机用ProTaper 进行恒磨牙根管预备的临床评价

目的:评价机用ProTaper镍钛根管器械进行恒磨牙根管预备的临床疗效。方法:2007年7月至2010年12月期间就诊的需进行根管治疗的109患者,共计128颗磨牙,包括牙髓炎54颗牙,慢性根尖周炎74颗牙。按随机配对原则分入实验组和对照组,每组64颗牙。实验组用机用ProTaper镍钛根管锉预备根管,对照组用不锈钢K型锉预备根管。两组均采用侧向加压法充填根管,记录每颗患牙的单个根管预备所用时间、根管充填效果、术后不良反应及随访到的远期疗效。结果:机用ProTaper镍钛器械预备单根管所耗时间明显少于对照组,根管预备后疼痛发生率明显低于对照组,根管适充率实验组明显优于对照组,根管治疗术后1年疗效比较也优于对照组。结论:使用机用ProTaper器械进行恒磨牙根管预备快速有效,根充效果好,并发症发生率低,远期疗效确切,值得临床推广。     

Fracture mechanics analysis of vertical root fracture from condensation of gutta-percha

A two-dimensional fracture mechanics analysis of vertical root fracture (VRF) in single-canal roots from apical condensation of gutta-percha (gp) is developed. The resulting analytic relation for apical load causing VRF agrees with major trends reported in in-vitro tests on roots subjected to either continuous or, the more clinically relevant, repeating vertical condensation of gp. The model explicitly exposes the role of root canal morphology and dentin fracture toughness on VRF. Ovoid and irregular canals are prone to fracture while the effect of mean root canal radius is modest. Canal taper and instrumentation details may affect VRF only marginally and indirectly. The model predicts dentinal cracks to occur following root canal instrumentation and obturation, which may pose long-term threats to tooth integrity.     

不同根管器械去除弯曲根管内充填物的效果研究

目的:比较新型旋转器械马尼GPR和ProTaper再治疗系统、手用H锉在根管再治疗中去除弯曲根管内牙胶的清理效果。方法:选取30个弯曲度为30°的透明树脂根管模块,根管长度为17mm。使用ProTaper Next机用镍钛器械预备至30/.06,热压胶垂直加压根管充填。样本随机分为3组(n=10),用以下方法配合丁克除溶剂去除根管内充填材料,A组手用H锉、B组ProTaper再治疗系统和C组马尼GPR,记录去除充填物所用总时间。从颊舌向和近远中向2个角度拍着数码X线片,使用Image J 2X图像分析软件分析根管内充填物残留量。用天平称量推出根尖孔碎屑量。结果:ProTaper再治疗系统组根管壁充填物残留量明显多于马尼GPR组和H锉组(P0.05)。H锉组操作时间明显高于ProTaper再治疗系统组和马尼GPR组(P0.05)。马尼GPR组推出根尖孔碎屑量明显少于ProTaper再治疗系统组(P0.05)。结论:马尼再治疗锉去除根管内充填物效率优于ProTaper再治疗系统和H锉,机用镍钛器械所用时间明显少于手用器械。     

下颌第二恒磨牙C形根管的离体实验研究

目的：寻找一种预备C形根管的有效器械,提高下颌第二恒磨牙的治愈率。方法：选用80颗具有C形根管的下颌第二恒磨牙,选择四种器械进行根管预备,第一组用不锈钢K锉,第二组用不锈钢K锉和手用镍钛器械,第三组用机用镍钛器械,第四组用超声根管治疗仪,预备中均用3％双氧水和生理盐水交替反复冲洗根管,预备后用Vitapex糊剂和牙胶尖冷侧压方法充填根管,观察根充后X线片和根尖微渗漏情况,评价充填效果。结果：四种器械根充后微渗漏有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论：不锈钢K锉和手用镍钛器械联合应用及超声根管治疗仪为预备C形根管的有效器械。     

