭度、群落内优势种群的生长状况和人为破坏程度等是影响香果树种群生长趋势的因素,建议对大围山的2个香果树群落应加强后续监测,并参照八面山的香果树种群生存状况针对岩石裸露度、郁闭度等进行适当人工干扰和管理,以保障香果树种群的健康生长。     

果树成花转变途径与调控研究进展

植物成花转变是营养生长向生殖生长转变的过程,木本果树过长的童期严重制约了育种的进程。相对于模式植物,目前对果树成花转变与调控的研究相对较少。因此,了解并掌握果树成花转变的途径及调控方法,对于缩短果树童期、调控开花,加速果树育种具有重要意义。基于近年来国内外相关研究,本文系统总结了果树的成花途径,阐述了果树栽培措施、植物生长调节剂等成花调控方法,以及果树中成花调控的相关基因及网络机制。最后,本文还对以修饰组学为主的多组学以及嫁接和植物生长调节剂在果树成花调控中的研究前景进行了展望。     

庐山香果树毛竹混交林空间格局研究

为了解庐山毛竹入侵对香果树的影响,采用Ripley’sK(t)函数分析香果树毛竹混交林群落空间分布格局和种间关联关系。结果表明:香果树幼树在较小的尺度上呈聚集分布,较大尺度上随机分布直至均匀分布;香果树成年树在较小的尺度上呈随机分布,较大尺度上聚集分布;毛竹在所有的研究尺度上为显著聚集分布,且随着尺度的增大,聚集强度增加。毛竹与香果树幼树在较小的尺度上没有明显关联性,在较大的尺度上呈显著负相关;毛竹与香果树成年树在一系列尺度上均表现为显著负相关。根据空间关联性分析结果,应从幼龄起对生长有香果树的森林群落进行必要的管理,伐除毛竹及一些影响较大的其它乔木树种,挖除地下竹鞭,为香果树提供良好的生长环境,进而恢复其种群的天然合理配置。否则,香果树这一珍贵的植物资源在庐山将有灭绝的危险。     

不同年龄香果树种子雨和种子库及其更新特征

对宝天曼自然保护区香果树种子雨、土壤种子库进行了观测,并进行不同微生境播种实验,研究其种子萌发及幼苗生长动态。结果表明:(1)不同龄级香果树种子雨持续时间及其高峰期有所不同,种子雨强度存在极显著差异。(2)20~50龄级香果树的种子饱满率、土壤种子库中种子密度均显著低于其他龄级,但其不同类型种子的水平和垂直分布规律一致;大约80%的香果树种子在其萌发前消失,剩余种子中以霉烂种子密度最高(9.81粒·m-2),饱满种子密度最低(1.94粒·m-2)。(3)野外育苗实验表明,不同龄级香果树所产饱满种子的萌发率及幼苗存活率差异不显著,其种子萌发率约为16.93%,但仅有3.86%的幼苗寿命超过5个月;不同微生境对香果树幼苗存活率产生显著影响,林窗是其最适宜微生境。研究认为,人工采集香果树种子,于次年4月份在原生境下播种;清理母树冠下和冠缘的地被物,增加林缘空地地被物覆盖度,以减少香果树种子的损失,改善香果树种子萌发和幼苗生长的光照条件,以利于幼苗根系的生长,促进香果树的自然更新。     

黄土高原苹果园土壤水分及水分生产力模拟

以长武地区为例,采用WinEPIC模型模拟1980—2018年间黄土高原旱作苹果园地深剖面土壤水分和水分生产力变化动态,以期为该区苹果产业的可持续发展提供科学依据。结果表明: 长武地区苹果园年均产量为26.37 t·hm^-2,年均蒸散量为673.66 mm,年均水分生产力为4.07 kg·m^-3,成龄果树水分胁迫天数主要受降雨量影响,果树生长后期年均胁迫天数为46.46 d,深层土壤含水量最早于9龄果树开始接近凋萎湿度。长武地区苹果整个生长周期内供水量是对果园产量影响最大的因素,深层土壤有效水含量降低是制约果树生长中后期产量提高的最主要因素,在降水不足的年份果树会利用更深层土壤水分。当深层土壤可利用水分较少时,过多的降水并未被果树利用,而是转化为浅层土壤水分蒸发。对于成龄果树在年供水量低于500 mm或高于700 mm时都会造成产量的下降。针对不同生长时期的果园,在不同的降雨年份应该调整果园水分管理策略,可以通过补充灌溉、拦蓄集聚雨水、覆盖、修剪枝条等管理措施,降低果树非生产性耗水及自身奢侈性耗水,延缓深层土壤干层的出现时间,在保证果树生长的同时避免水资源的浪费。     

