图们江流域林区居民点鸟类群落的研究

居民点鸟类与人类关系极为密切,在居民点生态系统中起着不可忽视的作用,因此对其生态学的研究具有一定意义。杜恒勤(1958、1959)、周昌乔等(1959)、钱国桢(1964)、郑光美(1965、1982),赵正阶(1981)等,对麻雀、家燕、金腰燕等居民点鸟类进行过大量种群生态学研究。居民点鸟类群落研究和数量统计,尚未见有报道。     

金腰燕环志情况简介

金腰燕(Hirundo daurica)是我国广为分布的夏候鸟,它冬季在新加坡、马来西亚、菲律宾、泰国及印度等地越冬,春季回到我国繁殖,为探索其迁徙规律,我们在山东省日照市利用环志手段进行研究,发现金腰燕可以回到上一年自己营造并居住过的旧巢繁殖,这一本领     

家燕和金腰燕的卵胚胎心率比较

胚胎心率是衡量胚胎新陈代谢速率的重要指标。鸟类的胚胎心率随新陈代谢的增加而呈上升趋势。对早成性鸟类的种间比较发现,胚胎心率平均值随卵重量的增大而减小,卵体积小的种类具有相对较高的胚胎心率。国内有关野生鸟类胚胎心率的研究较少。2014年5~8月,在黑龙江扎龙国家级自然保护区,利用红外胚胎心率测量仪对两种近缘鸟类家燕(Hirundo rustica,n=14)和金腰燕(Cecropis daurica,n=14)的卵胚胎心率及其变化进行了测量与比较。两种燕均在孵卵的第2天开始出现胚胎心率,并随胚龄增加心率呈上升趋势,但在第8天及第11~14天家燕的胚胎心率显著低于金腰燕(第8天:z=﹣2.602,P=0.009;第11天:z=﹣2.497,P=0.013;第12天:z=﹣2.354,P=0.019;第13天:z=3.424,P=0.001;第14天:z=﹣3.380,P=0.001)。家燕卵胚胎日均增长心率(19.0±3.1)次/min,金腰燕卵胚胎日均增长心率(16.1±3.4)次/min,二者差异不显著(z=﹣1.792,P=0.073)。两种燕的胚胎心率与卵容量和卵重均不存在显著相关性[家燕:卵容量(1.73±0.09)cm3,r=0.192,P=0.511;卵重(1.74±0.09)g,r=0.128,P=0.663。金腰燕:卵容量(1.74±0.08)cm3,r=0.040,P=0.891;卵重(1.51±0.09)g,r=0.054,P=0.855]。这可能表明,卵大小和卵重量对家燕与金腰燕的胚胎心率均影响不明显。     

《本草纲目》中的鸟类繁殖知识

《本草纲目》把鸟类分为水禽类(27种)、原禽类(23种)、林禽类(20种)和山禽类(15种),共计85种。其中对鸟类繁殖的记载可列举如下:繁殖时间“燕,春社来,秋社去”。(注:社,祭神日;即立春和立秋后第五日)。燕,指家燕(H.rustica)和金腰燕(H.daurica)。“鹜,清明后生卵”。鹜,指家鸭(见《尔雅说诗》和《尔雅义疏》)。营巢场所“鹳,多巢于高木”。鹳,泛指鹳类,我国以黑鹳(Ciconianigra)为常见。“鸜鹆,巢于鹊巢,及人家屋脊中”。鸜鹆,即八哥(Acridotherescristatellus)。“翡翠,穴居生子,亦巢于木”。翡翠,古释不一,包括现代翠鸟和翡翠属。“巢于…     

南充金腰燕、家燕繁殖生态比较及易卵易雏实验

2004年3～10月对四川南充地区家燕、金腰燕的繁殖生态进行了观察,比较了其繁殖生态习性及雏鸟的生长特性,进行了家燕、金腰燕之间的易卵易雏实验.结果表明,家燕于2月中旬迁入南充,9月中旬开始迁离;金腰燕迁来较家燕晚,2月底～3月初迁入,9月中旬迁离.家燕于4月初产卵;金腰燕在4月上旬产卵.金腰燕卵的各项量衡度均较家燕的大,出壳时金腰燕雏鸟体重也比家燕雏鸟稍重.金腰燕雏鸟的体长、翅长、尾长、外部器官及体重的增长较家燕的快.而易卵、易雏的金腰燕雏鸟增长曲线则在金腰燕和家燕的雏鸟之间.易卵易雏的实验表明,在孵卵和育雏过程中,金腰燕与家燕之间彼此互换卵可以接受,易换雏鸟也可以接受.     

