城市土壤微生物多样性研究进展

城市化对生物多样性的影响是当前生态学研究的热点之一, 引起了人们的广泛关注。土壤微生物多样性是城市生物多样性的重要组成部分, 对维持城市生态系统的健康稳定具有重要意义和作用。近年来, 已有研究关注城市土壤微生物群落结构及多样性, 回答了一些关键问题, 但缺乏系统的总结与论述。基于此, 本文分析了城市化对土壤微生物特性、群落组成、功能和多样性的影响, 总结了影响城市土壤微生物多样性的主要因素, 发现城市化改变了土壤微生物组成和功能, 并且对细菌和真菌多样性的影响存在差异, 城市环境因子通过直接和间接作用共同影响土壤微生物多样性。进一步探讨了城市土壤微生物多样性的维持与保护, 并对今后城市土壤微生物研究需要关注的问题进行了展望, 包括: (1)城市化对城市绿地土壤微生物多样性的影响机制; (2)城市土壤微生物多样性变化对生态系统多功能性的影响; (3)土壤微生物多样性与人类健康的关系。以期为城市土壤生物多样性保护研究提供参考。     

城市森林研究进展与发展战略

城市是一个以人类活动为中心的社会．经济．自然复合生态系统,城市森林是城市生态系统重要的组成部分,是城市生态系统健康和城市可持续发展的基础和保障,具有重要的生态服务功能。本文阐述了城市森林产生的背景、概念、范围和国内外的研究现状,以及当前城市森林研究的热点问题,最后提出了城市森林的发展战略。     

Research agenda on biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services in European cities

Cities are challenging environments for human life, because of multiple environmental issues driven by urbanization. These can sometimes be mitigated through ecosystem services provided by different functions supported by biodiversity. However, biodiversity in cities is affected by numerous factors, namely habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation, as well as pollution, altered climate, and new biotic challenges. To better understand the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, we need to improve our mechanistic knowledge of these relationships. Trait-based ecology is a promising approach for unravelling the causes and consequences of biodiversity filtering on ecosystem processes and underlying services, but large gaps remain unexplored.Here, we present a series of research directions that are aimed at extending the current knowledge of the relationship between trait-based biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services in cities. These directions are based on: (1) improving urban habitat mapping; (2) considering often neglected urban habitats and ecological niches; (3) integrating multiple urban gradients; (4) using trait-based approaches to improve our mechanistic understanding of the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services; and (5) extending the involvement of citizens.Pursuing these research directions may support the sustainable management of urban ecosystems and the long-term provision of ecosystem services, ultimately enhancing the well-being of urban populations.     

转型期城市生态学前沿研究进展

城市是一类以人类活动为中心听社会－经济－自然复合生态系统。城市人类活动对局地、区域和全球环境的胁迫效应,自然生态系统的响应机制,城市时、空、量、构、序的耦合规律、动力学机制和控制论方法是当前国际社会和学术界关注的热点。介绍了转型期城市人类生态影响研究的一些主要国际科学计划,如ＳＣＯＰＥ及ＩＨＤＰ等,综述了城市生态学研究三大前沿领域的国际研究动向和案例,即人居生态学、产业生态学和城镇生命支持系统生态     

基于集对分析的城市生态系统健康评价—以兰州为例

城市生态系统是城市社会经济发展的基础和载体,但城市生态系统健康状况问题中包含多种不确定性因素,而集对分析可以有效处理这种不确定性.论文以特大型综合性城市兰州为研究案例,基于集对分析方法,构建包括生产力、生活态、生态势和生机度的城市生命力指数,诊断兰州城市生态系统2002至2008年间的健康状态.研究结果表明:2002～2008年,兰州市城市生态系统健康状况呈上升趋势,其健康联系度由2002年的0.451增至2008年的0.519,但总体水平仍不高.该研究为兰州市城市规划和生态建设推荐了重点行动领域,同时也可为兰州市实施可持续发展战略提供决策依据.     

