共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Sousa-Majer MJ Turner NC Hardie DC Morton RL Lamont B Higgins TJ 《Journal of experimental botany》2004,55(396):497-505
The effects of water deficit and high temperature on the production of alpha-amylase inhibitor 1 (alpha-AI-1) were studied in transgenic peas (Pisum sativum L.) that were developed to control the seed-feeding pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum L., Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Transgenic and non-transgenic plants were subjected to water-deficit and high-temperature treatments under controlled conditions in the glasshouse and growth cabinet, beginning 1 week after the first pods were formed. In the water-deficit treatments, the peas were either adequately watered (control) or water was withheld after first pod formation. The high-temperature experiments were performed in two growth cabinets, one maintained at 27/22 degrees C (control) and one at 32/27 degrees C day/night temperatures, with the vapour pressure deficit maintained at 1.3 kPa. The plants exposure to high temperatures and water deficit produced 27% and 79% fewer seeds, respectively, than the controls. In the transgenic peas the level of alpha-AI-1 as a percentage of total protein was not influenced by water stress, but was reduced on average by 36.3% (the range in two experiments was 11-50%) in the high-temperature treatment. Transgenic and non-transgenic pods of plants grown at 27/22 degrees C and 32/27 degrees C were inoculated with pea weevil eggs to evaluate whether the reduction in level of alpha-AI-1 in the transgenic pea seeds affected pea weevil development and survival. At the higher temperatures, 39% of adult pea weevil emerged, compared to 1.2% in the transgenic peas grown at the lower temperatures, indicating that high temperature reduced the protective capacity of the transgenic peas. 相似文献
2.
Davis BD 《Plant physiology》1977,60(4):513-517
α-Amylase was found in the axis portion of ungerminated pea seeds (Pisum sativum var. Alaska). The occurrence of this enzyme was demonstrated with crude homogenates (also containing β-amylase) using three different methods: the hydrolysis of β-limit dextrin, the change in absorption spectra for the iodine-starch complex, and the increase in reducing materials relative to the decrease in starch. The first method was used to quantitate the changes in α-amylase activity during germination. The increase in total amylase activity (primarily β-amylase) paralleled germination; the accumulation of α-amylase activity was not initiated for an additional day. The increased α-amylase activity was related to epicotyl growth. Approximately half of this activity was found in the etiolated stem, the distribution being higher in growing than in nongrowing portions. 相似文献
3.
Hirasawa E 《Plant physiology》1989,91(2):484-486
The report documents how the development of α-amylase activity in detached cotyledons of Pisum sativum cv Alaska is accelerated 2- to 12-fold during incubation with 1 micromolar to 10 micromolar 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, or with 4-chloroindoleacetic acid, an endogenous auxin from Pisum sativum. It seems probable that auxin from the embryonic axis induces α-amylase in the attached cotyledons during germination. 相似文献
5.
Photobleaching of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedling leaves by treatment with norflurazon (San 9789) and 7 days of continuous white light caused a 76- to 85-fold increase in the activity of the primary α-amylase, a largely apoplastic enzyme, over normally greening seedlings. Levels of chlorophyll were near zero and levels of plastid marker enzyme activities were very low in norflurazon-treated seedlings, indicating severe photooxidative damage to plastids. As levels of norflurazon or fluence rates were lowered, decreasing photobleaching of tissues, α-amylase activity decreased. Levels of leaf β-amylase and starch debranching enzyme changed very little in norflurazon-treated seedlings. Infiltration extraction of leaves of norflurazon-treated and normally greening seedlings indicated that at least 57 and 62%, respectively, of α-amylase activity was in the apoplast. α-Amylase activity recovered from the apoplast of photobleached leaves of norflurazon-treated seedlings was 18-fold higher than that for green leaves. Inhibitors of photosynthesis (DCMU and atrazine) and an inhibitor of chlorophyll accumulation that does not cause photooxidation of plastid components (tentoxin) had little effect on levels of α-amylase activity, indicating norflurazon-caused loss of chlorophyll and lack of photosynthesis did not cause the large induction in α-amylase activity. An inhibitor of both abscisic acid and gibberellin synthesis (paclobutrazol [PP333]) and an analog of norflurazon which inhibits photosynthesis but not carotenoid synthesis (San 9785) caused only moderate (about five-fold) increases in α-amylase activity. Lincomycin and chloramphenicol increased α-amylase activity in light grown seedings to the same magnitude as norflurazon, indicating that the effect of norflurazon is probably through the destruction of plastid ribosomes. It is proposed that chloroplasts produce a negative signal for the regulation of the apoplastic α-amylase in pea. 相似文献
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Helena Havlíková 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1980,27(3):287-292
The causes of different feeding rate in female pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus L.) were investigated with three cultivars, namely Gorkovskij, Lancet and Neuga. A negative correlation between leaf thickness and feeding rate was demonstrated, but by using artificial diet saturated with leaf sap, some effects were shown to be of a chemical nature.The effect of some compounds, the concentrations of which differed in the experimental cultivars, was verified by feeding tests. A strong inhibition of feeding was induced by the amino acid tyrosine. Among tested sugars saccharose was the most effective for stimulation of feeding.
