血清CX3CL1 水平对冠心病的临床意义探讨

目的:探讨冠心病患者血清中趋化因子CX3CL1的表达在冠心病中的临床意义。方法:采用病例-对照的研究方法,依据临床症状收集经冠脉造影显示确诊为冠心病的患者250例,其中临床症状诊断为稳定性心绞痛患者75例,不稳定型心绞痛患者75例,急性心肌梗死患者100例(其中包含ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死和非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者各50例)。同期收集对照组200例,对照组为冠状动脉造影显示为正常。ELISA方法检测上述不同人群血清中趋化因子CX3CL1表达变化,利用流式细胞仪检测上述不同人群血清中CD4~+CD28~-CX3CR1+T细胞表达含量的变化。结果:冠心病患者组血清趋化因子CX3CL1表达明显高于对照组(P0.05);与稳定型冠心病组患者相比较,不稳定型冠心病组和急性心肌梗死组患者血清中趋化因子CX3CL1水平明显高于稳定型冠心病患者组(P0.05);ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者血清CX3CL1表达水平高于非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者(P0.05)。不稳定型心绞痛患者冠状动脉介入手术后即刻抽取患者的静脉血,血清中CX3CL1表达含量明显高于冠状动脉介入手术前血清中的表达含量。冠心病患者CD4~+CD28~-CX3CR1+T细胞受体的表达含量明显增高,在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者血清中的表达最高(P0.05)。结论:趋化因子CX3CL1可能参与冠心病动脉粥样硬化不稳定斑块的形成,并且可能成为外周血中预测不稳定型斑块的血清生物学标志物。     

CX3CL1 promotes tumour cell by inducing tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin in lung cancer

It has been reported that chemokine CX₃CL1 can regulate various tumours by binding to its unique receptor CX₃CR1. However, the effect of CX₃CL1-CX₃CR1 on the lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma is still unclear. Here, we showed that CX₃CL1 can further invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma A549 and lung squamous cell carcinoma H520. In addition, Western blot and immunofluorescence test indicated CX₃CL1 up-regulated the phosphorylation level of cortactin, which is a marker of cell pseudopodium. Meanwhile, the phosphorylation levels of c-Src and c-Abl, which are closely related to the regulation of cortactin phosphorylation, are elevated. Nevertheless, the src/abl inhibitor bosutinib and mutations of cortactin phosphorylation site could inhibit the promotion effect of CX₃CL1 on invasion and migration of A549 and H520. Moreover, these results of MTT, Hoechst staining and Western blot suggested that CX₃CL1 had no effect on the proliferation and apoptosis of A549 and H520 in vitro. The effects of CX₃CL1 were also verified by the subcutaneous tumour formation in nude mice, which showed that it could promote proliferation and invasion of A549 in vivo. In summary, our results indicated that CX₃CL1 furthered invasion and migration in lung cancer cells partly via activating cortactin, and CX₃CL1 may be a potential molecule in regulating the migration and invasion of lung cancer.     

IL-15 alters expression and function of the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 in human NK cells

The chemokine receptor CX3CR1 is thought to regulate inflammation in part by modulating NK cell adhesion, migration, and killing in response to its ligand CX3CL1 (fractalkine). Recent reports indicate that IL-15, which is essential for development and survival of NK cells, may negatively regulate CX3CR1 expression, however, the effects of the cytokine on human NK cell CX3CR1 expression and function have not been fully delineated. Here, we demonstrate that short term culture in IL-15 decreases surface expression of CX3CR1 on cultured CD56+ cells from human blood resulting in diminished chemotaxis and calcium flux in response to CX3CL1. Cells cultured long term in IL-15 (more than five days) completely lost surface expression as well as mRNA and protein for CX3CR1. The effect was specific since mRNA for CCR5 was increased and mRNA for CXCR4 was unchanged in these cells by IL-15. Thus, exogenous IL-15 is a negative regulator of CX3CR1 expression and function in human CD56+ NK cells. The data imply that the use of IL-15 alone to expand NK cells ex vivo for immunotherapy may produce cells impaired in their ability to traffic to sites of inflammation.     