Sustainable Coastal Development: The Dual Mandate and a Recommendation for "Commerce Managed Areas"

Pitting the dynamicism and uncertainty inherent in undisturbed coastal ecosystems against the stability and predictability required of human‐dominated landscapes creates the paradox of the dual mandate. We describe a gradient of estuarine types ranging from systems that experience little human intrusion—conservation estuaries—to those that are dominated by people or extractive uses—production and urban‐industrial estuaries. Future approaches to managing these estuarine resources will require a division of the concept of marine protected areas into at least two subcategories: “conservation” managed areas (C_ConservationMAs) and “commerce” managed areas (C_CommerceMAs). The latter includes conditions where humans are not only a core feature of the landscape but also where extractive uses drive a large part of the local, regional, and even national economy. System reliability and predictability of ecosystem services are integral components of any management scheme in C_CommerceMAs. By recognizing this division managers can construct appropriate baselines that encompass the biodiversity and ecological integrity inherent in relatively undisturbed estuaries (or portions thereof), or the ecosystem health and system reliability that characterize urban‐industrial systems. The terms ecosystem restoration and ecosystem rehabilitation are also distinguished; the former term is used to describe practices that return ecosystems to optimum biological integrity, whereas the latter term is applied to the health of human‐dominated estuaries where the goal is to manage natural processes and functions. Our proposed approach does not mean that ecosystem quality is sacrificed in urban‐industrial or production systems; to the contrary, contaminant source control, suitable sediment and water quality, and the human endeavors to address them are just as important to sustaining commercial activity as they are to the well‐being of extant biota. So too, are the conservation and preservation of existing critical habitat (proximate reservoirs of biodiversity) in urban‐industrial systems, and rehabilitation of habitats that support species coadapted to the presence of humans.     

基于能值分析的合肥城市生态系统健康动态评价

随着城市化和城市环境问题的日趋突出,城市生态系统健康评价成为近年来生态学领域研究的热点.本文运用能值分析方法,采用活力、组织结构、恢复力和服务功能维持4个要素,构建了评价城市生态系统健康的能值指标--城市健康能值改良指标,并用于合肥市生态系统的健康评价,然后将评价结果与天津、芜湖、上海、宁波、福州等6座国内城市进行比较...     

Mound-building behaviour of a keystone bioturbator alters rates of leaf litter decomposition and movement in urban reserves

Bioturbation, the disturbance of soil and litter by digging animals plays an important role for a variety of species and ecological processes in many ecosystems. The majority of studies globally on the ecosystem engineering effects of digging vertebrates have focussed on mammals, with birds, reptiles and amphibians remaining comparatively understudied. The loss of ecosystem engineers is a key conservation challenge, and the return of these species is increasingly seen as a priority for habitat restoration; yet this concept is highly novel when we consider urban ecosystems. The Australian brush-turkey (Alectura lathami), historically a rainforest bird and now common in urban ecosystems, displaces significant quantities of soil and leaf litter through its foraging and nest-building behaviour and has previously been described as an ecosystem engineer. Here, we tested the effect of brush-turkey nest building on the decomposition rate of leaf litter, an important ecosystem process. We placed mesh bags of dried Angophora costata and Lantana camara leaves at increasing distances from brush-turkey incubation mounds. We predicted that leaf litter closer to the nest would break down faster during the brush-turkey breeding season due to increased turnover associated with nest mound maintenance. We found slower leaf litter decomposition in the breeding than the non-breeding season, but a relatively greater rate of decomposition closer to the mound in the breeding season. Our results show a seasonal difference in the spatial pattern of leaf litter decomposition and movement; we interpret that brush-turkey mound-building behaviour was the key driver. The ecosystem services provided by brush-turkeys are of particular interest for future research as this species is naturally recolonizing areas where it has been absent for decades, including urban areas. The effect of this species on ecosystem processes including nutrient cycling, seedbank stimulation and reduced fuel loads warrants further investigation.     