干旱胁迫下AMF对云南蓝果树幼苗生长和光合特征的影响

采用盆栽试验与称重控水法,将土壤相对含水量分别控制在田间最大持水量的100%、91.68%、82.85%、60.00%、41.86%和21.28%,并在这6个不同的土壤相对含水量条件下,分别设添加苯菌灵(杀真菌剂)(低AMF)和不添加苯菌灵(高AMF)处理,研究干旱胁迫下AMF对极小种群野生植物云南蓝果树幼苗生长和光合特征的影响,揭示云南蓝果树濒危的微生物学机制,为云南蓝果树保护措施的制定与实施奠定基础。结果表明,添加苯菌灵处理显著降低了不同水分条件下的AMF侵染率,说明试验中AMF处理的实生苗在生长和光合特征上的差异是苯菌灵处理下侵染率下降导致的;随着干旱胁迫的加剧,云南蓝果树幼苗的根部AMF侵染率显著降低、叶面积等生长指标和净光合速率(Pn)等光合参数都发生显著变化;高AMF处理可以显著增加水分充足和轻度干旱胁迫条件下云南蓝果树幼苗的大部分生长指标和光合参数,而对重度胁迫下的云南蓝果树幼苗没有显著影响,说明重度干旱胁迫对其影响大于AMF的影响;另外,整合了可塑性指数分析和隶属函数分析两种方法对其抗旱性进行评价,云南蓝果树幼苗基本上无法通过调节形态和光合能力来适应水分环境的变化,但是高AMF处理可使云南蓝果树幼苗具有较强的可塑性和更强的抗旱性。实验结果为云南蓝果树的科学保育及种苗繁育提供了理论依据。     

为了增产更多更好的果品——简单介绍几本研究果树的参考书

“西北的果树”孙云蔚著“西北的果树”,对西北的果树资源和生产概况作了全面的叙述,并就目前存在的问题从理论上提出了改进办法. 作者在本书中对陕西、甘肃、青海、新疆四省的自然条件进行了分析,认为极宜于果树的生长和结果.对于西北果树栽培的历史、农民在果树栽培上的特殊技术和西北丰富的果树资源作了详细的介绍.据作者调查,西北现有栽培果树30多种,供砧木用的和野生果树20多种,落叶树则可谓应有尽有.这本书的后半部对目前生产上存在的若干问题如土壤管理、施肥、灌溉、高接换种、苗木培育、防害、机械化耕作等等进行了研究,并根据调查和实验所得的初步结论,提     

无核黄皮生物学特性研究

无核黄皮是我国南方特有的新兴优良果树,本文报道其生长特性及开花结果习性,并就其对环境条件的要求,病虫害种类,发生和防治进行探讨。     

全树刮表皮涂抹梧宁霉素发酵液防治苹果树腐烂病试验

苹果树腐烂病是由苹果黑腐皮壳菌引起的一种病害,其表现是病原菌在生长发育肘,消耗果树的营养,使果树韧皮部腐烂,影响水份、养份的输送,直接危害果树生长,严重时使果树枝干韧皮部形成环腐,可致整枝、整株死亡。为防止腐烂病的发生和蔓延,主要采用药物涂抹患病处,杀死病原菌,进行局部治疗。利用这种传统的方法治疗腐烂病,对发病轻的果树效果好,发病重的果树效果差,且重犯林率高,在果树生长期需要经常监视,重复劳动多,整园防治效果差。即使每年都认真防治,盛果期的果园发病也非常严重。例如,朝阳县北四家乡果园,树龄为34年…     

Responses of Tylenchulus semipenetrans to Citrus Fruit Removal: Implications for Carbohydrate Competition

Sixteen mature Valencia orange trees on rough lemon rootstock were selected on the basis of approximately equal, naturally occurring populations of Tylenchulus semipenetrans in soil. In March, fruit 1 cm in diameter or less were removed from eight of the trees, which were kept free of fruit for 15 months. In July, 4 months after fruit removal, fibrous root (<2 mm d) mass density of defruited trees was 51% greater and insoluble starch in fibrous roots was 24% less than on control trees with fruit. Female T. semipenetrans per gram of root were 64% more numerous on roots of control trees than on defruited trees at this time. Numbers of female nematodes per tree and of juveniles and males in soil did not differ between treatments 4 months after fruit removal. Root mass density remained higher on defruited than control trees for the remaining 13 months that the trees were studied, while nematode density in soil beneath defruited trees rapidly increased to levels proportionate to the additional root mass density. Nine months after fruit removal (December), starch concentration was 84% higher in roots of defruited trees compared to controls and remained 28% higher than in controls 15 months (May) following fruit removal. Between months 9 and 15 following fruit removal, nematode density in soil beneath defruited trees increased at a rate five times that of nematode density beneath control trees. In May, female fecundity (eggs/female) on defruited trees was 41% greater than on control trees. The data were consistent with the hypothesis that carbohydrate competition between developing citrus fruit and T. semipenetrans influences seasonal fluctuations in nematode population densities.     