Analysis of CCR5 and CX3CR1 gene polymorphisms in association with unexplained recurrent miscarriages among north Indian women

Context

Recurrent miscarriage (RM), defined as three or more consecutive losses before the 20th week of gestation, affects 0.5–2% of pregnant women. In over 80% of cases, RM remains unexplained after investigations, suggesting the involvement of genetic factors.

Objectives

The present study investigates the common polymorphisms of chemokine receptors CCR5 (NG_012637.1:g.5303A>G) and CX₃CR1 (NG_016362.1:g.21065C>T, Thr280Met and NG_016362.1:g.20971G>A, Val249Ile) and their association with recurrent miscarriages (RM) among north Indian women.

Participants and Methods

In a retrospective case-control study 200 well characterized patients with unexplained RM and 300 controls were genotyped for three polymorphic markers of CCR5 and CX₃CR1 by restriction digestion of PCR amplified fragments.

Results

Alleles and genotypes of CX₃CR1 Val249Ile revealed statistically significant associations with RM cases when compared with the controls. The homozygous variant genotype Ile/Ile was found to be significantly higher among patients (p = 0.0002) when compared with the homozygous wild type Val/Val genotype. The haplotype of CX₃CR1 that carried major alleles of Thr280Met and Val249Ile (T-V) showed statistically significant protective association (p < 0.0001, OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.31–0.54). The haplotype A-T-V (all wild type alleles) revealed a statistically significant protective association (p < 0.0001, OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.34–0.62), whereas the haplotypes G-T-I, A-T-I and A-M-V modified the risk of RM 1.9-fold, 5.5-fold and 5.1-fold respectively.

Conclusions

A common polymorphism of CX₃CR1 gene, Val240Ile is associated with the risk of RM in north Indian women. Risk of RM may also be modified by the presence of haplotypes T-I, M-V, G-T-I, A-T-I and A-M-V.     

CX3CL1 induces cell migration and invasion through ICAM-1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells

Human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been associated with a relatively low survival rate over the years and is characterized by a poor prognosis. C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) has been involved in advanced migratory cells. Overexpressed CX3CL1 promotes several cellular responses related to cancer metastasis, including cell movement, migration and invasion in tumour cells. However, CX3CL1 controls the migration ability, and its molecular mechanism in OSCC remains unknown. The present study confirmed that CX3CL1 increased cell movement, migration and invasion. The CX3CL1-induced cell motility is upregulated through intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in OSCC cells. These effects were significantly suppressed when OSCC cells were pre-treated with CX3CR1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and small-interfering RNA (siRNA). The CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis activates promoted PLCβ/PKCα/c-Src phosphorylation. Furthermore, CX3CL1 enhanced activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity. The CX3CR1 mAb and PLCβ, PKCα, c-Src inhibitors reduced CX3CL1-induced c-Jun phosphorylation, c-Jun translocation into the nucleus and c-Jun binding to the ICAM-1 promoter. The present results reveal that CX3CL1 induces the migration of OSCC cells by promoting ICAM-1 expression through the CX3CR1 and the PLCβ/PKCα/c-Src signal pathway, suggesting that CX3CL1-CX3CR1-mediated signalling is correlated with tumour motility and appealed to be a precursor for prognosis in human OSCC.     

CX3CL1 RNA干扰慢病毒载体的构建包装与鉴定

摘要 目的：构建包装趋化因子CX3C的配体1（CX3CL1）RNA干扰慢病毒载体。方法：参考目的基因CX3CL1序列,设计PCR引物扩增相应的干扰序列,然后将干扰序列连接至pLVX-shRNA2酶切后的线性化载体上,通过酶切及测序鉴定获得阳性克隆,即为构建成功的pLVX-shRNA2-CX3CL1慢病毒干扰载体。将构建好的慢病毒干扰载体同慢病毒包装载体共同转染293T细胞,收集上清,纯化浓缩后即为pLVX-shRNA2-CX3CL1慢病毒。最后将慢病毒感染BMSCs细胞,QPCR检测慢病毒的干扰效率。结果：经过酶切能切出大小约为6500bp和1350bp的两条带,获得与预期结果相一致的DNA片段,并通过测序验证了序列的准确性,成功构建CX3CL1 RNA慢病毒干扰载体。然后经过包装、纯化浓缩后得到pLVX-shRNA2-CX3CL1慢病毒。QPCR结果表明干扰组明显抑制了CX3CL1mRNA的表达,干扰效率在70%以上。结论：成功构建包装CX3CL1干扰慢病毒载体,并证实其显著沉默了BMSCs细胞CX3CL1的表达,为CX3CL1在BMSCs移植的大鼠缺血性脑卒中炎症反应的机制研究奠定基础。     

