The mycoflora of the subhuman primates

Summary Culture studies revealed that 54.3 % of 70 mouth samples and 15.1 % of 371 throat samples from captive male and female baboons contained yeasts.Candida albicans was found to be the highest single species isolated from the oral cavity of both sexes, with the exception ofTrichosporon, which was slightly higher in the mouths of female baboons.There is a slight indication that the yeast flora of the female oral cavity is higher than that of the male. Similarly, there is a close parallelism between the oral mycoflora of human beings and that of the baboons studied.     

The mycoflora of the subhuman primates

Summary For documentation of the mycoflora of the baboon, 127 vaginal and 165 rectal swabs were taken from males and females in captivity. A total of 176 and 171 yeast isolates were obtained from the vagina and rectum respectively. Candida was found to be the yeast most frequently found in both of these sites.C. albicans formed 14.6 % of the rectal yeasts and 7.9 % of the vaginal yeasts.No significant differences were found between the rectal isolates from the males and those from the females in the baboons. Furthermore, there is a strong indication that the mycoflora of both the rectum and the vagina of the baboon is similar to that of human beings, from both a qualitative and a quantitative point of view.This study was supported by U.S.P.H.S. Grant 5-R01-HE-3834-07.     

The mycoflora of the subhuman primates

Summary Swabs were collected from both nose and ear of a total of 105 male and female baboons. Samples were collected within 72 hours after the arrival of the animal from Kenya, and at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months thereafter. Similarly contents from large and small intestines of 29 sacrificed captive baboons and 162 free-living animals were studied for their yeast flora.A total of 505 and 588 yeast isolates were obtained from the ear and nose respectively. The intestinal contents, yielded a total of 109 isolates. The total yeast indices of the ear and nose were very similar quantitatively, and much higher than either of the small or large intestinal contents indices.There was no significant differences of mycological flora collected from females and males.     

Role of extralaryngeal muscles in phonation of subhuman primates

1. The electromyographic activity of eight external laryngeal and hyoid muscles was recorded during vocalization in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Calls of different types were elicited by electrical stimulation of the central grey of the midbrain in narcotized animals.
2. Peeping, a short, high-pitched call with minor frequency modulations, is associated with a marked activity in the cricothyroid, a moderate activity in the thyrohyoid, a weak activity in the sternohyoid and no activity in the sternothyroid, omohyoid, mylohyoid and anterior digastric muscles.
3. Chuck, a short, plosive call with a steep frequency descent over several kHz, is associated with a marked activity in the cricothyroid, a moderate activity in the thyrohyoid, sternothyroid and mylohyoid, a weak activity in the sternohyoid and omohyoid, and no or rare activity in the anterior digastric and inferior pharyngeal constrictor, respectively.
4. Cackling, a long and loud call consisting of alternating high- and low-pitched elements which follow each other repetitively in a 12–14 Hz rhythm, is associated with a similar muscular activity pattern as chuck except that the sternohyoid activity is relatively stronger.
5. Cawing, a short low-pitched call with a fundamental frequency of 200–700 Hz, shows a moderate activity in the sternothyroid, an occasional activity in the thyrohyoid and no activity in the cricothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid, anterior digastric and inferior pharyngeal constrictor.

     

Suppression of anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibodies in subhuman primates receiving murine monoclonal antibodies against T cell antigens

Murine monoclonal antibodies stimulate the production of human anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibodies (AMIA) when administered to patients. This limits their long-term usefulness as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. We report the use of three maneuvers to suppress AMIA against T cell-specific monoclonal antibodies in cynomolgus monkeys. Twelve monkeys received daily i.v. infusions of 1 mg each of anti-Leu-2a, -3a, and -5 on days 1 through 10. One group (control) received no suppressive regimen. The second group received cyclosporine, 12.5 mg/kg daily on days -7 to +14. The third group (PI) were passively immunized with 0.4 ml of hyperimmune monkey AMIA serum on days -7, -1, 2, 4, 6, and 8. The fourth group (TLI) received 1700 rad fractionated total lymphoid irradiation ending on day -1. The animals treated with TLI were markedly delayed in the onset of AMIA, which was suppressed to less than 1% of the control group. The AMIA specific for the constant region of animals receiving PI was also suppressed to one-third of control. The majority of the AMIA in all the animals was anti-idiotypic and wholly anti-idiotypic in the TLI animals.     

Hemodynamic response to chronic sepsis in the conscious subhuman primates

The rhesus monkey was used to design a chronic conscious model for the study of sepsis. Sepsis in this model produces either a hyperdynamic or hypodynamic circulatory response similar to that seen in the human suffering from sepsis. This variable hemodynamic response is also similar to that noted in short-term experiments using conscious subhuman primates, but differs from the consistent depression of the circulation seen by investigators studying anesthetized subhuman primates.     

Short-term effects of aflatoxin B1 on serum lipids in subhuman primates.

Aflatoxin B1 significantly depressed serum lipid levels in specimens of Cercopithecus aethiops, Cercopithecus mona, Erythrocebus patas and Papio anubis. Serum cholesterol, total phospholipids and total lipids were not affected to the same extent.     