广东揭阳农田坡地鸟类及其对高压输电线路的影响

在2009年6月-2010年4月,采用样线法对广东揭阳地区4条高压输电线路及其经过的农田坡地鸟类进行了5次调查.共记录鸟类73种,其中记录停在高压输电线上的鸟类43种.结果表明:高压输电线上的鸟类与农田坡地鸟类的相似性较高;麻雀(Passer montanus)和金腰燕(Hirundo daurica)是高压输电线路和农田坡地鸟类的优势种;虽然非繁殖季节记录到的鸟类种类和个体数量多于繁殖季节,但繁殖季节高压输电线出现故障次数较多,其原因是鸟类在铁塔上筑巢、粪便和巢材滑落引起故障;在揭阳地区,黑领椋鸟( Gracupica nigricollis)常在高压输电线路的铁塔上筑巢繁殖,是造成当地高压输电网故障的主要鸟种.     

阿尔金山-昆仑山鸟类区系调查

2010～2012年连续3年调查新疆阿尔金山国家级自然保护区及周边包括昆仑山、祁曼塔格山、库木库里盆地的鸟类资源.共录得鸟类16目38科90属166种,约占新疆鸟类总数的36.6％.其中,金腰燕(Hirundo daurica)、冕柳莺(Phylloscopus coronatus)、日本松雀鹰(Accipiter gularis)为新疆首次记录.考察区介于青藏区与蒙新区之间,鸟类区系特点表现为高地型(23种,占13.9％)与中亚型(约49种,占29.9％)相互渗透,而北方型(69种,占42.1％)虽然排在首位,但多数是旅鸟,东洋型(1种,占0.6％)的种类比较罕见.依协克帕提湿地是鸟类的一个繁殖地,也是迁徙的重要驿站.     

成都双流国际机场鸟击风险与鸟类群落关系研究

2015年10月—2016年9月,对成都双流国际机场净空区的鸟类群落进行了调查,结合近5年(2012—2016年)机场对鸟击事件的统计资料,对机场的鸟类群落和鸟击特征进行了研究。结果显示:(1)共记录鸟类16目47科124种,繁殖鸟占优势(69.35%);(2)共统计鸟击事件408次,主要发生在春季、夏季和秋季,其中,38起鸟击事件确认了19种肇事鸟种,以家燕Hirundo rustica、金腰燕Cecropis daurica、麻雀Passer montanus、白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis、小云雀Alauda gulgula等广性分布的繁殖鸟为主;(3)机场围界内、外的优势种和常见种存在差异,一半以上的场内优势种和常见种是鸟击肇事鸟种;(4)半数以上的鸟击事件肇事鸟种是鸟击风险评估等级为严重危险等级的鸟类;(5)鸟击事件主要发生在鸟类繁殖季和秋季迁徙时段。根据调查结果对成都双流国际机场的鸟击防范工作提出了综合防治建议。     

藏区金腰种质资源调查与分析

金腰属植物因富含黄酮醇类化合物而具有显著的药效,通过对我国西藏、云南、四川、青海以及甘肃5个省(自治区)进行金腰属植物种质资源的科学考察,共收集到19种(含2变种)145份野生种质资源。此外四川省发现金腰新分布2种,分别为秦岭金腰(Chrysosplenium biondianum Engl.)、陕甘金腰(Chrysosplenium qinlingense Z.P.Jien&J.T.Pan),均为中国特有种;甘肃省发现金腰新分布3种,分别为毛金腰(Chrysosplenium pilosum Maxim.)、绵毛金腰(Chrysosplenium lanuginosum Hook.f.&Thomson)和蜕叶金腰(Chrysosplenium henryi Franch.),凭证标本存于中南民族大学植物标本馆(HSN)。金腰属植物作为传统藏药长期以来被用于治疗各种疾病,如长梗金腰(Chrysosplenium axillare Maxim.)的75%乙醇提取物具抗炎症、抗流感病毒活性,从灰花金腰(Chrysosplenium grayanum Maxim.)与裸茎金腰(Chrysosplenium nudicaule Bunge)提取的五环三萜对肿瘤细胞有较强抑制效果。本调查丰富了野生藏药金腰属植物种质资源,为深入研究金腰属植物的分类与药理活性提供了基础。     