长江流域景观格局与生态系统水质净化服务的关系

流域景观格局通过影响生态过程,改变进入河流污染物的数量,进而对水质净化服务产生重要影响,探讨流域景观格局对水质净化服务的影响对于流域景观规划、生态系统保护和生态系统服务提升具有重要意义。以长江流域为研究区域,在分析45个子流域景观格局特征、应用In VEST模型评估流域水质净化服务基础上,探讨了两者的关系,结果表明:①景观组成上,长江流域农田和城镇面积比例分别与生态系统水质净化服务存在显著对数关系(P0.01),森林面积比例则与之呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01);②流域景观配置上,斑块密度和景观破碎度与水质净化服务呈显著负相关(P0.01),而平均斑块面积和形状规律相反(P0.01);③斑块类型水平上,森林平均斑块面积、灌丛/湿地平均斑块形状与生态系统水质净化服务呈显著正相关(P0.01),而农田平均斑块面积/边缘密度、城镇斑块密度则与之呈显著负相关(P0.01);④森林主导景观的子流域,仅有景观破碎度与生态系统水质净化服务呈显著负相关,而农田主导景观的子流域,景观蔓延度、香农多样性与其分别呈正相关(P0.01)。研究结果可以为长江流域生态系统水质净化服务的提升提供多途径的管理信息:流域景观尺度上,增加森林面积比例、控制农田与城镇面积比例,并减少景观破碎度而增加平均斑块形状复杂性;斑块类型水平上,可增加灌丛/湿地斑块形状复杂性,减小农田边缘密度和城镇斑块密度;森林主导景观的子流域应降低景观破碎度,以农田主导景观的子流域则应该增加斑块类型丰富度和团聚程度。研究也可为其他流域水质净化服务管理提供参考。     

粤港澳大湾区城市群生态系统智能化管理

开展生态系统数字化、信息化、智能化管理,全面提升粤港澳大湾区生态环境质量,是建设国际一流湾区的必然趋势。以城市群生态系统智能化管理为目标,系统整合各类生态环境相关数据资源,形成生态系统管理数据和决策支撑体系,并以此为基础构建生态智能管理平台。研究以生态系统要素和功能管理逻辑为核心,构建了生态系统管理业务流程：（1）精准剖析生态环境问题,确定问题发生的尺度、范围并对其进行分类和定性;（2）确立生态管理目标,制定适宜的管理策略;（3）根据现状与基线进行生态系统服务权衡,通过生态管理恢复工程提升生态系统质量;（4）通过环境物联网监测生态系统变化,及时调整和改进生态系统管理计划。针对城市群生态系统多尺度、多层次、复杂化等特点,在制定管理决策时应充分权衡管理目标和生态服务,兼顾各类生态系统服务效益;需通过示范性生态工程印证管理方案的可行性、适用性和协同性;以趋善化理念为指导思想,不断优化调整生态管理目标;同时在管理活动实施的过程中不断积累、凝练、总结所获得的反馈信息和经验。面向生态管理体制和管理能力的现代化提升需求,融合大数据、地理信息系统（GIS）、全球广域网络（Web）等信息化技术,构建粤港澳大湾区生态管理智能平台,实现多主体信息共享,打破管理决策的"黑箱",为推进生态环境管理现代化提供可靠可行的方案。构建的生态系统管理业务流程和管理策略,将知识充分融入管理决策的制定流程,能服务于粤港澳大湾区的生态文明建设,推动可持续和高质量发展。     