Development and characterization of insect cell lines

Conclusions With the wide availability of insect cell culture media, it can generally be considered a routine process to develop new cell lines. Exceptions to this statement do exist, of course. Difficulties may arise when attempting to culture a specific cell type. For example, while there are a few cell lines from insect fat body and at least one from the midgut, it may not be possible to obtain cell lines from these tissues from all insect species due to terminal differentiation and other factors. Also, researchers have desired cell lines from certain species, such as the honey bee, for which no success has been obtained. As in the early days of tissue culture, it is difficult to discern why negative results occur. However, as more is learned about the physiology and nutrition of various insects and tissues, we may get clues which will help solve these questions.The remaining chapters in this book will provide the reader with exciting uses for insect cell culture. As I mentioned earlier, the baculovirus expression vector system has provided a stimulus to the field of insect cell culture not seen previously.Abbreviations ICD Isocitrate dehydrogenase - ME malic enzyme - PGI phosphoglucose isomerase - PGM phosphoglucose mutase     

Development and partial characterization of heliothine cell lines from embryonic and differentiated tissues

The goal of this study was to generate cell lines from a variety of insect tissues that could be useful for developing in vitro assays with tissue-specific properties. In this article, we describe the establishment of new cell cultures from differentiated (primarily neural) and undifferentiated tissues (primarily embryonic) and their initial characterization. Cell lines were established from the following tissues of the budworm, Heliothis virescens, and the bollworm, Helicoverpa zea: larval ventral nerve cords (4 lines), larval midguts (1 line), adult ovaries (1 line), and embryonic tissues (11 lines). Cell lines were primarily characterized by morphological examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (both deoxyribonucleic acid amplification fingerprinting and inter-simple sequence repeats PCR).     

Fish cell lines: Establishment and characterization of nine cell lines from salmonids

Summary Nine permanent cell lines have been established from five species of salmonids native to America's Pacific Northwest. With the exception of a hepatoma from an adult trout, the lines were derived from normal tissues of embryonic or juvenile fish. Cells were routinely grown in Eagle's minimum essential medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. Optimum growth temperatures for these lines ranged from 21 to 24°C. All survived storage for at least 1 yr at −65°C and at least 5 yr in liquid nitrogen. Six of the lines were demonstrably free of any microbial contamination but mycoplasmas were found in three. Eight of the lines were heteroploid. The morphology of only one was fibroblastic. All the lines effectively replicated one or more of the common salmonid viruses. Isozyme patterns were consistent with those of the species of origin. These cell lines have significant application in fish virology. This work is a result of research sponsored in part by the Oregon State University Sea Grant College Program supported by NOAA Office of Sea Grant, U.S. Department of Commerce, under Grant NA79AA-D-0016 and by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife under PL-89304 Anadromous Fish Act and is Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper 6857.     

Fish cell lines: establishment and characterization of nine cell lines from salmonids

Nine permanent cell lines have been established from five species of salmonids native to America's Pacific Northwest. With the exception of a hepatoma from an adult trout, the lines were derived from normal tissues of embryonic or juvenile fish. Cells were routinely grown in Eagle's minimum essential medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. Optimum growth temperatures for these lines ranged from 21 to 24 degrees C. All survived storage for at least 1 yr at -65 degrees C and at least 5 yr in liquid nitrogen. Six of the lines were demonstrably free of any microbial contamination but mycoplasmas were found in three. Eight of the lines were heteroploid. The morphology of only one was fibroblastic. All the lines effectively replicated one or more of the common salmonid viruses. Isozyme patterns were consistent with those of the species of origin. These cell lines have significant application in fish virology.     

Membrane associated antigens of human malignant melanoma V: Serological typing of cell lines using antisera from nonhuman primates

Summary Antisera against various melanoma cell lines were raised in nonhuman primates (Cercopithecus aethiop.). After exhaustive absorption with AB Rh + red blood cells and pooled platelets from about 200 donors the sera were still reactive to various degrees in the microimmune adherence test with other melanoma lines, with embryonic fibroblasts, and with non-melanoma lines. As proven by absorption experiments, the main-specificity of the antisera was not directed against components of the fetal calf serum used for cell culture or against mycoplasma grown from commercial fetal calf serum. In addition, no cross-reactivity was observed with Bacillus Calmette-Gérin, and in blocking experiments no reactivity against extracts of common bacterial antigens or mixed molds was detected. Absorption with embryonic fibroblasts or embryonic tissue showed that the reactivity of most antisera was directed against melanoma-associated antigens expressed also on fetal tissue. It was not possible to determine whether the remaining reactivity on some cell lines was melanoma-specific or directed against fetal antigens not contained in the fetal material used for absorption. Cross-absorption of antisera with other melanoma cells revealed that various cell lines express different patterns of tumor-associated antigens with no, or only partial, overlap. The cross-absorption experiments made it possible to type the cell lines according to their surface antigens and arrange the cell lines in order according to the degree of mutual antigenic relationship.