影响柑桔树开花结果性能的生态生理因素

本文报道1988年和1989年春夏之际异常和正常的桔园小气候环境对柑桔树开花结果物候期、抽梢生长、幼果发育、生理落果、当年果实产量和品质等性能的影响。结果表明,柑桔树的座果率受许多生态生理因素制约,但第一次生理落果主要与开花期桔园的小气候环境有关,第二次生理落果则与树体营养生理代谢密切相关。据此提出了预测预报柑桔树第二次生理落果的指标及其防御措施。     

温州蜜柑裂果因子调查初报

通过对1990年温州蜜柑裂果的调查,初步探明了不同品系,不同的基砧、中间砧及砧木高度,树体在园中所处的位置,树体的不同部位、树势,结果枝上的裂果顺序,灌溉条件,气象要素的变化,果实某些指标的差异等因子与裂果的关系。据此,提出防止裂果措施。     

民勤沙区几种果树水分生理和土壤水分的关系

通过对民勤沙区几种果树进行节水灌溉,研究了苹果梨、锦丰梨、金冠苹果、新红星苹果和毛里斯苹果,在控水和正常灌溉条件下的水分生理变化特征。结果表明：在民勤沙区对这5种果树实行节水灌溉是可行的,且在控水和对照条件下5种果树各项水分生理指标之间的关系略不相同。     

Foliar application of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) delays fruit ripening and reduces pre-harvest fruit drop and ethylene production of bagged “Kogetsu” apples

Covering apple fruits with double layer waterproof bags to enhance fruit quality and evenness of blush colour is typical on many cultivars in Korea and Japan. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) applied to unbagged apple fruits at 3–4 weeks before commercial harvest reduces ethylene production in the fruit, delays fruit ripening and reduces pre-harvest fruit drop. Spray application of AVG to trees of bagged apples should have no effect on apple ripening as there is␣no direct contact with the fruit and the translocation of AVG in apple trees is regarded as negligible. However, preliminary experiments suggested that AVG applied to trees of bagged apples reduced pre-harvest fruit drop in “Kotgetsu” apples. This study investigated the effect of spray treatments of 125 ppm of AVG on fruit drop, fruit ripening (firmness, starch conversion and soluble solids) and ethylene production to whole trees with bagged or unbagged “Kogetsu” fruit, as well as sprays of only the bagged or unbagged fruit on trees on two orchards. AVG applied to whole trees with unbagged apples reduced fruit drop from an average of 58.9% to 10.4%, delayed starch conversion and decreased ethylene production. AVG applied to whole trees with bagged fruit was equally effective in reducing pre-harvest drop, delaying fruit ripening and reducing ethylene production. Application of AVG to unbagged fruit only was nearly as effective as application to whole trees with unbagged fruit but application to bagged fruit only had no effect on fruit ripening or ethylene production. Application of AVG to bagged fruit only did reduce fruit drop to an average of 42.5% but this was not as effective as spraying unbagged fruit only or whole trees with bagged fruit. Possible mechanisms for this effect are discussed.     

Post-pruning shoot growth increases fruit abscission and reduces stem carbohydrates and yield in macadamia

Background and Aims

There is good evidence for deciduous trees that competition for carbohydrates from shoot growth accentuates early fruit abscission and reduces yield but the effect for evergreen trees is not well defined. Here, whole-tree tip-pruning at anthesis is used to examine the effect of post-pruning shoot development on fruit abscission in the evergreen subtropical tree macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia, M. integrifolia × tetraphylla). Partial-tree tip-pruning is also used to test the localization of the effect.

Methods

In the first experiment (2005/2006), all branches on trees were tip-pruned at anthesis, some trees were allowed to re-shoot (R treatment) and shoots were removed from others (NR treatment). Fruit set and stem total non-structural carbohydrates (TNSC) over time, and yield were measured. In the second experiment (2006/2007), upper branches of trees were tip-pruned at anthesis, some trees were allowed to re-shoot (R) and shoots were removed from others (NR). Fruit set and yield were measured separately for upper (pruned) and lower (unpruned) branches.

Key Results

In the first experiment, R trees set far fewer fruit and had lower yield than NR trees. TNSC fell and rose in all treatments but the decline in R trees occurred earlier than in NR trees and coincided with early shoot growth and the increase in fruit abscission relative to the other treatments. In the second experiment, fruit abscission on upper branches of R trees increased relative to the other treatments but there was little difference in fruit abscission between treatments on lower branches.