zusammenfassung In Freilandversuchen wurden drei Erbsensorten mit unterschiedlicher Frassintensität durch Sitona lineatus ausgewählt, die stark befallene Gorkovskij, die intermediäre Lancet und die wenig befallene Neuga. Die Ursachen der Befallsunterschiede wurden dann im Laboratorium mit weiblichen Käfern untersucht. Blattscheibentests mit frischen Blättern der drei Sorten bestätigten die Feldversuche. Versuche mit künstlichen Substraten, welche mit Blattsaft gesättigt waren, deuteten auf einen Einfluss physikalischer Faktoren, also des anatomischen Baus der Blätter, hin. Zwischen Frassstärke und Blattdicke ergab sich eine negative Korrelation.Bei den Tests mit künstlichen Substraten wurde der Einfluss der biochemischen Zusammensetzung des Blattsafts nachgewiesen. Aufgrund der Pflanzensaftanalyse wurden dann einige Stoffe in ihrer Wirkung auf den Käferfrass geprüft. Die stärkste Frasshemmung bewirkte bei den Aminosäuren Tyrosin, die stärkste Stimulation bei den Zuckern Saccharose.相似文献
8.
Root and shoot development in peas 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Seven root and shoot characters of young pea (Pisum sativum and Pisum fulvum) seedlings were analysed to study genetic variability and to obtain measures of heritability in the broad sense. Considerable genetic variation was noted in all characters studied in the thirty genotypes with the length of the main root showing the greatest variability. Estimates of heritability exceeding 50 % were noted for the number of laterals, length of shoot, weight of root and weight of shoot. Seed weight was significantly correlated only with length of longest lateral and weight of root. The length of the longest lateral and the length to the last lateral were correlated with most other characters. 相似文献
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The presence and possible assimilation of Rhizobium leguminosarum in the gut of the pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus (L.)) larvae was investigated with a fluorescent antibody technique and electron microscopy. The fluorescent antibody technique proved that many R. leguminosarum bacteroids were present in the gut of 14-day old larvae which had been feeding within pea (Pisum sativum L.) root nodules. Examination of larval midgut thin sections with transmission electron microscopy also revealed many R. leguminosarum bacteroids as a constituent of the gut contents. Intact bacteroids were more prevalent in the anterior and middle portions of the midgut while bacteroids with disrupted cell walls were observed more often in the posterior portions of the midgut. Of the hindgut sections examined, none showed the presence of intact bacteroids. These results provide strong evidence that R. leguminosarum bacteroids are digested, absorbed and possibly assimilated by pea leaf weevil larvae.
Résumé Des anticorps fluorescents et la microscopie électronique ont été utilisès pour déceler la présence et une possible assimilation de Rhizobium leguminosarum dans le tube digestif des larves de Sitona lineatus L. La technique des anticorps fluorescents prouve que de nombreux bactéroïdes de R. leguminosarum sont dans le t.d. de larves agées de 14 jours qui se sont alimentées sur des nodules racinaires de Pisum sativum L. L'examen de coupes fines de l'intestin moyen en microscopie électronique a révélé de nombreux bactéroïdes R. leguminosarum comme constituants du contenu du t.d. Des bactéroïdes intacts sont plus fréquents dans les portions antérieures et moyennes du t.d. moyen, tandis que des bactéroïdes avec des parois cellulaires brisées sont observés plus souvent dans les parties postérieures du t.d. moyen. Aucune section du t.d. postérieur examinée ne contenait de bactéroïde intact. Ces résultats fournissent des arguments solides sur la digestion, l'absorption, et peut être l'assimilation, des bactéroïdes R. leguminosarum par les larves de S. lineatus L.相似文献
11.