奥硝唑用于感染根管消毒的细菌学研究

目的　观察和探讨新型抗厌氧菌药物奥硝唑消毒感染根管的抗菌效果。方法　选择感染根管患牙98颗,常规根管预备后,随机分为试验组(奥硝唑组)和对照组(甲醛甲酚组)各4 9颗。分别在根管预备前、预备后及封药后进行根管内细菌标本采样、培养、分离与鉴定,测定根管内细菌变化及检出情况,并观察封药后临床症状和体征的变化。结果　2组封药后,根管内细菌数量及检出率均较封药前明显降低( P<0 .0 5 ) ,根管内细菌数量及检出率比较,差异无显著性( P>0 .0 5 ) ,奥硝唑的近期临床疗效优于甲醛甲酚。结论　奥硝唑是一种较安全、有效的根管消毒药物     

Metaproteome Analysis of Endodontic Infections in Association with Different Clinical Conditions

Analysis of the metaproteome of microbial communities is important to provide an insight of community physiology and pathogenicity. This study evaluated the metaproteome of endodontic infections associated with acute apical abscesses and asymptomatic apical periodontitis lesions. Proteins persisting or expressed after root canal treatment were also evaluated. Finally, human proteins associated with these infections were identified. Samples were taken from root canals of teeth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis before and after chemomechanical treatment using either NaOCl or chlorhexidine as the irrigant. Samples from abscesses were taken by aspiration of the purulent exudate. Clinical samples were processed for analysis of the exoproteome by using two complementary mass spectrometry platforms: nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap quadrupole Velos Orbitrap and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight. A total of 308 proteins of microbial origin were identified. The number of proteins in abscesses was higher than in asymptomatic cases. In canals irrigated with chlorhexidine, the number of identified proteins decreased substantially, while in the NaOCl group the number of proteins increased. The large majority of microbial proteins found in endodontic samples were related to metabolic and housekeeping processes, including protein synthesis, energy metabolism and DNA processes. Moreover, several other proteins related to pathogenicity and resistance/survival were found, including proteins involved with adhesion, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance, stress proteins, exotoxins, invasins, proteases and endopeptidases (mostly in abscesses), and an archaeal protein linked to methane production. The majority of human proteins detected were related to cellular processes and metabolism, as well as immune defense. Interrogation of the metaproteome of endodontic microbial communities provides information on the physiology and pathogenicity of the community at the time of sampling. There is a growing need for expanded and more curated protein databases that permit more accurate identifications of proteins in metaproteomic studies.     

Ultrastructural shape and three-dimensional organization of the intracuticular canal systems in the mineralized cuticle of the green crab Carcinus maenas

Two main self-contained canal systems are present in the crab mineralized cuticle. The first, or fibre canal system, is constituted by simple, unbranched vertical canals containing axially running fibres in close association with myoepidermal junctions. The second, or pore canal system, is composed of procuticular pore canals and epicuticular channels that prolong the procuticular canals. In opposition to widespread opinion, pore canals make up a three-dimensional branched system extending from the apical plasma membrane of the epidermis up to the epicuticle. Branching occurs by projections of lateral horizontal from the vertical canals at the lower level of the pigmented layer and by innumerable ramifications of epicuticular canals. In agreement with Neville's model for insects, vertical procuticular pore canals of crustacean mineralized cuticle, and also fibre canals, exhibit a twisted ribbon structure reflecting the helicoidal arrangement of the horizontal chitin-protein microfibrils.     

Effects of plasma jet,dielectric barrier discharge,photodynamic therapy and sodium hypochlorite on infected curved root canals

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of 2 different cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) sources, photodynamic therapy and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), on infected root canals. Therefore, 50 standardized curved human root canals were infected with Enterococcus faecalis and assigned to 5 groups—negative control (NC), plasma jet (CAP I), dielectric barrier discharge (CAP II), photodynamic therapy (PDT) and NaOCl + passive ultrasonic irrigation—for 30 s. Colony forming units (CFUs) were determined. NaOCl was significantly more effective at reducing CFUs than all test groups (P < .0001 [Mann‐Whitney U test]) in both parts of the root canal. CFUs in PDT were significantly lower than those in CAP II (P = .015), and those in CAP I were lower than those in CAP II (P = .05). Among all other groups and in the apical parts, no significant differences were found (P > .05).      