MicroRNA-424 regulates the expression of CX3CL1 (fractalkine) in human microvascular endothelial cells during Rickettsia rickettsii infection

Cytokines and chemokines trigger complex intracellular signaling through specific receptors to mediate immune cell recruitment and activation at the sites of infection. CX3CL1 (Fractalkine), a membrane-bound chemokine also capable of facilitating intercellular interactions as an adhesion molecule, contributes to host immune responses by virtue of its chemoattractant functions. Published studies have documented increased CX3CL1 expression in target tissues in a murine model of spotted fever rickettsiosis temporally corresponding to infiltration of macrophages and recovery from infection. Because pathogenic rickettsiae primarily target vascular endothelium in the mammalian hosts, we have now determined CX3CL1 mRNA and protein expression in cultured human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) infected in vitro with Rickettsia rickettsii. Our findings reveal 15.5 ± 4.0-fold and 12.3 ± 2.3-fold increase in Cx3cl1 mRNA expression at 3 h and 24 h post-infection, coinciding with higher steady-state levels of the corresponding protein in comparison to uninfected HMECs. Since CX3CL1 is a validated target of microRNA (miR)-424-5p (miR-424) and our earlier findings demonstrated robust down-regulation of miR-424 in R. rickettsii-infected HMECs, we further explored the possibility of regulation of CX3CL1 expression during rickettsial infection by miR-424. As expected, R. rickettsii infection resulted in 87 ± 5% reduction in miR-424 expression in host HMECs. Interestingly, a miR-424 mimic downregulated R. rickettsii-induced expression of CX3CL1, whereas an inhibitor of miR-424 yielded a converse up-regulatory effect, suggesting miR-424-mediated regulation of CX3CL1 during infection. Together, these findings provide the first evidence for the roles of a host microRNA in the regulation of an important bifunctional chemokine governing innate immune responses to pathogenic rickettsiae.     

Identification of novel NK1/NK3 dual antagonists for the potential treatment of schizophrenia

During the lead optimization of NK(1)/NK(3) receptor antagonists program, a focused exploration of molecules bearing a lactam moiety was performed. The aim of the investigation was to identify the optimal position of the carbonyl and hydroxy methyl group in the lactam moiety, in order to maximize the in vitro affinity and the level of insurmountable antagonism at both NK(1) and NK(3) receptors. The synthesis and biological evaluation of these novel lactam derivatives, with potent and balanced NK(1)/NK(3) activity, were reported in this paper.     

Sequential processing of the transmembrane chemokines CX3CL1 and CXCL16 by alpha- and gamma-secretases

The chemokines CX3CL1/Fractalkine and CXCL16 are expressed as transmembrane molecules and can mediate cell-cell-adhesion. By proteolytic processing, CX3CL1 and CXCL16 are released from the cell surface by proteolytic shedding resulting in the generation of soluble chemoattractants. This ectodomain release is mediated by the alpha-secretase-like activity of the two disintegrins and metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17. Using CX3CL1 and CXCL16 constructs C-terminally fused to two Z-domains of Protein A (2Z-tag) we detect C-terminal fragments (CTFs) of both chemokines resulting from ADAM10-mediated cleavages at multiple sites as examined by inhibitor studies. Furthermore, inhibitor studies as well as genetic studies using presenilin 1/2-deficient cell lines suggest the involvement of gamma-secretase-but not beta-secretase-like activity in the processing of transmembrane chemokines. The combination of alpha- and gamma-secretase and proteasomal inhibitors points towards a sequential processing of transmembrane chemokines by first ADAM10 and then gamma-secretases and possible further degradation. This proteolytic processing cascade of transmembrane chemokines is similar to that described for Notch and E-cadherin where CTFs generated by gamma-secretase serve as intracellular signal transmitters.     