A kinetic analysis of the inhibition of malt alpha-amylase by compounds based on ascorbic acid has shown the mode of inhibition to be competitive for the parent compound, but more complex for its derivatives. We have further simplified the ascorbic acid ene-diol pharmacophore by demonstrating that dihydroxyfumaric acid is also a good inhibitor of malt alpha-amylase. 相似文献
12.
Physical characterization of alpha-amylase inhibitors from wheat 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
13.
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an important neurotransmitter whose non-neuronal biological roles are being widely accepted. ACh and components of its metabolism are present in plants. ACh and some inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) share structural similarity (quaternary ammonium group) with some inhibitors of biosynthesis of a plant hormone, gibberellic acid (GA); e.g., 2-Isopropyl-4-dimethylamino-5-methylphenyl-1-piperidine carboxylate methyl chloride (AMO-1618) inhibits GA biosynthesis as well as AChE. The present study explores the possibility that ACh and antiAChE may inhibit GA biosynthesis. Seeds of barley var. Jyoti were germinated in the presence of ACh, its breakdown products - choline and acetate, and two antiAChE - neostigmine and physostigmine (all 10(-5) M). Alpha amylase activity in germinating seeds was measured as a reliable indicator of the level of GA biosynthesis. Alpha amylase activity in barley seeds was significantly reduced after 72 h of treatment with antiChE but not by ACh or its breakdown products. Since germinating barley seeds contain AChE, much of the ACh may have been broken down before its uptake. Quaternary ammonium antiChE neostigmine was more effective (50% inhibition at 10(-5) M) as compared to tertiary ammonium physostigmine (15% inhibition at 10(-5) M). ACh, choline, acetate, neostigmine and physostigmine (all 10(-5) M) did not affect formation of starch-iodine complex or activity of alpha-amylase per se. Our results indicate that quaternary ammonium inhibitors of AChE may inhibit GA biosynthesis. 相似文献
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This study examined the effects of the surface wax bloom of pea plants, Pisum sativum, on infection of pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, by the fungal pathogen Pandora neoaphidis. In prior field surveys, a higher proportion of P. neoaphidis-killed pea aphids (cadavers) had been observed on a pea line with reduced wax bloom, as compared with a sister line with normal surface wax bloom. Laboratory bioassays were conducted in order to examine the mechanisms. After plants of each line infested with aphids were exposed to similar densities of conidia, the rate of accumulation of cadavers on the reduced wax line was significantly greater than on the normal wax bloom line; at the end of the experiment (13d), the proportion of aphid cadavers on the reduced wax line was approximately four times that on the normal wax bloom line. When plants were exposed to conidia first and then infested with aphids, the rate of accumulation of cadavers was slightly but significantly greater on the reduced wax line, and infection at the end of the experiment (16d) did not differ between the lines. When aphids were exposed first and then released onto the plants, no differences in the proportion of aphid cadavers were observed between the pea lines. Greater infection of pea aphid on reduced wax peas appears to depend upon plants being exposed to inoculum while aphids are settled in typical feeding positions on the plant. Additional experiments demonstrated increased adhesion and germination by P. neoaphidis conidia to leaf surfaces of the reduced wax line as compared with normal wax line, and this could help explain the higher infection rate by P. neoaphidis on the reduced wax line. In bioassays using surface waxes extracted from the two lines, there was no effect of wax source on germination of P. neoaphidis conidia. 相似文献
17.
Amirhusin B Shade RE Koiwa H Hasegawa PM Bressan RA Murdock LL Zhu-Salzman K 《Journal of economic entomology》2004,97(6):2095-2100
Genetic engineering may be used to introduce multiple insect resistance genes with different modes of action into crop plants. We explored the possible interactions of two differing gene products fed in the diet of cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculates (F.), a stored grain pest. The soybean cysteine protease inhibitor soyacystatin N (scN) and alpha-amylase inhibitor (alphaAI) from wheat have defensive function against this coleopteran. When artificial seeds containing both scN and alpha(AI) were infested with eggs of C. maculatus, the delays in larval development were longer than was predicted by summing the developmental delays seen when larvae were fed a diet containing the individual proteins, indicating that the effects of scN and alpha(AI) are synergistic. Alpha(AI) was readily hydrolyzed when incubated with insect gut extract. This proteolytic degradation was inhibited by scN, but not by Kunitz inhibitor (a serine protease inhibitor). Thus, degradation of alpha(AI) was due to proteolysis by insect digestive cysteine proteases. These data suggest that C. maculatus uses digestive enzymes not only to function in food protein digestion but also to defend the insects themselves by helping reduce the concentration of a toxic dietary protein. 相似文献
18.