干旱区绿洲城市树木健康评估及影响因素——以乌鲁木齐市为例

树木作为城市绿色基础设施重要组分,其健康直接影响城市生态系统服务及人居环境质量。城市化进程加快导致生态土地缺失,同时缺乏合理养护加之极端自然条件干扰对树木健康造成严重威胁。为揭示城市树木健康风险及影响因素,对乌鲁木齐市核心城区117个样地绿化树木进行健康评估,从4个维度12个指标构建树木健康分级体系,基于样地调查结果,分析树木组成、结构、关联性、健康状况及影响因素,揭示乌鲁木齐市不同功能区树木健康差异。旨在为研究区树木健康保护、城市绿地可持续经营及城市生态文明建设提供理论依据和数据支撑。结果表明：（1）乌鲁木齐市城市园林树木乔灌比为8.3 ： 1,树木多样性与种间关联程度较低。榆树占比高达43.87%,其中白榆占比22.62%,是主要优势树种;（2）不同树种健康程度呈现差异性,榆树类健康状况呈现圆冠榆 > 大叶榆 > 白榆 > 垂枝榆特征;（3）城市不同功能区树木健康也呈现异质性;以公园和居住小区树木健康分值较高,而行道树和学校庭院树木健康分值相对较低,且冗余分析进一步揭示地面铺装、林木配置结构、生长空间和胸径对树木健康影响程度最为显著。未来优化城市树木生境条件、提升物种丰富度、加强古树名木保育和提高园林绿化管理水平是维护和提升绿洲城市树木健康的重要举措。     

Assessing the density of honey bee colonies at ecosystem scales

1. Information about the density of wild honey bee (Apis spp.) colonies in an ecosystem is central to understanding the functional role of honey bees in that ecosystem, necessary for effective biosecurity response planning, and useful for determining whether pollination services are adequate. However, direct visual surveys of colony locations are not practical at ecosystem scales. Thus, indirect methods based on population genetic analysis of trapped males have been proposed and implemented. 2. In this review, indirect methods of assessment of honey bee colony densities are described, which can be applied at ecosystem scales. The review also describes how to trap males in the field using the Williams drone trap (or virgin queens) the appropriate genetic markers and statistical analyses, and discusses issues surrounding sample size. 3. The review also discusses some outstanding issues concerning the methods and the conversion of estimated colony number to colony density per km². The appropriate conversion factor will require further research to determine the area over which a drone trap draws drones.     

城市代谢研究评述:内涵与方法

随着城市发展面临的生态问题日益显著,部分研究者试图通过对自然生态系统进行类比来寻求解决途径,城市代谢理论应运而生。当以系统科学来研究城市生态系统时,哲学思想的引入为探索和城市及城市代谢的内涵提供了最原始的桥梁。因此,在介绍城市代谢内涵与研究进展的基础上,融合产业、家庭、社会等多尺度代谢理论,对城市代谢的边界进行扩展,将其分为狭义与广义两类,结合亚里士多德的"四因说"对其质料因(组分)、形式因(结构)、动力因(驱动力)和目的因(功能)进行识别分析,据此将城市代谢研究方法归纳为质料、形式和混合研究方法三类,并提出未来研究的主要动向和解决手段。城市代谢"四因图"可为相关研究者提供参考。     

环京津城市群生态系统服务的时空演变与驱动因素

城市群已成为全球经济竞争的新空间单元,在促进城镇化建设,实现资源优质配置和发挥辐射带动作用等方面发挥着重要的功能。但剧烈的社会经济活动必然会对城市群生态系统服务造成破坏,因此开展城市群生态系统服务的时空演变研究,进而探索不同驱动因子对其的作用机制具有重要意义。目前,在已有的研究中缺少对城市群尺度和长时间跨度下的生态系统服务水平演变与驱动因素探究。为此,选取京津及环京津地区为研究区域,通过总结区域生态问题,构建起研究区域生态系统服务评价体系,并对2000-2018年生态系统服务进行计算,分析时空演变特征。然后,通过最小二乘法模型（Ordinary Least Squares,OLS）筛选出潜在的驱动因子,并导入地理加权回归模型（Geographically Weighted Regression,GWR）进行地理加权回归计算。最后,通过对结果分析,探讨自然和社会因子对生态系统服务的作用机制。研究结果表明：1）2000-2018年,研究区域生态系统服务呈现出先上升后下降,在2015年达到最高值的发展特征。2）在空间上,研究区域生态系统服务内总体上呈现燕山山脉及太行山山脉北部区域为生态系统服务的高值区域,坝上区域为低值区的空间分异特征。同时,生态系统服务演变在空间上呈现以燕山和太行山为界,燕山和太行山区域呈现先减弱后提升的趋势,西北区域整体呈现减弱趋势,东南区域从2015年起逐渐降低的空间演化特征。3）在驱动因素方面,自然环境和社会经济因素对生态系统服务的驱动作用从强到弱排列依次是：降雨量 > 土壤含沙 > 人口密度 > 温度 > 基础设施密度。4）其中,人口密度、土壤含沙量、基础设施呈较为明显的负相关驱动特征,降雨量呈较为明显的正相关驱动特征,温度则呈南部负相关,北部正相关,由东南向西北影响增强的趋势。本研究通过评估环京津城市群生态系统服务,分析区域生态系统服务的分析演变特征,并探索区域自然、社会因子对生态系统服务的驱动作用,为环京津城市群未来的生态环境保护和规划策略制定提供了科学指导和决策依据。     