Conclusions

This study is the first to demonstrate an increase in fruit abscission in an evergreen tree in response to pruning. The effect appeared to be related to competition for carbohydrates between post-pruning shoot growth and fruit development and was local, with shoot growth on pruned branches having no effect on fruit abscission on unpruned branches.     

Localization of mating behavior of releasedBactrocera dorsalis flies on host fruit in an orchard

Oriental fruit flies,Bactrocera dorsalis, cultured in the laboratory for six generations, were released when 12–14 days old in an orchard of nonfruiting host trees that were furnished with either food and water, nonpunctured host fruit, punctured host fruit, or no resources. Nearly all flies of both sexes, all sexual behavior of males, and all mating pairs were observed on trees with fruit. Moreover, on trees with fruit, nearly all flies of both sexes, nearly all sexual behavior of males, and nearly all mating pairs occurred on the fruit itself rather than on the foliage or branches. In a subsequent test, both sexes were found to be strongly attracted to the odor of host fruit. For a polyphagous species of a tropical tephritid, these findings are the first to show a high level of male aggregation and a high amount of male sexual behavior on the fruit of host trees. Findings are discussed in relation to current knowledge of tephritid mating behavior. An additional quality-control test for laboratory cultured males used in the sterile insect technique of fly management is recommended.     

The community structure of bird assemblages on urban strangler figs

Figs have been regarded as keystone plant resources that support diverse tropical vertebrate frugivore communities. Planting or conserving large fig trees, such as stranglers, have therefore been proposed for enhancing urban biodiversity. We compared the diversity and community structure of bird assemblages on strangler figs with non‐fig urban trees as well as between the fruiting and non‐fruiting fig trees in an urban setting in Singapore. The total bird abundance across all the fig trees when in fruit was 4.5‐fold higher than on non‐fig trees and 3.5‐fold higher than when the same fig trees were not fruiting, but only attracted two more species. On individual trees, after accounting for the presence of mistletoes, tree height, the area covered by buildings, road lane density, and the distance to natural vegetation, mean diversity was not different between non‐fig trees and fig trees when they were not in fruit. On the other hand, when fruiting, each fig tree on average had 1.4 more species, 3 more counts of non‐native birds, and 1.6 more counts of insectivorous birds than when not fruiting. There was significant compositional turnover between non‐fig trees and non‐fruiting fig trees, while community dispersion was significantly lower among fig trees in fruit. Our results demonstrate that fig trees provide fruit and non‐fruit resources for birds in an urban landscape but do not necessarily support more diverse total bird assemblages than non‐fig trees. Instead, bird communities on fruiting urban figs would be highly homogeneous and dominated by a few species. Abstract in Malay is available with online material.     

Changes of Starch and Sorbitol in Leaves Before and After Removal of Fruits from Peach Trees

Changes in contents of nonstructural carbohydrates in leaves,as well as some characteristics of leaves before and after fruitremoval, were investigated in potted peach (Prunus persica L.)trees. Leaf area and dry mass per unit leaf area (SLW) at thefruit-maturation stage decreased with increasing numbers ofpeaches per tree, whereas the chlorophyll content per unit areain leaves of fruiting trees increased. The chlorophyll contentdecreased more rapidly upon removal of fruit than that in leavesof fruiting trees. The starch content per unit dry mass in leavesof fruiting trees at the fruit-maturation stage was lower thanthat in leaves of non-fruiting trees. Starch accumulated significantlyin leaves within 1 d of removal of fruit during the fruit-maturationstage and continued to increase thereafter. The accumulationof starch after removal of fruit occurred more rapidly thanthe decrease in chlorophyll content. Reducing and non-reducingsugars (total sugars) per unit dry mass in the leaves were higherin fruiting trees than in non-fruiting trees. After fruit removal,the total sugar content of leaves increased temporarily andthen gradually decreased. The sorbitol content per unit freshmass in leaves of fruiting trees during the fruit-maturationstage was slightly higher than that in leaves of non-fruitingtrees. One day after removal of fruit, the sorbitol contentincreased in parallel with the accumulation of starch and remainedhigh. The sucrose content of leaves did not change markedlyupon removal of fruit. Prunus persica L.; peach leaves; nonstructural carbohydrate; starch and sorbitol; fruit removal     

北京密云两种蛀果类害虫的发生及防治

桃蛀果蛾与梨小食心虫是北京密云县燕落果树产区的主要蛀果类害虫 ,我们对两种食心虫的发生及其生物学特性进行了观察 ,并提出了防治两种食心虫的综合技术措施 ,使蛀果率由原来的年平均6 0 %降至 2 %。