Anatomy of the gas canal system of Nelumbo nucifera

Nelumbo nucifera (Gaertn.) grows by extending a creeping rhizome through anaerobic sediments. Nodes form at intervals along the rhizome, each producing a single leaf, and gas canals channel air from the leaves throughout the petioles and rhizomes. The gas flow pathway was mapped by casting the canals in growing shoots with silicone and by blowing air through complexes of rhizomes and petioles. Air from a leaf flows to a rhizome through one of two petiolar canal pairs, joining with the lowermost of three canal pairs in the rhizome through a chamber in the node. The lowermost canal pair links these nodal chambers along the length of a rhizome, allowing air from a node to flow both forward, toward a growing shoot, and backward, toward preceding leaves. These linked chambers also connect with the middle pair of canals on their proximal side, enabling flow to proceed backward along the rhizome to an adjacent node. A chamber in the next node then diverts the flow into the upper canal pair. This pair leads to a third node and chamber from which the air vents to the atmosphere through the second petiolar canal pair. Thus, pressurised air from one leaf must flow backward through two nodes before it returns to the atmosphere. Forward flow also ventilates a shoot's growing tip, with air from the lowermost canal pair entering a chamber in the developing node which, as described above, connects with the middle canal. This allows the air to reverse direction at the tip and enter the vent flow pathway.     

An investigation of lymphatic vessels in the feline dental pulp

The existence of lymphatic vessels in the dental pulp has been a matter of continuing controversy. We have now used light microscopy to examine semithin transverse sections of perfusion-fixed incisors and canines in cats. Lymphatics were found in all the teeth studied. In most teeth they were present in the coronal, middle, and apical regions of the pulp; but in a few they were lacking coronally and in the middle. Within individual teeth, lymphatics were found in the subodontoblastic zone or more centrally in the pulp; but none were found in the odontoblast layer or in the pulp horns. Vessels located by light microscopy were subsequently examined by transmission electron microscopy. Their ultrastructural features were typical of lymphatics and included irregular, attenuated endothelium with adjacent cells joined in different ways. Occasional gaps connected the extracellular spaces with their lumens, and abluminal endothelial projections appeared to form open end bulbs. There was very little basement membrane, but anchoring filaments were found near the abluminal surface of the endothelium and near collagen fibrils. The total cross-sectional area of lymphatic vessels was measured in semithin sections and, with pulp area, increased from the coronal region to the middle. However, both areas decreased from the middle to the apical region suggesting either that lymph flows faster as it reaches the foramens of the apical delta or that some vessels leave the tooth through lateral root canals. Using the methods of light and transmission electron microscopy, therefore, we have shown that pulp lymphatic vessels exist. Questions remain, however, about their distribution within teeth, variations between teeth, and routes of exit from teeth.     

The role of the ELAV homologue EXC-7 in the development of the Caenorhabditis elegans excretory canals

The exc mutations of Caenorhabditis elegans alter the position and shape of the apical cytoskeleton in polarized epithelial cells. Mutants in exc-7 form small cysts throughout the tubular excretory canals that regulate organismal osmolarity. We have cloned the exc-7 gene, the closest nematode homologue to the neural RNA-binding protein ELAV. EXC-7 is expressed in the canal for a short time midway through embryogenesis. Cysts in exc-7 mutants do not develop until several hours later, beginning at the time of hatching. We find that the first larval period is when the canal completes the majority of its outgrowth, and adds new apical cytoskeleton at a rapid rate. Ultrastructural studies show that exc-7 mutant defects resemble loss of beta(H)-spectrin (encoded by sma-1) at the distal ends of the excretory canals. In addition, exc-7 mutants exhibit synergistic excretory canal defects with mutations in sma-1, and EXC-7 binds sma-1 mRNA. These data imply that EXC-7 protein may affect expression of sma-1 and other genes to effect proper development of the excretory canals.     