Using the ecosystem services approach for better planning and conservation of urban green spaces: a Finland case study

Ecosystem services are vital for humans in urban regions. However, urban development poses a great risk for the ability of ecosystems to provide these services. In this paper we first address the most important ecosystem services in functional urban regions in Finland. Well accessible and good quality recreational ecosystem services, for example, provided by urban nature, are an important part of a high-quality living environment and important for public health. Vegetation of urban regions can have a role in carbon dioxide sequestration and thus in climate change mitigation. For instance, estimates of carbon sinks can be compared to total CO₂ emissions of an urban region, and the municipality can aim at both increasing carbon sinks and decreasing CO₂ emissions with proper land-use planning. Large and contiguous core nature areas, smaller green areas and ecological connections between them are the essence of regional ecological networks and are essential for maintaining interconnected habitats for species and thus biological diversity. Thus, both local and regional level ecological networks are vital for maintaining ecosystem services in urban regions. The impacts of climate change coupled with land-use and land cover change will bring serious challenges for maintaining ecosystem services in urban areas. Although not yet widely used in planning practices, the ecosystem services approach can provide an opportunity for land-use planning to develop ecologically sustainable urban regions. Currently, information on ecosystem services of urban regions is lacking and there is a need to improve the knowledge base for land-use planning.     

Ecological role of vertebrate scavengers in urban ecosystems in the UK

Recent research has demonstrated how scavenging, the act of consuming dead animals, plays a key role in ecosystem structure, functioning, and stability. A growing number of studies suggest that vertebrate scavengers also provide key ecosystem services, the benefits humans gain from the natural world, particularly in the removal of carcasses from the environment. An increasing proportion of the human population is now residing in cities and towns, many of which, despite being highly altered environments, contain significant wildlife populations, and so animal carcasses. Indeed, non‐predation fatalities may be higher within urban than natural environments. Despite this, the fate of carcasses in urban environments and the role vertebrate scavengers play in their removal have not been determined. In this study, we quantify the role of vertebrate scavengers in urban environments in three towns in the UK. Using experimentally deployed rat carcasses and rapid fire motion‐triggered cameras, we determined which species were scavenging and how removal of carcass biomass was partitioned between them. Of the 63 experimental carcasses deployed, vertebrate scavenger activity was detected at 67%. There was a significantly greater depletion in carcass biomass in the presence (mean loss of 194 g) than absence (mean loss of 14 g) of scavengers. Scavenger activity was restricted to three species, Carrion crows Corvus corone, Eurasian magpies Pica pica, and European red foxes Vulpes vulpes. From behavioral analysis, we estimated that a maximum of 73% of the carcass biomass was removed by vertebrate scavengers. Despite having low species richness, the urban scavenger community in our urban study system removed a similar proportion of carcasses to those reported in more pristine environments. Vertebrate scavengers are providing a key urban ecosystem service in terms of carcass removal. This service is, however, often overlooked, and the species that provide it are among some of the most disliked and persecuted.     

