茶氨酸和没食子酸在普洱茶中的含量变化

建立高效液相色谱分析茶氨酸和没食子酸的方法,对由云南大叶茶（Camellia sinensis var．assamica）生产的晒青毛茶及其加工的普洱茶中二者的含量进行分析。结果表明,普洱茶中没食子酸的含量显著增高,而茶氨酸的含量则明显降低。茶氨酸和没食子酸的含量与原料的来源和质量,以及普洱茶的后发酵生产过程均有关系。对二者含量变化的机制进行了初步的讨论。     

普洱熟茶化学成分的HPLC-DAD-MS分析

普洱熟茶以其特殊的香气、口感和保健功效,近年来受到愈来愈多消费者的喜爱,是最受欢迎的茶叶品种之一.普洱熟茶由普洱生茶经特殊的微生物后发酵过程生产而成,而普洱生茶则以大叶茶的鲜叶为原料,是一种不发酵的绿茶.本文采用HPLC-DAD-MS技术,对普洱熟茶的化学成分进行了分析,从中共检测出21个峰;通过[M+H]+、[M-H]和碎片离子峰,以及与标准品对比,其中18个峰的化学结构分别得到了鉴定.研究结果显示,去除了大量存在的咖啡因后,HPLC-DAD-MS技术可以用于快速有效地检测普洱熟茶中的化学成分.     

话普洱，品普洱

近年来,随着市场的热炒,普洱茶承载了太多的沉重使命,历史的、文化的、艺术的、商业的,过去、现在、未来,甚至担负了云南茶产业做大做强的希望。于是乎,它的热是一浪高过一浪,厂家、商家蜂拥而现,各种俗称、概念风声水起,生茶、熟茶、传统普洱茶、现代普洱茶、普洱古茶、乔木普洱茶、台地普洱茶、大树普洱茶等让人眼花缭乱,茶叶界、商界、学术界众说纷纭,莫衷一是,大有“横看成岭侧成峰”之势。     

普洱茶中功能性微生物的筛选及其对普洱茶感官品质的影响

普洱茶的渥堆发酵过程是以晒青毛茶的内含成分为基础,在微生物分泌的胞外酶及湿热作用下,发生一系列化学变化,最终形成普洱茶独特的风味。采用稀释涂布法,根据产酶微生物的特性,经过固体平板初筛和液体茶汤培养基复筛,从普洱茶中分离得到若干株产酶菌株,并从中挑选优良菌株接种普洱茶固体发酵,考察其对普洱茶感官品质的影响。经分子生物学鉴定,D13-16为米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae),相似度为98.62%;GJ-02为米根霉(Rhizopus cryzae),相似度为98.57%;XW-10和DF-03均为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger),相似度分别为99.10%和99.92%。结果表明:普洱茶香气的形成主要与蛋白酶产生菌有关,DB-16发酵后香气评分达到31分(对照28,总分40);汤色主要受多酚氧化酶产生菌的影响,DF-03发酵后汤色评分达到19分(对照12,总分20);而这四种功能性微生物均在不同程度上促进了普洱茶滋味的形成。     

普洱茶渥堆发酵与堆肥渥堆发酵的比较研究

普洱茶的自然渥堆发酵工艺与农业及环保中的堆肥发酵工艺在堆垛方法、堆垛形状和大小、自然升温过程、高温发酵、翻堆工艺等方面有许多相似之处,主要差别是原料和含水量的不同。对不同原料堆肥已有详细的研究及其动态菌群和多种发酵剂的研究和应用报道,明确了高温菌在渥堆发酵过程中起重要作用,对其翻堆工艺也有较详细的参数及其机械化的应用,但普洱茶渥堆发酵基本上还停留在自然发酵、人工翻堆、常温菌的研究及老茶头作发酵剂的应用等水平上。堆肥的许多研究手段和方法甚至物质转化、脱毒、高温菌的研究等都值得普洱茶渥堆发酵研究加以借鉴。     

普洱茶后发酵过程中微生物的研究进展

对有关普洱茶后发酵生产与微生物的关系、微生物的种类、微生物对普洱茶品质的影响以及主要微生物的生长特性等方面的研究工作进行综述。指出加强普洱茶后发酵过程中微生物基础研究的必要性,提出建立普洱茶后发酵菌物库,重视对影响普洱茶品质的菌物开展系统研究的建议。     

普洱茶减肥、降脂机制的探讨

普洱茶(Pu-erhtea)产于云南省南部地区,具有悠久的发展历史和丰富的文化涵蕴,被认为具有减肥、降脂、降血糖、防止心脑血管疾病等代谢性疾病功效。近几年来在人、啮齿类和细胞水平的研究表明,普洱茶的确具有减肥、降脂功效,普洱茶中的茶色素、多糖、多酚和他汀类物质可能通过抑制脂肪合成、促进脂肪氧化分解而发挥其减肥、降脂功效。本文综述了目前关于普洱茶减肥、降脂的生物学功效、活性成分、以及作用机制的相关报道,同时探讨了该领域未来的一些研究方向。     

普洱茶减肥、降脂机制的探讨

普洱茶(Pu-erh tea)产于云南省南部地区,具有悠久的发展历史和丰富的文化涵蕴,被认为具有减肥、降脂、降血糖、防止心脑血管疾病等代谢性疾病功效.近几年来在人、啮齿类和细胞水平的研究表明,普洱茶的确具有减肥、降脂功效,普洱茶中的茶色素、多糖、多酚和他汀类物质可能通过抑制脂肪合成、促进脂肪氧化分解而发挥其减肥、降脂功效.本文综述了目前关于普洱茶减肥、降脂的生物学功效、活性成分、以及作用机制的相关报道,同时探讨了该领域未来的一些研究方向.     