In Vitro Comparison of Raypex 6 and Endopilot Using a Novel,Computer-Aided Measurement System,for Determining the Working Length

Introduction

Experimental evaluation of endometric devices usually relies on visual, subjective detection of the apical constriction to determine the accuracy of measurements. The aim of the present study was to analyze the accuracy of measurements of Raypex 6 and EndoPilot using a novel, objective image-analysis system.

Methods

Onehundred and twenty teeth were randomized and allocated to three groups: After coronal flaring, either Raypex 6 or EndoPilot were used to determine the endodontic working length during instrumentation using manual files (RPM and EPM group respectively). In addition, EndoPilot was used for continuous, automatic measurement during rotating instrumentation (EPA group). If the working length had been reached according to endometric results, the files were fixed in place. Tooth and file were then embedded and prepared for analysis. Subsequently, the distance between the tip of the file and the apical constriction (D_AC) or the apical foramen (D_AF) was calculated using trigonometric analysis and the position of the file relative to AC and AF was analyzed.

Results

Both inter- and intra-examiner-reliability of the trigonometric analysis were nearly perfect (ICC = 0.999, p<0.001). D_AC was not significantly different between groups (p>0.05, t-test). D_AF was significantly decreased when EPA had been used compared to EPM (p<0.05, Exact-test). EPA resulted in files being positioned beyond AF significantly more often than the other two methods (p<0.01).

Conclusions

All methods allowed reliable detection of AC. However, EPA significantly increased the risk of overpreparation. Objective, digital assessment based on image analysis was suitable to compare the accuracy of different endometric devices.     

Position and position variations of the canal system of the temporal bone in frontal section

Estimated are: 1. The axis of the internal acoustic meatus to the horizontal plane in adults and postnatal changes. 2. Eight coronal sections of the temporal bone have been selected to localize the canal systems and structures in the petrous part of the temporal bone and their variations. 3. Described are the different parts of the facial canal, the carotic canal, the auditive tube, the tensor tympani muscle, the major petrosal nerve, and its distances to the carotic canal, the cochlea, the internal acoustic meatus, the supra- and infracochlear cells, the fenestra vestibuli, the fossa jugularis, the canaliculus cochleae, the vestibulum and the semicircular canals. This report includes the development of the supravestibular and other mastoideal cells in the neighbourhood of the canal systems of the petrous bone and the vestibular aqueduct and sac. Estimated are also the distances between the different canal systems. 4. The investigations are discussed with our earlier researches and the results of other researchers and its diagnostic in clinical importance.     

慢性根尖周炎应用氢氧化钙根管内封药的临床疗效观察

目的:观察慢性根尖周炎患牙用氢氧化钙根管内封药的临床疗效。方法:选择100例慢性根尖周病变患者随机分为实验组和对照组各50例;观察组用氢氧化钙做根管内封药;对照组用甲醛甲酚做根管内封药,观察术后1周的临床及X线片表现,并分析评定临床疗效。结果:术后1周有效率比较,观察组为96%,对照组为86%;两组间疗效差异具有统计学意义。结论:氢氧化钙是较理想的根管内消毒剂。     

Structure of the seismosensory system of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Psettodes erumei</Emphasis> (Psettodidae,Pleuronectiformes)

The structure of the seismosensory system of Psettodes erumei was studied. General and specific features in comparison with the previously studied representatives of the suborder Pleuronectoidei were revealed. Similarity is manifested in the presence of four main head canals, coronal commissure, interrupted supratemporal commissure transformed into a supratemporal canal, and one trunk canal developed on both sides of the body. The seismosensory system of Psettodes erumei is characterized by several plesiomorphous characters: the presence of a sensory segment in lacrimale of the eyed side and supracleithrum, the absence of disruptions in all sensory canals, and a strong branching of cutaneous canaliculi. Specific features of P. erumei involve the presence of a large number of fontanels on angulo-articulare, connection on the eyed side of CIO sites in lacrimale and infraorbitale, and the underdevelopment of the bony vault of the sensory canal in praeoperculum.     