金腰燕繁殖习性的初步观察

金腰燕又名赤腰燕,是一种小型的候鸟,多棲息在山地村落,每年是春来而秋返。1957年的3月3日至1958年的10月4日,作者对此鸟的繁殖习性进行了观察。观察地点是在山东泰山南麓的普照专、王母池、玉皇阁、一天门、大岱道菴、及小岱道菴一带。     

白桦雌花发育、大孢子发生及胚胎发育的解剖学观察

白桦雌花从开花到雌性器官的成熟需经历1个月左右的时间,解剖学观察表明：四月下旬越冬的雌蕊原基开始了活跃的分裂和分化。子房和柱头开始生长。四月末开花,五月初授粉。此后胚珠开始长大。五月中旬即分化形成珠被,珠心,珠被为单层珠被,胚珠为厚珠心胚珠,胚珠倒生,五月中下旬,珠心内产生大孢子母细胞,一周左右发育为成熟胚囊-七细胞八核胚囊,五月末完成双受精,白桦胚胎发育经过合子,原胚,球形胚,心形胚和鱼雷形胚等时期最后发育成熟,胚乳发育与胚胎同步,即受精的极核进行几次分裂后形成核型胚乳,胚乳核不断增多,在形成心形胚后胚乳细胞形成细胞壁。     

Precision of dating insect outbreaks using wood anatomy: the case of Anoplophora in Japanese maple

To control invasive Anoplophora outbreaks, it is crucial to accurately date infestation dynamics. Dating of Anoplophora outbreaks is possible as these xylobiont insects induce wounds in living trees by forming e.g., exit holes. This study investigates to what precision these wounds can be dated with dendrochronological techniques. In an experimental setting, we studied the precision of wound dating on Acer palmatum, an ornamental tree occasionally containing larvae of A. chinensis. We studied the development of wound reactions at the beginning, during and after the growing season, both in relation to leaf phenology and intra-annual tree-ring growth. We found that the precision of dating exit holes is limited due to the highly variable intra-annual tree-ring growth whereby only an accurate distinction can be made between wounds originated during, or after tree-ring formation. The resolution was improved using local growth—the local reactivation of xylem growth around the wound—as a marker for wounds that occurred at the end of the growing season. We conclude that the intra-annual precision of dating Anoplophora outbreaks in Acer palmatum in the temperate North-western European climate is limited to three distinct phases: (i) The period of dormancy and leaf emergence (ca. October until April/beginning of May), when the wounds are located at the tree-ring boundary (ii) The period of tree-ring growth in which wounds are located within the tree ring (ca. end of April/beginning of May until late August/beginning of September), (iii) end of growing season (ca. end of August/September) in which local growth occurs.     

Nymphal biology of Ephoron virgo (Olivier, 1791) (Ephemeroptera,Polymitarcyidae) in an Apenninic river (NW Italy)

Life cycle, feeding habits and nymphal density of a population of Ephoron virgo from the Bormida river (Northwestern Italy) were studied. Nymphs were present in the river from the beginning of May until August, with the highest density of nymphs recorded at the end of May–beginning of June. The life cycle was univoltine and the nymphal growth was fast. During the life cycle, an obligatory egg diapause occurs and individuals remain in this stage for up to nine months. Nymphs fed mainly on detritus, although mineral matter constituted a considerable percentage of the gut contents, predominantly in smaller nymphs.     

栗苇(升鸟)繁殖生态的初步研究

关于栗苇(升鸟)(Ixobrychus cinnamomeus)繁殖生态的研究,国内只有过零星的报道(寿振黄,1936;郑作新等,1959),资料较缺乏。我们于1972—1974年5—10月,在太原市西里解村汾河畔(海拔760米),对栗苇(升鸟)的繁殖生态进行了调查研究。1981年6—7月在代县西旺村滹沱河滩(海拔880米)又作了补充调查。现将资料整理报道。     

Biological and ecological aspects of Chinese wax scale, Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Coccidae): a two-year study from Central Greece

Abstract Biological and ecological aspects of the scale Ceroplastes sinensis are investigated on citrus in central Greece through regular samplings during 1999−2001 on Citrus sinensis (Sapindales: Rutaceae) in Attiki County. The scale was univoltine. Overwintering stages were the third-instar nymph and the adult female. From the end of May until the end of June the population comprised preovipositing females. Oviposition occurred from mid-June until mid-July and hatching took place during July. First- and second-instar nymphs were recorded from the end of July until the end of August, and from mid-August until the end of September, respectively. Third-instar nymphs appeared at the end of August and were present until the beginning of September. Some of the population of third-instar nymphs reached the adult stage during October and November, whilst the remainder completed development in the following April. Small numbers of male nymphs were recorded during October and November. The mean fecundity of adult females was 3260 ± 770 eggs per female. The most abundant natural enemy of C. sinensis was Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), whose eggs, larvae and pupae were found in up to 42% of the total live population of the scale. Two predators, Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) and Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were also observed.     