Watershed Land Use and Seasonal Variation Constrain the Influence of Riparian Canopy Cover on Stream Ecosystem Metabolism

Ecosystem metabolism is an important determinant of trophic structure, nutrient cycling, and other critical ecosystem processes in streams. Whereas watershed- and local-scale controls on stream metabolism have been independently investigated, little is known about how controls exerted at different scales interact to determine stream metabolic rates, particularly in urban streams and across seasons. To address this knowledge gap, we measured ecosystem metabolism in four urban and four reference streams in northern Kentucky, USA, with paired closed and open riparian canopies, during each of the four seasons. Gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem production (NEP) were all best predicted by models with season as a main effect, but interactions between season, canopy, and watershed varied for each response. Urban streams exhibited higher GPP during most seasons, likely due to elevated nutrient loads. Open canopy reaches in both urban and forested streams, supported higher rates of GPP than the closed canopy which reaches during the summer and fall, when the overhead vegetation shaded the closed reaches. The effect of canopy cover on GPP was similar among urban and forested streams. The combination of watershed and local-scale controls resulted in urban streams that alternated between net heterotrophy (NEP <0) and net autotrophy (NEP >0) at the reach-scale during seasons with dense canopy cover. This finding has management relevance because net production can lead to accumulation of algal biomass and associated issues like nighttime hypoxia. Our study suggests that although watershed urbanization fundamentally alters ecosystem function, the preservation and restoration of canopied riparian zones can provide an important management tool at the local scale, with the strongest impacts on stream metabolism during summer.     

从生态学的观点看城乡发展问题

阐述了城乡发展的意义,提出了城乡发展中所面临的人口、环境和资源等三大问题.为使城乡发展建立在科学的基础上,必须合理利用自然资源,保护生态环境,使得城乡生态系统的收支、结构和功能保持平衡,真正把城乡建成功能齐全、环境优美、生产发展和生活舒适的场所.     

城市承载力空间差异分析方法 --以常州市为例

城市承载力是指一定范围内,特定目标、特定时期城市的资源禀赋、生态环境、基础设施和公共服务对人口及经济社会活动的承载能力。基于城市复合生态系统理论,从资源环境对人类活动的支撑力、人类活动对环境的压力和调控力三方面提出城市承载力概念模型及综合承载指数计算方法,从城市管理的空间特性出发,提出基于微观空间层面的承载力空间差异性分析方法,构建承载力评价指标体系,并以常州市区为例对所提出方法进行实证研究。结果表明:(1)采用城市综合承载指数评价城市承载力,能够较为直观地显示和分析承载力空间差异,符合实际情况;(2)所划分的高、中、低承载区的空间分布与城市总体规划确定的城市空间形态基本吻合,且在城市未来发展方向上对城市空间结构规划具有指导性;(3)通过空间定量评价确定的承载力提升热点地区能够将提升要素空间化,定向、定位指导城市建设。但在提升要素筛选中受指标实际可获取性影响,存在一定的偏差,有待进一步完善。     

基于绿视率的城市生态舒适度评价模型构建

城市生态系统服务指人类从城市生态系统中获取的利益,城市绿色空间是提供城市生态系统服务的主要载体。而城市化进程的加快对城市绿色空间的存量造成威胁,城市生态系统服务难以达到居民需求。传统的城市绿色空间评价指标集中于对城市绿地面积的评价,指标偏向整体性和二维化,忽视了三维绿量,也鲜少关注生态系统服务质量。基于以上背景提出了一个城市生态系统服务功能评价指标——城市生态舒适度,通过人体的主观感受对城市生态系统服务功能做出质量反馈,并结合灰色关联分析法构建了该指标的评价模型。通过样本的条件对比分析得出,当绿视率水平低于30%时,城市生态舒适度的主要影响因子为绿视率;当绿视率水平高于30%时,则是湿度、PM2.5浓度和风力等级。将评价模型的模拟结果与实测值进行对比验证,结果显示二者的变化趋势基本相同,表明评价模型科学有效。