超声波对感染根管消毒作用的实验研究

目的:通过与氢氧化钙药尖消毒作用的比较,验证超声波对感染根管的消毒作用并判断其消毒作用的临床应用价值。方法:10只3月龄的小型健康实验家兔随机分成二组后,制备成感染根管动物模型。对模型进行术前细菌培养后,分别做超声根管内消毒和氢氧化钙药尖消毒,术后细菌培养。结果:超声波和氢氧化钙对需氧菌和厌氧菌的杀灭作用无菌种之间的差别;但杀菌效果存在显著差异。实验发现超声波消毒的特点是:第一,无抗菌谱的差异。第二,无热效应,根管壁表面升温不明显。第三,作用无方向性,对任何角度方向上的有机物均能使其失活。第四,越是细小根管作用越强。这些正是根管消毒所要求的特殊条件。结论:1)超声波对感染根管的消毒作用明显优于氢氧化钙药尖。2)超声波对感染根管的消毒作用无抗菌谱的差异。3)超声波对感染根管具有较可靠的消毒作用,作为一种根管消毒手段值得进一步研究。     

后磨牙模拟根管模型制备与研究

目的:制备后磨牙模拟根管模型。方法:依照预实验中测试的牙本质和树脂根管模型材料的布氏硬度值(牙本质HB72,树脂块HB54)选取纯铜质铜管为材料(纯铜HB58)同时利用预实验中确认的后磨牙模拟根管模型弯曲角度的范围(70°-60°)并参照树脂根管模型相关数据,设计不同弯曲角度(70°,64°,60°)的纯铜质根管模型,将20套镍钛根管锉随机分为4组,其中3组根管锉分别预备相应角度的10个纯铜质后磨牙根管模型,另一组在临床预备10个后磨牙根管作为对照组。所有镍钛根管锉均在疲劳寿命测试装置中测试疲劳寿命。结果:选用根管长度为16mm±1mm,弯曲半径为5mm,内径为0.70mm的纯铜质铜管制作后磨牙根管模型。其中在弯曲角度为70°的后磨牙根管模型中有33%(2/6)近似临床;在弯曲角度为64°的后磨牙根管模型中有67%(4/6)近似临床;在弯曲角度为60°的后磨牙根管模型中有33%(2/6)近似临床。结论:弯曲角度为64°的纯铜制后磨牙模拟根管模型更接近于临床实际,可为体外研究镍钛根管锉各项指标提供一个较为理想的模型。     

Alterations of the resin canal system of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pinaster</Emphasis> seedlings after fertilization of a healthy and of a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hylobius abietis</Emphasis> attacked stand

Changes in resource availability and biotic and abiotic stress may alter the defensive mechanisms of pine trees. The effect of fertilisation on the resin canal structure of Pinus pinaster seedlings established in two trials in NW Spain, one attacked by Hylobius abietis and the other non-attacked, was studied. The leaders of 50 plants were destructively sampled and the resin canal density, the canal area and its relative conductive area in the phloem and xylem were assessed. Experimentally increased nutrient availability significantly decreased resin canal density in the phloem of the seedlings in the two analysed trials, where unfertilised seedlings presented up to 30% more resin canal density than the fertilised seedlings (mean value ± SEM = 0.32 ± 0.02 resin canals mm⁻² in the fertilised plants versus 0.45 ± 0.04 resin canals mm⁻² in the control plants). Fertilisation had no effect on the resin canal system in the xylem, but significantly increased tracheid size. Significant differences of resin canals among sites were observed mainly in the xylem; the resin canal density was 1.7-fold greater in the attacked site than in the non-attacked site. The similar structure of phloem resin canals in both sites supports that phloem resin canals are constitutive mechanisms of defence in P. pinaster, whereas xylem resin canals would be constitutive mechanisms but also inducible mechanisms of resistance following the attack of pine weevils or bark beetles. XM and LS equally contributed to this paper.     