煤山雀繁殖与食性的研究

煤山雀(Parus ater ater)是一种很有益而居留性又较弱的鸟,在分布区范围内,每年从9、10月到翌年3月间,进行有规律的迁移游荡,这时期它确实有真正迁徙的特点(,1913)。关于它的繁殖生态及食性,国外曾有过一些研究(,1952;,1954;,1954及,1961等)国内则尚未见报道。笔者于1963—1965年;1979年6—9月;1980年5—7月及12月;1981年1月和5—7月,主要在长白山北坡,对其做了考察,结果整理如下。     

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)冬季自然死亡率

以耳标观察法。1985年4-7月共捕标了样地内高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)幼鼠114只。到入冬前,死亡率为50.88%。第2胎出生的鼠死亡率明显地高于第1胎的死亡率。冬季死亡率呈现波动,入冬及开春时死亡率较高。鼠兔种群进入繁殖前期死亡率趋于零。初春样区存活标志鼠6只,经夏秋冬3季总计死亡率达94.74%。如按入冬时实有标志鼠计算,冬季死亡率为91.04%。     

Migration of the Nathusius’ pipistrelle<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pipistrellus nathusii</Emphasis> (Vespertilionidae) along the Vistula Split

Migration ofPipistrellus nathusii (Keyserling and Blasius, 1839) was studied from 1995 to 1998 at the Vistula Split, northern Poland. The direction of bat movements during the night were distinguished by two ultrasound detectors facing in opposite directions and connected into a stereo system. To obtain information about fluctuations in the relative density of bats in the study area, bird nest boxes and bat boxes were checked as well. A combination of the results of these two methods allowed the identification of seasonal movements. Spring migration started at the beginning of May and continued until the end of the month. Autumn migration started in mid-July and lasted until mid-September. The peaks in spring and late summer migrations resulted from longer migration activity during nights.     

基于转录组数据高通量发掘沙葱萤叶甲微卫星引物

【目的】沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica(Joannis)是近年来在内蒙古草原上猖獗发生为害的一种新害虫。本研究从其高通量转录组数据中查找微卫星序列,并进行微卫星位点的信息分析和微卫星引物的发掘,将为进一步研究沙葱萤叶甲遗传多样性及遗传分化奠定必要的基础。【方法】应用软件MISA对沙葱萤叶甲转录组中72 352条unigenes的数据进行搜索。【结果】共找到3 880个微卫星位点,分布于3 277条unigenes中,其主要重复类型为单核苷酸重复(80.85%),其次为三核苷酸重复(11.08%),再次为二核苷酸重复(7.37%)。单核苷酸重复中主要是A/T基序,占总量的77.76%。从1 814条unigenes中成功设计出2 160对引物,从中随机选取10对引物对沙葱萤叶甲DNA进行扩增,结果全部扩增出目的 DNA片段。【结论】利用沙葱萤叶甲转录组数据开发微卫星引物是可行的,本研究开发的微卫星引物为研究沙葱萤叶甲种群遗传学和功能基因组学奠定了必要的基础。     

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF CORYMBITES CUPREUS F. (COLEOPTERA, ELATERIDAE)

The life history of Corymbites cupreus F. is described, and its economic importance is assessed from field observations and laboratory experiments. The females are on the wing in May and June, egg-laying takes place in June and the incubation period is about 34 days. The larval stage probably occupies 5 years under field conditions and pupation occurs towards the end of July or beginning of August. The imagines emerge in about 21 days, but they do not always remain in their earthen pupal cells until the following spring as do several other Elaterid species. The larvae feed principally on the roots and underground stems of plants, but they can exist on decayed organic matter in the soil. Individually they are far more injurious to potatoes, wheat, oats, barley and other cultivated crops than those of either Agriotes spp. or Athous niger, but because they are restricted to comparatively high altitudes, they are seldom pests of major importance. Birds and cara-bid larvae readily feed on them and they are also subject to attack by a hymeno-pteran parasite and the fungi, Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sor. and Synglio-cladium cleoni (Wize) Petch. All attempts to obtain control of the larvae by the use of these fungi failed.