C. D. GREEN KATHERINE WILLIAMSON E. B. DENNIS T. McBURNEY † 《The Annals of applied biology》1981,97(3):303-309
Oxamyl treatment at drilling greatly increased the growth of the plants, the yield and quality of the peas harvested, in soil infested by small or large numbers of Heterodera goettingiana. Treated plants were continuing to set pods when non-treated plants were senescing. Rhizobium nodulation, sap nitrate and tissue nitrogen content were increased in treated plants. Oxamyl applied to growing plants reduced later nematode invasion and enabled root nodulation to proceed with an increase in tissue nitrogen but no increase in yield. Oxamyl applied at drilling in April was inactive against invasion by H. goettingiana in June, which enabled the nematode to multiply equally in treated and non-treated plots. The most economic treatments were at the smallest rates, giving the greatest increase in yield/kg of oxamyl applied. 相似文献
19.
The pattern of sequence organization in the regions of the pea genome near sequences coding for mRNA differs significantly from that in total DNA. Interspersion of repeated and single copy sequences is so extensive that 85% of 1300 nucleotide-long fragments contain highly repetitive sequences (about 5000 copies per haploid genome). However, data presented here demonstrate that sequences which code for mRNA are enriched in the small fraction of fragments which do not contain these highly repetitive sequences. Thus, in contrast to the great majority of other sequences in the genome, most mRNA coding sequences are not located within 1300 nucleotides of highly repetitive elements. Moreover, our data indicate that those repeats (if any) which are closely associated with mRNA coding sequences belong to low copy number families characterized by an unusually low degree of sequence divergence.Abbreviations NT
nucleotides
- NTP
nucleotide pairs
- Cot
the product of molar concentration of DNA nucleotides and time of incubation (mol s/L)
- Tm
the temperature at which half of the nucleotides are unpaired
- Tm,i
the temperature at which half of the complementary strands are completely separated
- PIPES
1, 4, Piperazinediethane sulfonic acid
- PB
an equimolar mixture of NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4 (pH 6.8). 相似文献
20.
Ji-Rui Wang Mei Deng Ya-Xi Liu Xin Qiao Zhen-Hong Chen Qian-Tao Jiang Zhi-En Pu Yu-Ming Wei Eviatar Nevo You-Liang Zheng 《Genes & genomics.》2011,33(4):357-364
α-Amylase inhibitors are attractive candidates for the control of seed weevils as these insects are highly dependent on starch as an energy source. Wheat tetrameric α-amylase inhibitor (WTAI) is a mixture (60 kDa) of 3 units: WTAI-CM2 plus 2 WTAI-CM3 plus WTAI-CM16, where none of the subunits is active on its own. A total of 334 gene sequences were obtained from 14 populations (131 accessions= genotypes) of wild emmer wheat. The frequencies of SNPs in WTAI-CM2, WTAI-CM3 and WTAI-CM16 were 1 out of 87.6, 101.4, and 108.0 bases, where 5, 5 and 4 SNPs were detected in the coding sequence, respectively. The nucleotide sequence of each unit of tetrameric α-amylase inhibitors were much more conserved than that of dimeric or monomeric inhibitors. The wild emmer wheat populations showed diversity on three WTAI loci, both between and within populations. It was revealed that WTAI were naturally selected for across populations by a ratio of dN/dS as expected. The results of purifying and positive selection hypothesis (p<0.05) also showed that the sequences of WTAI were contributed by natural selection, which ensures the protein function conservation as well as the inhibition diversity with insects amylase enzyme. Ecological factors, singly or in combination, explained a significant proportion of the variations in the SNPs. Ecological factors have an important evolutionary role in gene differentiation at these loci, and tetrameric α-amylase inhibitors are obviously adaptively selected under different environments. 相似文献