趋化因子CX3CL1与冠心病合并2型糖尿病发病的相关关系

目的:探讨趋化因子CX3CL1与冠心病合并2型糖尿病发病的相关关系。方法:采用病例-对照的研究方法,收集冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者400例,收集对照组400例,利用免疫组化检测冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者颈外动脉旋切术后斑块组织中CX3CL1表达水平,分别检测上述2组不同人群血清中的CX3CL1表达水平,同时采用直接测序方法检测CX3CL1基因rs170364位点基因型及等位基因的分布频率在对照组和冠心病合并2型糖尿病人群的分布差异。结果:冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者颈外动脉斑块组织中CX3CL1表达明显增高,冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者血清中CX3CL1的表达水平明显高于对照人群中CX3CL1的表达。CX3CL1基因rs170364单核苷酸多态位点的三种基因型分布频率(GG型,GT型和TT型)在冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者的分布频率为42.7%,40.0%和17.2%,在对照组分布频率为50.2%,39.6%和10.2%,CX3CL1基因rs170364位点T等位基因是冠心病合并2型糖尿病发病的一个独立危险因素(P0.05)。Logistic回归校正性别、年龄、体重指数、吸烟、高血压、高脂血症等冠心病合并2型糖尿病的易患因素后,CX3CL1基因rs170364 T等位基因仍是冠心病合并2型糖尿病发病的一个独立的危险因素。结论:CX3CL1在冠心病合并2型糖尿病的患者血清和颈外动脉动脉血管组织中表达明显增高,CX3CL1基因rs170364T等位基因可能是冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者发病的独立危险因素。     

Lysophosphatidic acid regulates inflammation-related genes in human endothelial cells through LPA1 and LPA3

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a low-molecular-weight lysophospholipid (LPL), which regulates endothelial cells participating in inflammation processes via interactions with endothelial differentiation gene (Edg) family G protein-coupled receptors. In this study, we attempted to determine which LPA receptors mediate the inflammatory response in human endothelial cells. Introduction of siRNA against LPA₁ significantly suppressed LPA-induced ICAM-1 mRNA, total protein, and cell surface expressions, and subsequent U937 monocyte adhesion to LPA-treated human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs). By knock down of LPA₁ and LPA₃ in HUVECs, LPA-enhanced IL-1β mRNA expression was significantly attenuated. Moreover, LPA₁ and LPA₃ siRNA also inhibited LPA-enhanced IL-1-dependent long-term IL-8 and MCP-1 mRNA expression, and subsequent THP-1 cell chemotaxis toward LPA-treated HUVEC-conditioned media. These results suggest that the expression of LPA-induced inflammatory response genes is mediated by LPA₁ and LPA₃. Our findings suggest the possible utilization of LPA₁ or LPA₃ as drug targets to treat severe inflammation.     

The p75 neurotrophin receptor regulates MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic differentiation

While the role of p75^NTR signaling in the regulation of nerve-related cell growth and survival has been well documented, its actions in osteoblasts are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of p75^NTR on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation using the MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cell line. Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were significantly enhanced in p75^NTR-overexpressing MC3T3-E1 cells (p75GFP-E1). In addition, expression of osteoblast-specific osteocalcin (OCN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osterix mRNA, ALP activity, and mineralization capacity were dramatically enhanced in p75GFP-E1 cells, compared to wild MC3T3-E1 cells (GFP-E1). To determine the binding partner of p75^NTR in p75GFP-E1 cells during osteogenic differentiation, we examined the expression of trkA, trkB, and trkC that are known binding partners of p75^NTR, as well as NgR. Pharmacological inhibition of trk tyrosine kinase with the K252a inhibitor resulted in marked reduction in the level of ALPase under osteogenic conditions. The deletion of the GDI binding domain in the p75^NTR-GFP construct had no effect on mineralization. Taken together, our studies demonstrated that p75^NTR signaling through the trk tyrosine kinase pathway affects osteoblast functions by targeting osteoblast proliferation and differentiation.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中血清亲环素A、趋化因子CX3CL1表达水平及临床意义