核基因组微卫星标记揭示大理茶参与了普洱茶的驯化过程

利用11个核基因组微卫星标记对普洱茶3个居群、大理茶3个居群及过渡型大理茶2个居群共104株古茶树进行了遗传学分析。研究表明,普洱茶、大理茶和过渡型大理茶居群的遗传多样性相对较低,平均等位基因(Na)为4.852,平均香农多样性指数(I)为1.17,平均期望杂合度(He)和观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.59和0.52,其中大理茶的遗传多样性水平低于普洱茶和过渡型大理茶。AMOVA分析表明,普洱茶和大理茶之间遗传分化显著(FST=0.305),遗传变异主要在居群内(分别为93.51%和89.41%),而居群间的遗传变异较低(分别为6.49%和10.59%)。主成分分析和STRUCTURE聚类分析均支持大理茶和普洱茶为不同的组,过渡型大理茶主要由大理茶驯化而来,并在栽培过程中与大理茶产生了遗传分化。在混栽的大理茶和普洱茶居群间存在由大理茶向普洱茶的明显基因渐渗,证实了大理茶参与了普洱茶的驯化过程。最后,讨论并提出了对大理茶和普洱茶古茶树资源保护的相关建议。     

普洱茶发酵前后对PTPs靶标抑制效果的比较

用不同品种无性系茶树良种制成普洱生茶和普洱熟茶,进行PTP1B、TCPTP、SHP-1、SHP-2、HePTP、YopH的靶标对比试验,结果表明经自然渥堆发酵的普洱熟茶对六个靶标的的抑制效果明显好于普洱生茶,说明普洱茶的发酵工艺是形成其特有保健功效的关键所在;另外,普洱熟茶对靶标的抑制效果还与其原料有关,在研究的3个大叶种茶中,对六个的靶标的平均半数抑制浓度(IC50)为云抗10号<云抗14号<大黑茶。     

价格风暴之后的古茶深寨——普洱茶的故事

我要给你们留下牛马,怕遭自然灾难死亡,我要给你们留下金银财宝,你们也会吃完用完,就给你们留下茶树吧,让子孙后代取之不尽用之不竭,你们要像爱护眼睛一样爱护茶树,一代传给一代,绝不能让别人夺走。——布朗族祖先遗训(摘自《芒景布朗族与茶》)     

Missing and forbidden links in mutualistic networks

Ecological networks are complexes of interacting species, but not all potential links among species are realized. Unobserved links are either missing or forbidden. Missing links exist, but require more sampling or alternative ways of detection to be verified. Forbidden links remain unobservable, irrespective of sampling effort. They are caused by linkage constraints. We studied one Arctic pollination network and two Mediterranean seed-dispersal networks. In the first, for example, we recorded flower-visit links for one full season, arranged data in an interaction matrix and got a connectance C of 15 per cent. Interaction accumulation curves documented our sampling of interactions through observation of visits to be robust. Then, we included data on pollen from the body surface of flower visitors as an additional link ‘currency’. This resulted in 98 new links, missing from the visitation data. Thus, the combined visit–pollen matrix got an increased C of 20 per cent. For the three networks, C ranged from 20 to 52 per cent, and thus the percentage of unobserved links (100 − C) was 48 to 80 per cent; these were assumed forbidden because of linkage constraints and not missing because of under-sampling. Phenological uncoupling (i.e. non-overlapping phenophases between interacting mutualists) is one kind of constraint, and it explained 22 to 28 per cent of all possible, but unobserved links. Increasing phenophase overlap between species increased link probability, but extensive overlaps were required to achieve a high probability. Other kinds of constraint, such as size mismatch and accessibility limitations, are briefly addressed.     

Cytoskeleton: Missing links found?

The quest for the function of BPAG1, a major hemidesmosomal protein of skin keratinocytes, has led to the discovery of a group of protein isoforms derived from the same genomic locus that are involved in organizing and integrating cytoskeletal networks in sensory neurons.     

Missing links in preeclampsia cell model systems of endothelial dysfunction

Preeclampsia, one of the main hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, is associated with circulating factors released by the ischemic placenta accompanied by systemic endothelial dysfunction. The etiology of preeclampsia remains poorly understood although it is associated with high maternal and fetal mortality and increased cardiovascular disease risk. Most cell model systems used for studying endothelial dysfunction have not taken into account hemodynamic physical factors such as shear-stress forces which may prevent extrapolation of cell data to in vivo settings. We overview the role of hemodynamic forces in modulating endothelial cell function and discuss strategies to reproduce this biological characteristic in vitro to improve our understanding of endothelial dysfunction associated with preeclampsia.     

Missing links: the genetic architecture of flower and floral diversification

To understand the genetic architecture of floral development, including the origin and subsequent diversification of the flower, data are needed not only for a few model organisms but also for gymnosperms, basal angiosperm lineages and early-diverging eudicots. We must link what is known about derived model plants such as Arabidopsis, snapdragon and maize with other angiosperms. To this end, we suggest a massive evolutionary genomics effort focused on the identification and expression patterns of floral genes and elucidation of their expression patterns in ‘missing-link’ taxa differing in the arrangement, number and organization of floral parts.     

普洱地区茶叶内生细菌与根际土壤细菌群落结构分析

[目的]茶叶内生细菌、根际土壤细菌在普洱茶的发酵中起着重要的作用,还可以促进茶树生长,诱导茶树抗病性.研究其群落结构组成及相互关系可为微生物资源开发利用提供理论依据.[方法]本研究以普洱地区茶树叶片和根际土壤为材料,采用高通量测序技术,对茶叶及根际土壤细菌的16S核糖体RNA基因(16S rRNA)进行测序,比较分析茶...