Ultrastructure of excretory system in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bothrioplana semperi</Emphasis> (Platyhelminthes,Turbellaria)

The ultrastructure of flame bulbs and epithelium of excretory canals in Bothrioplana semperi (Turbellaria, Seriata) have been studied. The flame bulbs consist of two cells, the terminal cell and the proximal canal cell. The weir is formed by two rows of longitudinal ribs. The ribs of the internal row originate from the flame cell, external ribs are formed by the proximal canal cell. Each external rib has a remarkable bundle of microfilaments, originating in the cytoplasm of the first canal cell distally to the bases of external ribs. Membrane of internal ribs is marked by small electrondense granules, separate or fused to an electron-dense layer, continuous to dense “membrane,” connecting both external and internal ribs. Sparse internal leptotrichs originate from the bottom of the flame bulb cavity. External leptotrichs are lacking. Septate junction is present only in proximal canal cell at the level of tips of cilia. The apical surface of the canal cell bears rare short microvilli. The basal membrane of canal cells forms long invaginations that may reach nearly the apical membrane. The epithelium of excretory canals lacks the cilia. The ultrastructure of flame bulbs and epithelium of the excretory canals in B. semperi shares representatives of suborder Proseriata (Seriata). The contradiction exists in interpretation of the structure of flame bulbs in Proseriata. Ehlers and Sopott-Ehlers assumed that the external ribs are derivatives of the proximal canal cell and internal ones are outgrowths of the terminal cell, while Rohde has found conversely: the external ribs are outgrowths of the terminal cell, the internal ones are outgrowths of the proximal canal cell. However, the illustrations provided by Rohde do not enable to ascertain what cells the internal and external ribs derive from, while illustrations provided by Ehlers justify his interpretation. The order of weir formation in B. semperi confirms the viewpoint of Ehlers. The implication of ultrastructure of flame bulbs in Proseriata, especially of the order of flame bulb formation, in the Platyhelminthes phylogeny has been discussed.     

黑缘烟蟋螽丝腺结构

【目的】蟋螽是直翅目中唯一具有吐丝筑巢行为的类群。本研究旨在探讨蟋螽丝腺的结构特点。【方法】应用解剖学观察、免疫荧光、苏木精-伊红染色、PAS苏木精染色、扫描电镜和透射电镜等方法从细胞水平对黑缘烟蟋螽Capnogryllacris nigromarginata丝腺的显微与超微结构进行了观察。【结果】黑缘烟蟋螽丝腺由导管和腺泡构成。腺泡由鞘细胞延伸形成的结缔组织鞘包围。腺泡的主体有4种细胞,分别为Ⅰ型分泌细胞、Ⅱ型分泌细胞、围细胞和腔细胞。Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型分泌细胞为大的腺细胞,形状不规则。分泌细胞细胞核很大,胞质内有大量的内质网和分泌颗粒。Ⅰ型分泌细胞靠近腺泡中心,PAS-苏木精染色表明Ⅰ型分泌细胞内含糖蛋白,Ⅱ型分泌细胞在腺泡外周,位于Ⅰ型分泌细胞与围细胞或结缔组织鞘之间。腔细胞分散在分泌细胞之间,包围形成胞外运输分泌物的通道。围细胞与鞘细胞接触,具有由细胞膜内陷形成的微绒毛腔,胞质内有大量的线粒体。围细胞微绒毛腔与腔细胞包围的细胞外运输通道相连,分泌细胞分泌的颗粒聚集在分泌细胞和胞外运输通道之间的连接处,并将分泌物排出至胞外运输通道。多个腺泡的胞外运输通道汇集到由单层细胞组成的丝腺导管。单层导管细胞靠近管腔外围具有规则排列的质膜内陷和大量伸长的线粒体;靠近管腔的一侧具连续的细胞膜突起,在导管壁的表皮下紧密排列。【结论】黑缘烟蟋螽丝腺分泌细胞分为Ⅰ型分泌细胞和Ⅱ型分泌细胞。分泌物质产生及分泌过程依次经过分泌细胞、腔细胞包围的胞外通道、分支导管、总导管和唾窦。其中在腺泡细胞之间,分泌物向外运输过程中,围细胞微绒毛腔的微丝束可能对分泌物的外排提供推动力。