摘要 目的：探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者中血清亲环素A（CyPA）、趋化因子CX3CL1以及其他炎性指标的表达水平及其临床意义。方法：选取2019年1月-2021年6月本院收治的COPD患者120例作为研究对象,其中68例患者为急性加重期组,52例患者为稳定期组;另选取体检健康者45例作为对照组。收集所有受试者的临床资料,检测其血清中CyPA、CX3CL1、C反应蛋白（CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）以及基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）水平,比较3组患者各参数的差异,并与肺功能进行相关性分析,比较急性加重期患者治疗前后各指标的差异。结果：急性加重期组患者的血清 CyPA、CX3CL1、CRP、IL-6、MMP-9水平均明显高于稳定期组和对照组患者,稳定期组患者的血清 CyPA、CX3CL1、CRP、IL-6、MMP-9水平均明显高于对照组患者（均P＜0.05）;而急性加重期组患者的第1s用力呼气量（FEV₁）、用力肺活量（FVC）、第1s用力呼气量（FEV₁）与用力肺活量（FVC）的比值（FEV₁%）、最大呼气峰流速（PEF）以及最大呼气中期流速（MMEF）明显低于稳定期组和对照组患者,稳定期组患者的FEV₁、FVC、FEV₁/FVC、PEF、MMEF明显低于对照组患者（均P＜0.05）。COPD患者的血清CyPA、CX3CL1、CRP、IL-6、MMP-9水平与FEV₁、FVC、FEV₁/FVC、PEF、MMEF呈负相关（P<0.05）。与治疗前相比较,急性加重期组患者在治疗后血清CyPA、CX3CL1、CRP、IL-6、MMP-9水平明显下降,而FEV₁、FVC、FEV₁/FVC、PEF、MMEF明显上升（均P＜0.05）。结论：COPD患者的血清CyPA、CX3CL1、CRP、IL-6、MMP-9水平可在一定程度上预测患者的严重程度,同时也可以作为急性加重期治疗后效果的评价指标。     

The role of long-chain fatty-acid-CoA ligase 3 in vitamin D3 and androgen control of prostate cancer LNCaP cell growth

The antiproliferative effect of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) on human prostate cancer cells is well known, but the mechanism is still not fully understood, especially its androgen-dependent action. Based on cDNA microarray results, we found that long-chain fatty-acid-CoA ligase 3 (FACL3/ACS3) might play an important role in vitamin D(3) and androgen regulation of LNCaP cell growth. The expression of FACL3/ACS3 was found to be significantly upregulated by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and the regulation was shown to be time-dependent, with the maximal regulation over 3.5-fold at 96h. FACL3/ACS3 was a dominant isoform of FACL/ACS expressed in LNCaP cells as indicated by measuring the relative expression of each isoform. 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) had no significant effect on the expression of FACL1(FACL2), FACL4 and FACL6 except for its downregulation of FACL5 at 24 and 48h by around twofold. The upregulation of FACL3/ACS3 expression by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) was accompanied with increased activity of FACL/ACS as demonstrated by enzyme activity assay using a (14)C-labeled substrate preferential for FACL3/ACS3. The growth inhibitory effect of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) on LNCaP cells was significantly attenuated by FACL3/ACS3 activity inhibitor. Androgen withdrawal (DCC-serum), in the presence of antiandrogen Casodex or in AR-negative prostate cancer cells (PC3 and DU145), vitamin D(3) failed to regulate FACL3/ACS3 expression. The upregulation of FACL3/ACS3 expression by vitamin D(3) was recovered by the addition of DHT in DCC-serum medium. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of androgen receptor (AR) protein was consistent with vitamin D(3) regulation of FACL3/ACS3 expression. Taken together, the data suggest that the upregulation of FACL3/ACS3 expression by vitamin D(3) is through an androgen/AR-mediated pathway and might be one of the contributions of the vitamin D(3) antiproliferative effect in prostate cancer LNCaP cells.